Journal of Biotechnology Research Center

The present study included detection of genetic variability, and identification of genetic relationship and finding a fingerprint of the ten clinical isolates related to Trichophyton rubrum using RAPD and ISSR markers. The experiment was carried out and the results performed using six primer of the RAPD markers these primers showed 239 amplified band , out of these band 90 of them was considered as a main band, and 149 was Polymorphic band , the largest number of bands was 30 in the isolate TR6 and less number of bands in the isolate TR7. The results clear the value of genetic diversity based on RAPD analysis the lowest value of genetic diversity (0.13005) between the isolate TR3 and TR9while the highest genetic diversity (0.55941) was between the isolates TR5 and TR8. The analysis of the relationship shows that there are three main groups: the first group include isolate TR8, while the second group included three isolates are isolate TR2, isolate TR10 and isolates TR3, The third group included three subgroups included the first isolate TR1,isolates TR4 and second isolate TR3 and isolate TR9 and the third included the isolate TR5 and isolates TR6.The results of ISSR experiments: the use six a primers in the of the ISSR showed 192 bands, in the isolate of Trichophyton rubrum, two of these primers showed monomorphic bands (in number and location) and six primers showed monomorphic and polymorphic bands, while one showed only polymorphic bands among Trichophyton rubrum isolates. And the largest number of bands was 24 in the TR5 and less number of bands 16 in isolate TR3 and isolate TR8 were finding DNA fingerprint to isolate TR1, isolate TR5, and isolate TR3. The ISSR markers showed lowest genetic polymorphism was (0.05561) between the isolates TR2 and isolate TR7 and the largest genetic distance was (0.40501) between the isolate TR4 and isolate TR8. The analysis of the relationship of genetic showed that there are three groups key first included isolates and only one isolate TR8 and the second involving isolates TR2 and isolate TR7, isolate TR4 and isolate TR3, while the group included three sub-groups, the first included isolate TR1 and isolate TR6, and the second involving isolate TR5, isolate TR10 and isolate TR9. The results confirmed the efficiency markers of the RAPD and ISSR in contrast, find a genetic fingerprint to the isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, and these markers differ in mechanical detection contrast, and coverage is Genome. Therefore Complementary to each other, although the ISSR markers were more efficient in terms of the number of binding sites in each type of the isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and so can the initiator of the discovery of a much larger area from Genome.

Cardaria draba is considered as one of the most fundamental plants that have wide diversity in medical uses, other researches had shown that this plant has a strong antioxidant activity for this reason the idea came to look for the cytotoxicity of this plant extract against different carcinogenic cell lines after subjection of this plant to methanolic extraction method.Result declared strong cytotoxicity against those carcinogenic cell line with a variable values of IC50 and the best effect was seen against HepG2 cell line, then we looked for the reason behind this reduction in viability of the cells via performing Caspase 9 assay which is used to check the induction of apoptosis and the expression of the TNF-α as a strong transcription factor which is activated in tumor cell lines.
Interestingly, our finding suggested that the plant extract produced a positive effect in the induction of Caspase 9 which led to induce early apoptosis, regarding TNF-α expression; the result explained a significant reduction in expression of those genes which were correlated with induction of tumor. This meant that the reduction in cell viability resulted in the induction of apoptosis and reduction of TNF-α transcription genes.

Collected citrus leaves, with erumpent, callus – like lesions with a water-soaked margin of Tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blance), Mexican lemon (Citrus limon), and Sweet orang (Citrus sinensis Osbec) from different orchards in Diyala, Baghdad and Babylon Governorate of Iraq. Pathogenicity of different isolates was confirmed along with symptoms under laboratory condition on detached leaf using pin prick method, observed that 21 (60 %) isolate Xac. was highly virulent to initiate water soaked lesion and fully developed symptoms within 10 to15 days, 14 (40 %) isolate Xac. were less virulent. The results of morphological (shape, colony and color) and biochemical characteristic (gram reaction, starch hydrolysis, gelatein liquefaction, KOH test, Indole production, oxidase reaction, acid and gas production, catalase reaction, fluorescent pigmentation test and NaCl tolerant). Molecular identification was performed by PCR using specific primer J-pth1̸ J-pth2 amplicon 198 bp indicated the occurrence of CBC in Iraq. All isolates 35(100%) were harbor pthA gene. These represent the first report of CBC in Iraq.

