ADAB AL-BASRAH

The relationship between detailing and exposition is considered as one of the logical relationships which is significant in the semantic textual coherence and in its expansion. And it is one of the characteristics of structuring the Quarnic texts to link between surat and Ayat. It links between the compositions of the sentences directly through semantic concord between the pairs of sentences and their units while interpreting the first and the second sentence and raising ambiguity from the exposition through detailing within clear-cut contexts which replaces the use of grammatical tools among the texts’ sequences. This can be achieved by making use of the relationships and functions between (adjectives, apposition, distinction, adverbs of manner, and emphasis). These tools lead to raise the recipient’s suspense to understand the text and follow the stream of its events and then motivate the recipient’s intellectual ability to integrate the meaning of the text and stretch the bridges and blanks through its supportive materials in form and meaning

Functions of language is a relatively old topic that is intensively and extensively studied by linguists and language experts worldwide. The topic, however, seems to be associated with the work of modern functional scholars like Michael Halliday and Geoffrey Leech, and formalist linguists like Roman Jacobson, to name just a few. These scholars have a seminal impact on linguistics and their elucidation of language functions is still being applied in different social and technological fields as well as the field of speech pathology and artificial intelligence. At the same time, scholars of Arabic language and linguistics do not seem to bother to look for any elucidations of language functions within the vast philosophical, religious, and linguistic literature that have been passed on to them from generation to generation. This literature, and upon a closer inspection, is full of hints, signals, anecdotes, and sometimes astonishing descriptions of linguistic aspects and language functions. This is not to say that scholars have not worked on the works of Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Faraheedi or Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahidh, for example. On the contrary, the works of these and other scholars have been extensively investigated by language scholars across history. This is mainly because these works are directly dealing with language. This study purports to investigate Imam Ali bin Abi Talib’s references to the functions that language serves on the personal and social level as explained in his important sermon of Wasilah. It is an invitation to Arab researchers to revisit the vast Arabic heritage in search of old wisdom for modern-day problems.

This paper attempts to study 'meaning' from the angle of the habitual syntagmatic dependencies between the 'roots' of lexical items. Such syntagmatic dependencies are technically known as collocations. They are abstract lexical associations relating to the underlying forms of the lexical items concerned. In this paper, collocations are discussed in relation to translation. In the course of the discussion, some distinctions of collocations in English and Arabic are emphasized and highlighted. In addition, the paper draws a distinction between the concept of collocation and the transformationlist concept of selectional restrictions and concludes that the latter (i.e. selectional restrictions) are more general than the former. Acceptable collocations always satisfy the rules of selectional restrictions, but the reverse may not be true.

The research deals with the duality of hope and pain as one of the basic factors in the formation of theatrical personality at the level of its psychological and social dimensions. This duality has been particularly important in dramatic thought since the emergence of playwriting in the country of Greece to the field of modern theatre. Rabindarat Tagore is considered as one of the most important pioneers of Indian theater, who gave this duality the utmost importance and embodied it in most of its dramatic productions. Due to the specificity of theater in communication and reception, this study came to shed light on the duality of pain and pain. This study includes the introduction to the research in which the researcher presented research problem, importance and purpose. Then, the theoretical framework which deals with a theoretical foundation for the research including two topics: the concept of hope and pain, and hope and pain in the theater. The researcher came up with a set of indicators that he adopted in analyzing the sample of the selected research samples.

The research aim is to study “Horoof Almaany in Himyarite Poetry” and it traces Himyarite poets to use propositions by observing and extrapolating this phenomenon in Himyarite poems. Then, the researcher attempts to observe the extent that this phenomenon agrees with the common and highlights what can be a special feature in Himyarite poetry. The research also extends to studying the issue of succession or what is called ‘inclusion’ as some of Himyarite poets name it.

The history of lexicography was back to the second century AH, with the beginning of the emergence of linguistic manuals that aimed to count specific vocabulary of the language: without thinking about its arrangement or expanding it. With the passage of time, the industry began to develop and advance, and the fourth century AH, for example, witnessed a boom in its history. Due to the large number of mature and integrated dictionaries that were born in it, all of them contributed to the progress and development of their systems. In this research, the light will be shed on Sheikh Fakhr Al-Din Al-Taraihi, a linguist who lived in the eleventh century AH. The significance of that is to identify the features of industry in his time through his book, Majmaa Al-Bahrain, and whether it was going with development or preservation of the old style

Narration is a general term that involves cutting events and news. It is related to the linguistic system as it can be linked to the non-linguistic system. Its manifestations vary according to the different systems. The performance of the narration using the language used, whether orally or in writing, can be found clearly in the speech of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). Since the research about narration is on several levels – such as story narratives, discourse narratives, and text narratives – the action is in the first action, in the second is narration, the third is writing, the subject in the first is personal, in the second is the narrator, and in the third is the writer and reader. This research is limited to the second level (discourse narrations) where the verb is the narration and the subject is the narrator or narrator. Examining the relationship between story and discourse brings us to three categories: time, formula, and focus. Hence, the research is limited to the first of these categories which is the time in the narrative discourse of Imam Al-Hassan (peace be upon him).

