Journal of University of Babylon

Nowadays great interest of renewable energy production systems since last few years. The ‎renewable energy sources such as a hydro, solar and wind have been rapidly growing, especially the ‎hydropower energy due to the increasing of predicted scarcity of fossil fuels and the environmental issues. ‎Kaplan turbine is a reaction type of hydropower which is one of the primary sources of renewable energy. ‎In this study, the aim of this work is to design and performance investigation of a Kaplan turbine runner ‎for determining the power output and efficiency based on different configurations of turbine wheel. The ‎main characteristics of a micro Kaplan turbine primary proposed design configurations was performed to ‎increase the use of renewable power in rural areas and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. The ‎computational fluids dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the proposed design for further analysed and ‎improve both the power output and efficiency using ANSYS CFX17.1.The performance of a micro ‎Kaplan turbine has been predicted such as power output and efficiency. Furthermore, the effect of blades ‎number showed a significant influence on the turbine’s power output and efficiency. Generally, ‎improvement of proposed design configurations are presented for understanding the flow field in a Kaplan ‎turbine runner.‎

Generally, water considers as the most important components in the development of an area, while ‎groundwater considered as a major potable, agricultural and industrial source of water in many locations. ‎Groundwater was once thought to be preserved from contamination by of rock and soil layers, which act ‎as filters. Depending on eighty-six wells, the aquifer formed by Dibdibba and alluvial fan in the eastern and ‎northeastern part of the area while only Dibdibba formation forming the aquifer in the west of the area. ‎The aquifer was investigated during fieldwork where geographical position, elevations, static water levels, ‎depths, thicknesses, maximum yields as well as water sampling have been carried out. Depending on ‎hydrochemical properties, the studied area characterize by groundwater polluted with salinity while a small ‎area located to the west was unpolluted zone. Physicochemical analysis of groundwater aquifer is brackish ‎to saline water. Groundwater quality of aquifer not recommended to be used for human and irrigation ‎purposes, even so the farmers used this water for irrigation and animal purposes depending on soil nature ‎and plants.‎

The aim of protecting of all the structural vocabulary of the centers of blood diseases and ‎tumors is to improve the health situation in general and to protect cancer patients and all workers in ‎particular by providing protection and complementary services for the effects of the environment and ‎the internal environment and waste management. ‎‏"‏The local literature on these important ‎determinants and determinants in the organization of integrated protection between the inside and ‎outside, "it‏ ‏is be the research problem of this study, to become the goal of this study is
‏"‏To ensure the protection of all structural vocabulary of the structure of the premises of the ‎centers of blood diseases and tumors of external environmental influences, as well as to ensure the ‎protection of the surrounding environment from the environmental effects of the interior by adopting ‎strict protection systems adopted by global experiences in the configurations of the building “, Selected ‎case study presentts the results of the impact of internal and external environmental protection on ‎blood and tumor centers‏.‏

Flat slab system is a concrete plate propped on columns without the existence of beams. During ‎the former century, flat slabs have been used widely in different building types. In general, flat slabs ‎are made from brittle materials and also have a finite depth; thus, flat slabs may undergo to fail due to ‎punching shear or high deflections. Therefore, these criteria should be considered in the design of flat ‎slabs and ignoring both of them had led to several crumbling down to many constructions in the past. ‎To enhance the flat slab performance against failure due to punching and deflections, additional ‎reinforcement should be supplied in the column region. In this paper, a review is presented to study the ‎mechanism of punching shear in flat slabs and describe different types that used for reinforcement ‎against punching shear.‎

Mixed use is one of the principles used in the development to solve problems of zoning and its ‎negative effects in urban environments, which have been diagnosed with loss of vitality and ‎integration. The research defines mixed use as the integration of a range of activities and functions of ‎urban land uses within the residential area within different dimensions and spatial levels in order to ‎achieve integration that supports the vitality and diversity of the place. The main problem of research ‎was that "there is no clear perception of the role of mixed use in the integration of the residential ‎neighborhood.". The objective of the research is to built a comprehensive theoretical framework that ‎includes the vocabulary and values of the integration of the residential neighborhood. The research ‎hypothesis was that mixed use plays a role in the integration of the residential neighborhood. The ‎research followed the analytical method. The theoretical framework was applied on one of Baghdad's ‎neighborhoods, namely Al-Saydia district, which was planned according to the development plans of ‎the polservice housing policy . In order to test the research hypothesis, the research adopted three ‎methods of measurement (syntactic analysis, mathematical equation, questionnaire form).‎
The research findings was that mixed use plays a role in achieving urban integration through the ‎urban nuclei and its location, and achieving functional integration through the feature of urban fabric ‎diversity, and the vitality of the public realm, and finally achieving the physical integration through the ‎feature of centrality and spatial differentiation of the fabric, as well as accessibility.‎