Escherichia coli were isolated from vaginal and cervical samples during vaginal examination. Fifteen semen samples have been gathered through masturbation after three days of sexual abstinence. The Cell-Free Supernatant (CFS) of Escherichia has been collected by removing the cells from overnight broth cultures and filtered. The effect of (CFS) of Escherichia coli on spermatozoa motility was determined by using Earl’s balanced solution to prepare1:2 to 1:16 dilutions of CSF. Results conducted there was a significant difference in the count number of motile spermatozoa in 15 seminal fluid samples after being treated with CSF at the dilutions1:2 (p≤0.05) ,1:4 (p≤0.05) and 1:8(p≤0.05). The experiment showed a successive significant increase in the count number of motile sperms compatible with the lowering concentration of CSF until the count number of motile sperms reached the highest in the fourth dilution 1:16 ( P≥0.05) . This demonstrates the real effect of CSF on the vitality and activity of sperm. On the other hand, the study showed that the Escherichia Coli, causing genital tract infection, could have a bad effect on the motility and transportation of men’s spermatozoa and might be responsible for infertility.

Hesperidin is one of the flavonoids from citrus peels and it recognized to possess various biological activities such as, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. The present investigation studies the immunological adjuvant influence of hesperidin nanoparticles. Hesperidin nanoparticles were prepared by nano-precipitation technique by using Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer and Poloxamer 407 was used as a stabilizer. This method was used because of their advantage of low setup cost and simplicity. Hesperidin nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analysis (PSA) analytical methods. The effect of hesperidin nanoparticles was higher than the effect of pure hesperidin, and there was an obvious increase in phagocytosis index (PI 82%) of hesperidin nanoparticles when compared with pure hesperidin (PI 56%) and in comparison with the control samples (PI 22%). In conclusion we need further studies about if nano-hesperidin has therapeutic effects.

The purpose of this study was to isolate the Saccharomyces cerevisiae present on different fruits and performing RAPD and ISSR analyses to know the genetic interrelationship between different S. cerevisiae isolates. Some fruits namely apple, plum, dates, and peach were used as natural sources for S. cerevisiae isolation. The isolated S. cerevisiae was designated as SUC1, SUC2, SUC3, SUC4, SUC5 respectively. Amplicon fingerprints for the isolated species were obtained by RAPD assay using six different primers and ISSR assay using six different primers. RAPD assay showed the lowest genetic distance (0.1559) between SUC2 and SUC3 isolates whereas ISSR assay showed the lowest genetic distance (0.06899) between SUC4 and SUC5 isolates. Both genetic markers showed the highest genetic distance for SUC1 when compared to the other isolates.

This study was conducted to evaluate some biochemical parameters of levofloxacin in male rats. It was carried out on fifty four of the albino male rats, they were divided into three main groups equally and orally dosed levofloxacin and assigned as, the first group was dosed with the therapeutic dose 7.5mg/kg/bw, the second group was dosed with the double therapeutic dose 15mg/kg/bw, the third group was dosed with distilled water (negative control). The three groups were divided into three subgroups equally according to dosing period of 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 week after discontinuation of dosing. The results showed, there were significant P<0.05 increases in creatine kinase myocardial band of group 1 after 4 weeks of treatment and 1 week of levofloxacin withdrawal in comparison with control group, also there were significant P<0.05 increases in troponin-t of group 2 after 1 week of levofloxacin withdrawal in comparison with control group. While aspartate aminotransferase, total plasma protein, and creatinine levels showed significant P<0.05 increases and significant P<0.05 decreases in total plasma bilirubin level, but within normal limits, between experimental groups and control group. Whereas, there were no significant P>0.05 changes in blood urea nitrogen levels between the experimental groups. We concluded that levofloxacin revealed minor toxic effects on organs tissue and most of these effects were reversible.

