Journal of University of Babylon

The aim of this research is to show how Rorty's critical position and the severe criticism he exercised towards modern epistemology and thus towards philosophy as well, was reflected in his overall political, social and moral views, as this criticism had various manifestations in his philosophy in its various aspects. On the other hand, his critical positions have met many Opposing views, especially with regard to his position on truth and its relativity, as well as his declaration of the end of philosophy. Therefore, our task in this research was to show the most important new concepts and propositions presented by Rorty, which had a great impact in shaping the features and foundations of his philosophy in all its aspect. And then this research handles the most important criticisms that were pointed at Rorty by the most prominent contemporary American philosophers, which focused in large part on his handling of the concept of truth and his non-approval to recognize its absoluteness, which was the reason for calling him a relativist based on his rejection of objectivity, the constant and the absolute.

The study aimed to highlight the position of the Israeli government within the UN Security Council after its warplanes bombed the Iraqi nuclear reactor on June 7,1981. The Israeli government announced its responsibility for bombing the Iraqi reactor on the pretext that it threatens the security of the State of Israel and the future of the Jewish people. The Israeli government telegraphed a letter to the Security Council through Yehuda Blum, Israel's permanent representative to the United Nations. In the letter, the Israeli government informs the council chairman of the official Israeli government's responsibility for the air raid on Baghdad. In the letter, the Israeli government informs the council chairman of the official Israeli government's responsibility for the air raid on Baghdad. On the following day, June 8, the Republic of Iraq sent a telegram to the Security Council in which it complained about the Israeli aggression and demanded that the Security Council hold an emergency session to deal with that blatant aggression. The Security Council held a series of meetings in the period 12-19 June, to consider Iraq's complaint. Many international delegations participated in those international sessions, led by the Israeli delegation. The representative of Israel delivered a statement in the first session numbered 2280 on June 12, and Blum wanted in his statement to win the favor of the international community, but the Israeli statement was not approved by the delegations participating in the session, and the Israeli diplomacy failed to convince the Security Council of the view adopted by the Israeli government The Iraqi nuclear reactor is intended for non-peaceful purposes, targeting Israel. Then the Security Council issued Resolution No. 487 in its last session held on June 19,1981, in which it condemned the Israeli government for its deliberate attack on Baghdad.

Islam came with instructions, rules and have that can only be implemented in the presence of a state, and human by nature tends to meet, so he must have the authority to organize his issues and manage his affairs, as the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) established # government which is center is Medina, but some Muslim writers went to say that the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him did not establish a government while he had only religious leadership in the research subject, the historical analytical method was adopted, and it came to the conclusion that the Prophet (peace be upon him) established a government and his mission was not limited to informing and warning. and also that the concept of the state underwent a historical development, so whoever denies that the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) did not arise Government while he made a comparison between the government in its modern concept and the government in the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him), The Prophet established a government and a system that suits the society in which he lived.

Speech fillers represent linguistic units, that take the form of Relatively short forms, concise expressions used by the speaker during verbal communication for the purpose of segmenting the speech especially in the case of emotional charge and the suspension of the verbal act. The purpose behind using speech fillers is expressive and communicative. The speaker, thus, ensures long-windedness, the continuation of communication along with proper delivery of the semiotic context of the linguistic message. Studies have neglected to address and treat these units. Through this article, we have tried to expose the related definitions given to « speech fillers » and how they were treated in classical and modern criticism, using a descriptive and analytical approach. We conclude that these expressions are used at times of emotion to segment speech and ensure the chronological sequence of thoughts. We have also shown that speech fillers connect discourse parts and grant its proper sequence, homogeneity and expressiveness. We may say that speech fillers are considereda part of the linguistic activity tha should not be neglected for language has to be Analyzed through all its expressive manifestations.

The interest in the study of dialects has become a priority for modern linguistics, as this area makes significant contributions to understanding the nature of the language, tracking its historical stages, demonstrating the impact of the environment and time on its voices, its disbursement and syntax, and what this reflects at the semantic level. This research highlights Arab dialects in the Upper Euphrates region which were subject to geopolitical changes that forced them to be a station for many multicultural and multilingual nations influenced and are affected by the languages and cultures of its indigenous population. Therefore, it was necessary to research and investigate those variables that play a role in determining the history and authenticity of the dialects prevailing in this area under study. The research reviewed the geographical nature of the region and its role in different dialects from one tribe to another, as well as briefly reviewed the foreign communities that settled it and left linguistic deposits on the Arabic of this part of the land and undoubtedly had a mutual impact. The research also reveals many of the original language and features in Arabic that have been transformed by attempts to quickly communicate the idea and facilitate a change in the form of the word vocally and purely, and it is worth noting that some of these nations are Sami, whose languages share in Arabic many of the language features arising from the source unit, which the research has focused on in most aspects.