The increased demands for quality, like high throughput, low-latency, wide coverage, energy ‎consumption, cost and reliable connections in mobile services, multimedia and data transmission impose ‎the use of advance technical requirements for the next fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR). One of the ‎most crucial parts in the physical layer of the new generation is the error correction coding technique. Three ‎schemes, namely; Turbo, low density parity check (LDPC), and polar codes are potentially ‎considered as ‏the candidate codes for both data and control channels. The competition is evaluated in terms of error ‎correction capability, computational complexity,‎‏ ‏and flexibility. The parallelism, flexibility and high ‎processing speed of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) make it preferable in prototyping and ‎implementation of different codes. This paper presents a survey on the current literatures that deals with ‎FPGA-based decoder design associated with the previously mentioned channel codes.‎

The aims of this investigation is to survey influence of ND:YAG Laser surface treatment of dry ‎sliding wear features of EN 24 steel, which is medium carbon low alloy steel. Many parts of ‎automotive, railways, marine and electric power generators are made from this alloy with distinctive ‎properties as high strength and good wear resistance. According to ASTM G99 standards, length and ‎diameter of the samples were (2 and 1) cm prepared by lathe machining. The prepared specimens were ‎heat treated by using pulse ND: YAG Laser of 1064 nm wavelength and 6 Hz frequency with different ‎energies as 500, 750 and 1000 mJ for 10 pulses. Whilst, wear inspect with dry slipping was carried out ‎in pin–on–disc mechanism through changing loads and times from 5, to 25 N and 5 to 30 min in 5 ‎intervals respectively. In addition, roughness and microhardness examinations were performed for the ‎samples as received and after wear test. Photomicrographs were taken for the samples before, after ‎surface Laser treatment, before, and after wear test. Results obtained increasing in hardness with ‎improving in wear resistance. Surface roughness of treated specimens with 1000 mJ was more than ‎with 500 and 750 mJ energies.‎

The fundamental objective of this research is to examine the manufacture of concrete ‎pavement with a high performance by utilizing Samawa dolomite stone as a partial substitution to ‎coarse aggregate (gravel). In this study, five mixes of concrete pavement were made containing ‎Samwah stone as a coarse aggregate with the replacement percentage of (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40%) ‎from gravel at level of strength type C30 (the requirement of concrete pavement). Fresh concrete ‎mixes were subjected to slump test. Compressive strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity ‎was investigated for hardened concrete mixes at age of 28 days. Test results revealed that the inclusion ‎of locally dolomite stone as a replacement to gravel in produced concrete pavement improves the ‎hardened properties especially for flexural strength without any significant effect on workability ‎requirement except at replacement percentage (40% of coarse aggregate). The best performance of ‎produced concrete pavement was adopted with replacement percentage (30%) from gravel by using ‎locally dolomite stone.‎

This study investigated experimentally of the heat transfer and the effect of fins in improving ‎heat transfer for the cross flow heat exchangers with eight passes (smooth and high integral finned ‎tubes) and that are cooled by air. Two models of heat exchangers are designed and manufactured for ‎testing from pure copper metal. They were designed for comparison under different test conditions. ‎The water flow rate in the inner tubes with (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) L/min with inlet temperatures of (50, 60, 70)oC. ‎The air was passed outer the tubes with speeds (1, 1.7 and 2.3) m/s. This study resulted that the high ‎integral finned tube was more improvement the heat transfer than the smooth tube. The enhancement ‎of (Q) was (329.9%) for high integral finned tube and The enhancment factor (291%).‎