The investigation is one of the most important and accurate sciences in the Arab and Islamic heritage. Scientists have left us with a great heritage and treasure in various types of knowledge. There is no science and diversity of composition. Nori Al-Buqoui is an 18th-century, 15th-century immigration scholar, highlighting all the manuscripts that have been done with their significance. Our love and interest in manuscripts have created a desire to study a geographical manuscript in the literature of journeys. It is one of the first works to provide Sicilian geographic scientists with detailed geographical and historical information about countries and cities. Also, one of the most important things I have noticed is that they vary the information they provide, even though they specialize in the subject of historical geography and States and talk about the location of cities, seas, rivers and mountains, they provide us with administrative, economic, historical and social information as well as translations of famous dignitaries in these cities.

"Subh al-A’sha fi Kitabat al-Insha’" is deemed as one of the very important books which have attracted the attention of researchers and specialists because it contains a very huge content and it deals with many topics and in various ages. In addition to that, it includes a history for the nation at a very critical stage, namely, the stage of foreign colonialism, fragmentation and the diversity of loyalties and leaderships. It also conveys for us texts that are not demonstrated by other authors and they may be conveyed from sources that have not been accessed by our part. It illustrates such an issue while it lists the names of sources it quotes from.
Moreover, the book’s value and importance do not lie in its preciseness, adequate information, vastness, comprehensiveness and new material only, but it emerges at a time where creativity was absent due to unstable political situations, nation fragmentation and engagement and the decline of interest in scientific productions. Therefore, the emergence of such works does indicate a very important fact that the common overview towards late ages that they are short of works bearing a significant scientific value is not precise, especially AL Qalqashandi's works are not merely citations or annexations of past books. Accordingly, research has been introduced to show the importance of this book and its approach, resources, partitions, sources etc.

The early group’s literature emphasized that the conflict with the Zionist enemy, given its attempt to usurp the land of Palestine, which is an Islamic land that occupies a special position in the hearts of Muslims, and based on what is understood from the Qur’anic texts and what history has recorded, that this conflict is in its essence an ideological conflict, and the question of Palestine has since The dawn of history is based on a religious foundation and can only be addressed on this basis, and if it is correct to address some other issues on material grounds, the question of Palestine cannot be addressed except on a religious basis in the first place, and all attempts to solve it on secular material foundations have failed.
The Muslim Brotherhood declared its total solidarity with the Arabs of Palestine since the beginning of the development of the Palestinian cause, and their concern stemmed from ((a gushing sense of the right to Arabism and the bond of Islam)), according to Al-Banna, and the religious factor played a fundamental role in the Muslim Brotherhood’s embrace of the Palestinian cause as part of the Islamic world that They saw that any attack on one part of it is an attack on the other sections, and that it is the duty of Muslims in all of their homes to extend a helping hand to one another. And the internal factors that surrounded the Muslim Brotherhood have influenced the course of their dealing with the Arab - (Israeli) conflict, since their formation in 1928 and their adoption of the gradual approach to work, moving from the stage of establishment to formation. Disturbance in the relationship with successive governments.

The problem of climate change is one of the most prominent and most important problems that have received wide international attention in recent decades. Hence, from this perspective, the related studies and researches have taken their way in explaining the reasons that led to the exacerbation of this problem, and these reasons are divided into two categories: natural reasons produced by the formative factors of the Earth and its position with respect to the global system, and humanity reasons caused by the great increase and development in the use of fossil energy, especially in the field of industry. This led to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and the emergence of global warming that led to a noticeable change in the rates of rain and temperatures on the planet. These changes appeared clearly in Iraq through data extrapolation provided by the climatic stations distributed geographically throughout the country, which indicated a rise in temperatures compared to the decades preceding the emergence of global warming and a significant decrease in the rates of rain. So, this led to the fluctuation of temperatures and rates of rainfall at the present time around rates different from what they were previously.