Given the remark able development that took place in machine translation (MT) in recent years, people all over the world tended to rely on MT since it provides a faster result than human translation (HT) and saves effort. Even with these merits, there is still a difference of opinion on whether MT output has reached human equivalence. This study was provoked by the following question "Does post-editing (PE) improve MT output?" The study attempts to answer the question by providing a theoretical approach to PE methods, with practical examples. Data was taken from the Arabicnovelفرانكشتاين في بغداد,Frankenstein in Baghdad and the application of Google Translate (GT) was chosen for the automatic translation of the data. A professional translator with experience in literary translation was asked to do the task of PE Google output. Then an analysis of the grammatical and semantic differences - that have been found between GT and the PE version- was introduced. The research findings showed that conducting PE enhanced the efficiency of GT output, especially on the semantic level where the percentage of PE on the meanings (85%) was much more than on grammar (15%).

The city of Hillah is considered one of the ancient Iraqi cities in which a series of successive civilizations, whether those Pre- Islamic or under the successive Islamic civilizations, arose and grew up on its Land. It is a place for prophets, saints, imams and scholars throughout history. The Hillah has embraced many shrines of great personalities who have occupied the pages of history because of their effects and exploits in various aspects of their. The Maqam is of dignities, as wall, so we notice the presence of minarets in most of those shrines that they are realistically, which indicates that they are the call to prayer and the obligatory prayer. The aim of this study is to shed light on those shrines and to show their architectural style during the tenth century AH era, since religious places are usually subjected to continuous change, whether through their destruction as a result of conflicts, wars and sectarian strife, or through maintenance, restoration and expansion works on them as a result of the passage of time and the increase in density. The population and thus the increase in the number of visitors to these shrines in order to suit the expansion to accommodate the increasing numbers throughout history, and the other objective of the study is to see and check the validity of the ratio of this or that shrine, and then to show the accurate scientific opinion that some shrines and shrines are attributed to non-owners, or perhaps they are fake shrines, not mentioned its historically. The research tool was the photographs that the Ottoman painter Al-MatraqiZada photographed for us, which are of great importance in historical documentation, as he is one of the realist painters who belongs to the realist school. Travelers mentioned and visited these shrines, and thus to determine the validity of his lineage among the public or not, and we came out with important scientific conclusions that benefit the archaeological and historical researcher.

This paper presents a reading in an old Arabic poem by A Jahiliyyah (the Age of Ignorance) poet, known as “El Hadira.” The approach for the reading is stylistic, as we have divided the research into four sections, focusing on the method of repetition, the nominal and verbal structures and rhythm, in addition to the possible cultural patterns in this poem.
One of the most prominent results we concluded in the research is that the stylistic reading can investigate the expressive and emotional values offered by the literary text. Moreover, this poem is amongst the important poems cited by Arab critics, and that it contains many phonetic aspects, various linguistic structures, and styles worthy of study and follow-up.

Abstract is the first essential section of academic research that should be written in style to attract readers to read the entire research. Recently, analyzing abstracts based on specific genre analysis has become a need for recent research exploring thesis writing skills. Some of these genres are rhetorical move analysis (e.g., Introduction, Purpose, Method, Product, and Conclusion)and meta discourse marker-based analysis. Although there is a considerable number of research comparing abstracts written by international and native MA holders in English-speaking countries, research regarding a comparison of written thesis abstracts of English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL) in two different academic contexts has not been investigated yet. Henceforth, this study aims to determine the rhetorical moves of Arabic-speaking graduates’ thesis abstracts written in Iraqi universities and those written in American universities. Furthermore, it examines the meta discourse markers in each move of the abstract.
The sample of this corpus study consisted of20 abstracts from Master of Arts (M.A) theses in the English language disciplines written in Iraqi and American universities. Hyland (2000) and (2005) models are used as analytical instruments in the current study. The findings show that there are some similarities and differences in the rhetorical moves in the two contexts. The results also indicate that ESL group have used both rhetorical moves and meta discourse markers in their thesis abstracts more than those of the EFL group. In conclusion, these results reflect the effect of the context on how graduate students structure the thesis abstract. Based on the research findings, some pedagogical implications are suggested.