Information and communication technology is very important in projects management. The ‎objective of this research is to identify and analysis the factors hindering the adoption of ‎Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in projects management. In this research, 23 ‎effective factors were collected from interview with engineers and experts in project managers and ‎designers in consultant bureaus and construction companies. These factors are grouped into seven ‎categories "Financial Factors, Human Factors, Technical Factors, Legal Factors, Administrative ‎Factors, Cultural Factors, Security Factors ". A survey questionnaire of 75 respondents was distribute ‎among different companies and consultant bureaus. A statistical analysis was done using SPSS and ‎Excel packages. The relative important index was used to find out the most significant factors that ‎hindering the adoption of ICT in projects management. The results accomplished from survey ‎revealed that major factors hindering ICT adoption in projects management (ranked from the worst ‎factors with Relative Important Index values, respectively) namely, Lack of training on ICT content ‎of construction process (86.4%), Satisfaction with traditional working methods and tools (84.8%), ‎Problem of ICT integration/compatibility with the work (82.9%), Poor interoperability between ‎different applications/organizations (81.3%), poor quality and/or quantity of telecommunication ‎infrastructure (81%).‎

Construction of gravel basket weir in waterways causes water accumulation in front of this ‎porous structure less than solid weir. In the present study the upstream flow depth, water surface ‎profile and discharge coefficient are investigated through laboratory experiments. Four different weir ‎lengths (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm) and four different degrees of gravel coarseness (1.13, 1.58, 2.19 and ‎‎2.27) are studied. Accordingly, sixteen models are tested under different free flow conditions. Analysis ‎of the results show that in \"through flow\" regime the increase in weir length raises the generated ‎upstream depth for all coarseness degrees by 30% while coarseness lowers the depth by 28%. In ‎‎\"transition flow\", however, doubling the length increases the flow depth by 7%, but increasing ‎coarseness from 1.13 to 2.72 cm mean diameter causes 7% reduction in flow depth. The \"overflow\" ‎regime begins to appear when the depth to length ratio equals 0.75 for long weir, and about 1.54 for ‎shortest weir. A comparison between gravel basket weir and corresponding solid weir indicates that ‎average depth reduction is 7.5% for coarseness of 1.13 cm and 9% for coarseness of 2.72 cm. ‎Mathematical models for water depth prediction for the three flow regimes are presented. For ‎‎\"overflow\" an empirical formula is proposed to estimate the coefficient of discharge with acceptable ‎accuracy.‎

The construction projects in general and the school buildings in particular in Iraq are suffering ‎from an increasing number of risks, especially the financial risks facing the construction projects, ‎because there are insufficient sources of funding to supplement the work and the delay of most school ‎buildings projects, despite the need to do so. On the basic objectives of the construction project in order ‎to improve the implementation of the school building projects, so it is necessary to use some ‎hypotheses, which is the choice of the best solutions, treatments and proposals, which attendance in ‎the study of the latest possible In order to achieve the advancement of school buildings projects and ‎efficiency and improve performance, a set of proposed solutions are then presented. These solutions ‎are examined and the future results of each solution are identified and useful in addressing the specific ‎problem and the future impact of its application. The methodology used to search for indicators from ‎the framework Theoretical and practical solutions to come out with a number of conclusions and ‎recommendations aimed at achieving the objectives of the research

One of the major problems of implementation the bridges approaches, and often may be a settlement in the ‎soil, which requires the creation of retaining walls on both sides of the approaches that fill by compacted soil. The ‎needed dispensed of these walls, by filled the bridge shoulders by reinforced soil and precast concrete sheets ‎thereby saving the cost and time of the creation of this project in high degree. Soil reinforcement be homogeneous ‎nor showing any settlement problem in the future.‎
Research aims to reach a scientific theory to study the behavior of the weak clay soil when reinforcing fibers ‎and the possibility of studying the various factors that influence this behavior and the possibility of reinforcing of ‎bridge approaches using these fibers. Due to many of the problems that appeared in the most of the facilities at the ‎implementation, it is revealed that the soil had happened to her settlement because the bearing is not ‎commensurate to create a work of concrete with high loads, and these problems are what we are experiencing ‎today when creating approaches bridges and abutments wall, it has become necessary to strengthen the soil to ‎resist any it works arise.‎
Through these laboratory tests, which were conducted on a sample of poor soils found that fibers geotextile ‎working to increase the shear strength of the soil in order to increase soil effective shearing strength parameters ‎‎(ϕ,C) as shown by the results of the direct shear test and this gives resistance to shearing the best of the soil due to ‎the presence of fiber in soil.‎
Through field tests conducted on a sample of poor soils and soil fiber geotextile a way to test by the plate ‎load bearing. The geotextile fiber loading working to increase the tolerability by more than twice the ‎tolerability without fiber.‎