Global oil prices are affected by several factors, including the volume of the daily global production of oil, especially the production of the United States, the Russian Federation, and Saudi Arabia. It is also affected by technical developments, especially the hydraulic fracturing drilling method used in extracting oil and shale gas, as well as the policy of OPEC in determining the production volume of its members. Prices are affected by oil production from countries outside of OPEC, and by all global economic conditions, let alone crises, wars, climate, and natural disasters. Another reason that has emerged recently that contributed to the collapse of oil prices that the world has not witnessed is the Corona pandemic (Covid-19).
The study aims to know the impact of the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) on the Iraqi economy, especially the oil sector. It also aims to detect and determine the size of the effects on the financial reality, especially the financial oil returns and the general budget of the Iraqi state, whether operational or investment, as well as studying the most critical strategies, solutions, and scenarios to confront these challenges. The study relies on some approaches, including the documentary approach in studying the evolution of the impact of the Corona pandemic on the oil sector, and the descriptive approach and the case study represented by studying the phenomenon of Corona and its impact on the Iraqi economy. Also, this study depends on the inductive approach that is adopted in collecting relevant information from departments and ministries on the subject of research, especially the Ministry of Finance and Planning, the Ministry of Oil and Sumo Oil Marketing Company

Seven different regions were chosen in southern Iraq and were represented by the marshes of three governorates, which are Basrah Governorate (Al-Qurna, Al-Jawaber, Al-Huwair (Izz Al-Din Salim District), Al-Madina District), Maysan Governorate (Al-Uzair District), and Dhi Qar Governorate (Al-Jabayish District and Al-Hammar Marshlands) for the period from October 6, 2019 to February 24, 2020. Ten genera of modern mollusks were classified Actaeon, Corbicula Littorina, Lucina, Murex Pholadomya, Planorbis, Turritella, Venus, Viviparus, of which belong to the Pelecypoda group of modern mollusks, and other genera belong to the Gastropoda group, The prevalence of these races in general varied in all areas of the study. The races of the two-foot axes (Corbicula Littorina, Lucina, Venus, Pholadomya) were the common ones, while the other races of the ventral foot were of limited spread. The genus Murex is in the marshes of Dhi-Qar governorate and was not found in the marshes of other governorates due to transport factors. This genrus bears high salinity, while the environment of the marshes (Brackish water) is characterized by the genus Murex spreading in the Shatt al-Basrah channel, as well as the high salinity in Um-Qasr area.

The research aims to shed light on the reality of the Basra Federal Court of Appeal / Judicial Palace library in order to introduce the services it provides to its actual beneficiaries, including judges, lawyers and students of the Judicial Institute. It also aims to give more knowledge about the library in terms of the building, furniture budget, office group etc. The case study is used as the methodology of this research and the library interview and observation were adopted in collecting data. Through repeated visits, the researcher reached the following results:
1- Lack of working and specialized human resources in the field of information and libraries which negatively affects the services provided by the library.
2- There is no special budget available for the library to purchase and grow the library collection.
Among the recommendations made by the researcher are:
1- Providing professionally qualified and specialized human resources in the field of information and libraries.
2- Allocating a budget for the library to enable it to meet its needs.

The main goal of marriage is for a man to have a family and a home in which he feels comfortable and independent, but for early marriage, specifically in ancient Egypt, other goals are perhaps the most prominent among them as we believe the existence of a united family with high values that are the nucleus of a discreet and creative society. Because of the importance of the family and its role in building an effective unified society, all the sages of ancient Egypt advised early marriage for both sexes in order to have children. The most important factor remains the lack of prevalence of obscenity that may disintegrate the family and thus the disintegration and collapse of society. Early marriage also urged religious and social norms.
The concept of general marriage is represented by a relationship established by custom and religion between two heterosexual people in the form of a husband and wife to form a new family, and the sons of this marriage are legitimate children. Also, the husband in the ancient Egyptian society was distinguished by the good treatment of the wife and his distancing from all the causes of discord and division, so that he does not need a sage to recommend his kindness to his wife and her love, as this was of his nature. In order for the Egyptian to express his love and appreciation for his wife, he called her Nabt Bar (nbt-pr), meaning the lady of the house. This expression has been found in almost all texts from different eras, which indicates the wife’s great position and her care and management of her home affairs.
Marriage has decrees, including engagement. Engagement throughout the ancient Near East means that a young man applies to marry a girl through her family, and the procedure is in accordance with the prevailing customs and traditions of every society, and it is rarely found a girl who applies to marry a young man, or it is found a young man and a young woman married without parental consent.