Responsibility, as one of the sources of commitment, came to determine the responsibility of anyone who violates the rules of legality, which causes harm to others, and thus it is the guarantee to keep the actions of suppliers and traders within the framework of legality, and its provisions should be applied during the breach of one of the parties to the contract with the implementation of his obligations, or the occurrence of an error from the supplier that causes unreasonable harm. A project by the consumer, where the supplier is obliged to pay compensation estimated by the court, and tort liability in electronic transactions includes responsibility for the personal act, Which means the responsibility of a person for every act he committed and caused harm to others, and also includes liability for the act of others, which means every act issued by a third party who is affiliated with the supplier, such as being a worker for him or one of his employees, and this act causes harm as most of the information The Internet goes through a set of stages, the primary stage includes production, and the final stage is limited to use, in addition to this, there is a group of people who deal with these stages and the extent to which there is a dependency among them, and this is what prompted us to study the responsibility of these people, which we will highlight On this part through our research this.

The researchers’ analysis of the educational discourse was not extensive, but was rare according to our research, as it was unable to overcome the shortcomings of linguistic analysis and its mechanisms or thematic analysis of it in pedagogy. With the arrival of linguistic research in its methodological convergence and cognitive integration, and with the development of deliberative theory, especially in the aspect The combined argumentative, it became possible to interpret the discourse socially, especially in the aspect of analyzing social practices in the pronunciation of the discourse, and thus gave full entitlement to the embodiment of the discourse and its pronunciation, and transcending the stage of textual profiling to the effectiveness of verbal events, and this research attempts to shed light on how to deal with the aspect of practice. Linguistically, by expanding some of its concepts, linking it to the educational aspect, and giving a new function to this analysis, which is its contribution to building meaning, and consequently knowledge, by raising the intellectual aspect and its argumentative mechanisms, and how to practice speech and its impact on the speakers, and the research concluded that contemporary research must include The inter-methodological convergence of sciences in analyzing the social aspect of the discourse, abandoning the analysis of formal patterns, as well as abandoning the inner recluse, and heading to a more practical side that By transcending the semantic interpretation to the interpretation of the meaning, which is what we present in this research.

The study of the deliberative necessity in the sermon of Imam Ali bin Al-Hussein Al-Sajjad, peace be upon him, comes in the context of the contemporary critical effort, Which benefist from modern critical theories and methods in revealing the structure of the discourse, and therefor, its understanding. The deliberative necessity as atool and procedural pragmatic mechanism in the discourse was a way to analyze the imams sermon, Because the sermon came as requirment of the context in which it was said, on the one hand, and its paragraphs emerged from the requirements of content on the other .
I paved the way for this study with the corporal with the term “deliberative necessity ” and its relationship with the principle of “Graisi cooperation” based on the procedural aspect that reveals the prescriptive meaning, which drew the structure of the sermon according to the intentions of the Imam, peace be upon him.

The banking system consists of a total of banking institutions, headed by the Central Bank and next to it the lending and financing institutions represented by banks and financial institutions that play the role of mediation by collecting public funds in the form of deposits, and extending them in the form of loans to investors and business owners, and all this is under the supervision of the Central Bank, which has a role in stability by finding, an with the possibility of facing crises that afflict the state, and the analytical descriptive approach of the legal texts regulating it was, by referring to the position of the Iraqi legislator in the Central Bank Law and the Banking .The problem of the research is to clarify the legal, realistic and technical challenges and the interventions facing the powers granted to the banking reality, and their impact on achieving the stability of the banking system, as its stability leads to support the financing capacity of the national economy as a whole, and otherwise the banking system tends towards stagnation and inability to advance the reality of the banking system Any country must respond to the developments taking place at the regional and international level, and keep pace with the changes and developments, By studying the functions of both the central bank and banks, whether commercial or specialized, we find that there is a close integrative relationship that links them to each other, which contributes to the development of the banking system of the state .And one of the most important recommendations is to increase the capital of specialized banks because of the services they perform of great interest to the citizen, especially those with limited income to reduce their suffering and call for increasing the liquidity of commercial banks and resorting to urging savers to invest, especially since there are banks that offer good interest for.