Basically, all hydraulic performance systems are extremely reliant on the rising of the oil ‎temperature, due to an increase in the pressure, decrease lubricate moving parts, increases leakage and ‎dissipate heat. This could lead to the variation in bulk modulus of elasticity for different working cnditions, ‎which could be affected in the performance of the system. Accordingly, an attempt was made to ‎examine the effect of the bulk modules of elasticity on the accurate position. Six pressure suppliers were ‎critically used (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70) bar at five oil temperatures (25, 40, 50, 60 and 70) °C. ‎Experimental results showed that the maximum variation percentage in the actuator displacement at the ‎same load occurred at 70 °C oil temperature and there were 4.252%, 7.25% , 9.154% , 9.253%, 8,727%, ‎‎15.476 and 19.23% in 20 , 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 bar pressure supply, respectively. ‎

For design purposes, it`s necessary to know the compression rate of soil layers which might be ‎happened when it`s subjected to effective stresses. Also, it`s essential to know the rate of flow through soil ‎mass specially for the design of marine structures or earth embankment. These two important behavior ‎could be predicted from the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and the coefficient of permeability (k). This ‎study shows the effect of cutback asphalt stabilization on Cv and k and other compressibility factors, the ‎investigation was done for silty clay samples, specimens were prepared by mixing the soil with different ‎percentage of asphalt from (0-10)% and subjected to one-dimensional consolidation test of 50mm ‎diameter and 20mm height were done at soaked condition, it was conducted that Cv increased for ‎asphaltic soil of (2-6)% Cutback and decreased for soil with cutback of (8-10)%. On the other hand, the ‎the coefficient of permeability (k) and the coefficient of volume change (mv) increased for soil with (2-4)% ‎cutback and decreased by adding more cutback asphalt to soil till 10%. The compression index (Cc) value ‎increase to the optimum value at 2% cutback content then start to decrease till reaching the 10%. The re-‎compression index (Cr) shows a general increase in values when add cutback asphalt to the soil, it increase ‎until reaching its maximum value at 6% cutback content then decrease with increasing of cutback asphalt ‎till 10%, the values of (Cr) shows an increase for the 10% cutback from 8%, that’s might be due to ‎increasing of swelling potential due to increasing of liquid limit and blocking of voids ratio.‎

This research work represents the study of the effect of using different gas pressures of argon on the ‎tensile behavior of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded stainless steel sheets type (304). Different ranges of gas ‎pressures (13-15 Kgf/cm2)and welding currents (80-100 Apm) were used to determine their influenceon the ‎tensile mechanical properties (0.2% yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and elongation) of butt welded ‎joints.Design of experiment (DOE) ‘version 10’ was used to establish the design matrix of experiments. ‎Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was employed to obtain mathematical models for the ‎three properties, which were analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to verify statistically the ‎adequacy of the resulted models. The resultant quadratic models with a confidence level of 95% revealed ‎thatthe increase in both gas pressure and currentindividually results in a higher increase in the yield stress ‎and elongation,and both were proportionated inversely,while their combined effect gave the lowest ‎values.The gas pressure had a greater impact on the ultimate tensile stress than current. After numerical ‎optimization, the maximum values of the mechanical properties were obtained with a maximum ‎desirability value at the optimum values of gas pressure and current. Finally, confirmation tests were ‎conducted at the optimum values of gas pressure and current to verify the validation of the maximum ‎values of properties, and the error wasfound less than (4%) between the experimental and predicted results.‎