Three magnetic fields (2000,3000 and 4000) guass were used to study the germination of five types of medicinal plant seed (Nigella sativa, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Eruca sativa and Foenicutum. vulgare). The seeds were incubated in the dark and in certain moisture at three different temperature levels (10, 18 and 22)°C for 14 days. During the growth experiments, the best temperature of germination was found at 18°C, where it excelled three seed of five and gave a high percentage of germination to F. vulgare E. sativa C. sativum. Magnetic fields showed a differential effect in plant seed with different temperature. Where the seeds of F. vulgare and C. sativum gave the highest percentage of germination at 18°C.

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasite, this disease considers as a major health problem worldwide. The available therapy is unsatisfactory expensive with a cytotoxic side effects. Studies of marine algae as a source of pharmacological active compounds have increased worldwide. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of a type of green algae (Chara vulgaris) on promastigotes of L. tropica, by using. various concentrations (500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.6 µg/mL) in vitro by MTT assay [3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)], to investigate its effect on the proliferation of promastigotes, by three incubation periods (24, 48, 72 hr.) The results showed a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in survived of promastigotes in treatment groups with concentrations that ranged between 15 to 500 μg/ ml. This study revealed a major growth inhibition effect of the organic extract of C. vulgaris against L. tropica promastigotes, and the extract of ethyl acetate showed potential activity is better than the aqueous extract.

This study was aimed to found out the effect of Maca extract on certain sperm function characters and sperm DNA normality in vasectomized and healthy adult mice as a model for men complaining from obstructive azoospermia. Twenty adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups (5males per each group).The first group(GI) was regarded as a negative control that treated with distilled water. Whereas group II was gavage maca extract daily with 1mg/100gm.GropIII,and IV were vasectomized . Mice in GIII were vasectomized without treatment while the mice in group GIV were vasectomized and orally administrated maca dose(1mg/100gm).At the last of experiment(35 days), all the mice were scarified for assessment of certain sperm function parameters . The results revealed that a significant (P<0.05)improvement of grade (A and B) of active sperm motility in mice treated orally with Maca extract was recorded compared with other groups, while grade (C) was significantly increase in vasectomized mice (GIIIgroup) as compared with other healthy mice . DNA fragmentation resulted from fertile mice gavages with maca were reduced compared to healthy non-treated group and other treated and non-treated vasectomized mice (GIII and GIVgroup).Orally administration of animals with Maca extract caused a significant (p<0.05) improvement in the percentage of morphologically normal sperm compared with vasectomized treated and non treated groups.
It is concluded that oral administration of Maca extract caused a significant increment in certain sperm function parameters of vasectomized mice in turn this result can be utilized for obstructive azoospermic men.

Thirty specimens of fresh white cheeses, presented for sale in different markets at different cities of Iraq were analyzed microbiologically in this study. Isolates of Salmonella, included in the specimens collected from November 2017 to January 2018, were investigated. Capacity for biofilm producing was demonstrated by two method, Tissue culture plate method (TCP) and Congo red agar (CRA).After that the antibiofilm activity of lime extract and LiO2NPs was studied as each one of them alone and then the synergistic effect was done by TCP method. The results showed that all Salmonella isolates produce biofilm but in different degrees. The results also displayed that Lime extract and LiO2NPs had antibiofilm effect against Salmonella when used alone and when the combination done between each one of these materials. In conclusion, it was observed that the specimens of fresh white cheese included in this study contained microbial contamination at a health-threatening level but we can eliminate this contamination by using lime extract and LiO2NPs.