Concrete sandwich panel [CSP] is an innovative structural construction system. It is two or more ‎layers of concrete separate by lightweight layers. The present work, the one-way sandwich‏ ‏panels are ‎comprised of two lightweight concrete layers, between them a layer of cork, the dimensions of the slabs ‎were (1100mm total length × 400 mm width × 90mm thickness). The outer concrete layers were connected ‎by steel bar in the shape of truss. An experimental program was carried out on four slabs, one of them was ‎solid slab while the three other slabs were sandwich slabs. The main variable of this study was the type of ‎course aggregate which used in the outer concrete layers. The slabs have been tested as a simply support ‎span under two points load. Experimental results proved that the using of sandwich panels will have ‎enhanced many properties such as toughness, ductility and maximum value of deflection, in addition to ‎the main benefit is a total weight reduction. The differ in the type of coarse aggregate considerably ‎influences the structural behavior of the panels.‎

In this study, the effect of (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% weight fraction) waste silica gel reinforced with (3% ‎weight fraction) carbon fiber into unsaturated polyester resin was investigated on the tensile properties, ‎impact strength and shore D hardness. These samples of polymeric composite materials were ‎manufactured by (Hand-lay-up) method. The average particle size of the silica gel was (5.3 to 136.4 µm). ‎The mechanical properties were analyzed using SPSS one way analysis of variance to determine which ‎weight fraction has more influence on mechanical properties where statistical significance was set at P ≤ ‎‎0.05. Results showed that the highest mean values (164 ± 4.000 MPa), (7.367 ± .2517GPa) and (83.600 ± ‎‎.2590) for tensile strength, elasticity modulus and hardness shore D respectively were recorded in sample ‎‎(UP+3% C.F+4%Silica gel), while the highest mean values of elongation percentage (3.200 ± .2100), (2.700 ‎‎± .2100 ),(2.233 ± .1528) were recorded in samples (UP, UP+3% C.F, UP+3% C.F+1% silica gel) ‎respectively, also highest mean values (10.9667±.07638) of impact strength was recorded in sample ‎‎(UP+3% C.F+3% silica gel). The results of SPSS show that when (P) values less than (0.05) a significant ‎effect of the filler material on the mechanical properties will be.‎

The buffer zone is an active component of the riverbank. It is the boundary between the bank and ‎the river. Any damage that occurs in the buffer zone causes a number of problems in its natural and ‎ecological structure. Most of these problems are diagnosable and observed in the outer space of the buffer ‎zone. The appearance of these problems is in varying proportions depending on the type of human ‎intervention in them. This intervention can have a negative effect on the riverbank on the one hand and ‎on the river on the other. In light of this, studies have been directed towards examining various ecological ‎mechanisms that ensure the safety of dealing with outer spaces in river buffer areas.‎
The main research problem is represented in the lack of ecological value of the buffer zone in Abu ‎Nuwas area in Baghdad City, as well as the lack of urban and design treatments causing a huge challenge ‎of integration between the river and the city. In addition, the lack of connectivity with the buffer zone, ‎which is a basic component connecting the water to the land. Moreover, few studies have dealt with this ‎topic in studying the strategies of the landscape ecology of in the river buffer zone of Baghdad City. Thus, ‎the research objective is to determine the mechanisms and indicators of the ecology of outer space, and ‎apply them at the edge of the Tigris River (as a case study). Represented by Abu Nuwas area and park in ‎Baghdad City, with the aim of further diagnosis of the situation of the buffer zone and the extent to which ‎ecological values are applied.‎
The results of the research in both its theoretical and practical aspects have produced a clear ‎approach to ecological strategies that achieve buffer zone ecology and the development of specific ‎mechanisms to provide a safe and effective river environment that accommodates various events and ‎uses in the buffer zone, and enhance public awareness of its importance.‎

This research is aiming to establish an alternative model for determining the ultimate patch load of ‎plate girders with longitudinal stiffener. The proposed model is based on empirical equations and regression ‎analysis and verified with a wide database domain that exists in the literature. A comparison between the ‎results obtained from the proposed model and those obtained from the BS 5400 code specifications is also ‎made in this study. It is found that the proposed model shows a very good agreement with the test results ‎and it is more quite accurate than the BS 5400 code predictions.‎

Iraqi kaolin is used as a principle part of the study after additives Sawdust in weight ratio (10%) ‎and (2%) Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) as a binding material. (Micro or Nano) Zirconia has been added to the ‎composite in different weight ratio (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%‎‏,‏‎ 20%) for the purpose of improving dielectric ‎strength‏. ‏Samples are formed in a semi-dry pressing with pressure of about (20 Mpa).‎
The formulation is achieved by using a template of (12 mm) diameter and a time of about (2 min). ‎Then, the prepared samples have been sintered.‎
Firing process was carried out by three temperature degrees ( 800, 900, 1000 ) ºC for mean heating ‎about 5 ºC/min and remained at every temperature degree for one hour.‎
The results showed that the increase in the proportion of (Micro or Nano) Zirconia results in ‎increasing the value of dielectric strength and the best results where achieved by adding Nano Zirconia. ‎The increasing of the Firing temperature also leads to increase the value of the dielectric strength.‎

Despite the accumulated knowledge of the legacy of local architecture and the influence of ‎foreign symbols, it was characterized by a lack of knowledge of how to adapt these symbols and ‎patterns of foreign creativity to produce a new local architectural dialogue addresses the mind of the ‎recipient and raises his emotional motives. Based on this, the basic research objectives were ‎determined as; the scientific need to know the influence of foreign symbols in the production of the ‎local architectural text and the effective mechanisms that influence the development of the ‎characteristics of the local architectural form to produce contemporary Iraqi architecture. To achieve ‎this, a theoretical framework for research based on specialized architectural studies was constructed, ‎consisting of the following main words: (Exploration of the symbolic act produced for local ‎architectural text, patterns as a basis for generating architectural form and the forms of creation ‎adopted for the symbolic renewal strategy).‎
On the practical side, (212) architectural design was surveyed for the projects of graduate ‎students of architecture at the University of Technology within the period of time (2012-2017), and it ‎was discovered that nine projects were concerned with studying the heritage of the local architecture, ‎which were selected as research samples for qualitative measurement. The process has shown the role ‎of the symbolic renewal strategy, its mechanisms, patterns and characteristics in achieving a ‎contemporary local architectural text, and the effectiveness of balanced matching between inherited ‎and incoming patterns in the preservation of identity and all the privileges of inheritance and the ‎innovations that modernity produces in the creative march of man.‎

Architecture is based on a set of formation rules based on mutual dialogue with its temporal ‎and spatial environment. Value systems in all their forms represent one of the most influential factors ‎in the formation of architecture. As the Islamic approach has value systems formed by the ‎moderation approach which is based on integration and balance between the duals while conserving ‎the elements in its time and place. The Arabic Islamic architecture seeks to make the characteristics of ‎the Islamic moderation values the main approach in the formulation and composition in alignment ‎time and place. A commitment to these characteristics represents the preservation of the authenticity, ‎gravity and balance of Arabic Islamic architecture. The general research problem emerges as being the ‎lack of knowledge about the effect characteristics of moderation values on Islamic approach, while ‎the focus of this research is related to understand the nature of the relationship between the value as ‎amoderation system and the composition in the Arabic Islamic architecture. As a result, the research ‎problem was formulated as the lack of enough knowledge about the characteristics of moderation ‎values and their impact on composition of Arabic Islamic architecture and its formulation at both ‎intellectual and formal levels and their reflection on mosques composition. The objective of the ‎research is to construct a comprehensive theoretical framework that tries to enhance the understanding ‎of characteristics of moderation value system and its effect on composing of Arabic Islamic ‎architecture and its formulation on both intellectual and formal levels.‎
‎ This study assumed that the variance of the characteristics of the‏ ‏values system leads to the ‎variation of composition Arabic Islamic architecture. To check this hypothesis, its application was ‎investigated in mosques a case study. It's concluded that the temporal and spatial characteristics of ‎the value system are the most influential factors in composing Arabic Islamic architecture, followed by ‎other characteristics.‎

The aim of this work was to make LDPE /a.PP blends for economically attractive by (10/90, ‎‎20:80, 30:70, &50:50 w/w) ratios via injection molding carried out under 180 o C injection ‎temperatures and to evaluate their mechanical properties including :( Density, Tensile Strength, ‎Elongate to Break, Impact Strength, Bending Modulus,& Young's Modulus . we notice that the blend ‎behavior dependent on its composition, and injection temperature . ‎
Results show there are an increasing of impact strength and bending modulus with increasing of ‎‎(LDPE) contain and the highest value of these properties were at (50:50) weight ratio, while it has the ‎highest Young's modulus at (30:70) wt%. 180 o C as injection temperature leads to translate the ‎mechanical behavior from ductile to stiff behavior. DSC curves show that the blends is immiscibility , ‎also thermal degradation was decreased with increasing of LDPE to (50%).Also the Melt flow index ‎decreased from (5.04)-(4.01) (g/10 min) with increasing of LDPE from (30%) to (50%).‎

‎ Turbine blades are the most important and expensive part of turbines; the losses due to ‎maintenance is very large so must be analyze the causes of failure that may occur due to ‎manufacturing defects or vibrations resulting from operating and other service conditions. ‎
In this work will, focus on vibrationthat occurs due to operating conditions. The blade ‎represents as a cantilever beam manufactured fromaluminum, a square crack have constant breadth ‎‎5 mm formed on the blade for positions from (5 to 30) cm to fixed end with different crack depths ‎‎(2,4,6) mm.The experimental work results were computed by using impulse test, and numerical result ‎gain using finite element method. Good agreement was found between the results.The results showed ‎that the increasing in crack’s depth caused decreasing in the fundamental natural frequency of blade ‎for all crack positions.‎

Heat pipes are one of the modern solutions for heat release from hot sources or for heat ‎homogeneity in liquid or solid reservoirs. The interactions between the two phases of its working fluid ‎are suggested classically by researchers and still not discovered deeply. In this study about 480 ‎experimental and numerical tests are carried out to confirm the previous published observation of ‎spatial flow patterns of the two phases inside a wickless copper Thermosyphon Heat Pipe THP ‎partially filled with water. Numerical results are gotten from a three dimensional transient ‎Computational Fluid Dynamics 3DCFD numerical solution. Different factors are included into 3DCFD ‎model to reach reality in results and suffering from complex calculation procedures and increase ‎simulation running time. The high agreement percentages between the experimental and 3DCFD for ‎the temperatures distribution profile and magnitudes confirm the 3DCFD results. 3DCFD solution ‎contours of steam volume fractions SVF show that both phases flow in a 3D spatial, non-steady and ‎non-continues flow streams. Both phases suffering phase change and heat transfer from each to other ‎during flow up (steam) and flow down (condensate). Thermal performance increase about (+ve. ‎‎(10%)) due to inclination from vertical to 60º then falling to (-ve. (15%)) at 15º (for filling ratio 50% ‎and heat supplied 200W). that’s because inclination lead the complex spatial flow to be a uniform ‎circulation flow, hence it’s lead to non-homogeneity in evaporation and condensation processes and ‎finally result in reduction of thermal performance. ‎

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a fusion type welding and it is considered as one of the most ‎important welding types due to its inherent capabilities of high welding speed, high deposition rate, ‎welding large thickness plates owing to its deep penetration characteristic and many other advantages. ‎In this study, the goal was to investigate the effect of welding parameters, namely (welding current and ‎welding speed) as well as the joint design on the mechanical properties (yield stress, bending force on ‎the face of the weldment and hardness of the weld metal. Experiments were conducted employing ‎Design of Experiment (DOE) software and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique. The ‎experiments were performed by welding (26) pieces of ASME SA-516 Gr. 70 steel plate with ‎dimensions of (300 mm × 150 mm × 10 mm) to produce (13) specimens depending upon the design ‎matrix developed via the DOE. Results manifested that the optimum process parameters for ‎maximum yield stress, maximum bending force and minimum hardness were (202.659 MPa, 21.662 ‎KN and 139.232 HV), respectively at (425 amps) welding current and (35 cm/min) welding speed, ‎where the arc voltage was held constant at (37 volts). Finally, it was found that the predicted and ‎experimental results of yield stress, bending force and hardness agree very well according to the ‎ultimate error (1.5%, 1.3%, and 3.4 %), respectively.‎