Journal of University of Babylon

This study is concerned with discussing the Theory of Linguistic Communication in relation to its elements and functions and testing its validity. This study attempts to: (1) widening the narrow scope of this theory as first proposed by Roman Jakobson's Model; (2) verifying the validity of describing its elements and functions as systemic; (3) highlighting the dynamics nature of the functions of its elements; (4) checking the possibility of adding some new elements to its six basic ones; (5) identifying the functions of its elements and their effect on the poeticity of the literary texts; (6) emphasizing the dynamics of the elements and functions of communication; and (7) proposing a comprehensive descriptive model of communication.
This study starts with a historical outline of Jakobson’s view of elements and functions of communication to familiarize the reader with the important relevant terms and concepts. Then, it proposes a new element to this theory explaining its nature, features, functions, and coining an appropriate terminology to it. The study, at the end, attests the proposed element by showing how it is realized in texts and examining its function in the poeticity of literary texts. The study concludes with the new theoretical bases the researcher set for the communication theory, in general, and proposed element, in particular.

Where generative concepts come from ? how is the generative grammar created metaphorically from the arithmetic reasoning , namely the recursive theory? all those issues ,in this article, would be addressed from metaphor conceptual perspective which is used to understand how linguistic concepts are formed within generative framework, we focus on two metaphors; Word-as-Number and Grammar-as-Logical System. a number of concepts had arisen in connection with the first metaphor , among them we can mention the following concepts; generative procedure, recursive rule, well-formed sentence, derivation, discrete infinity. the second metaphor creates what the generative linguistics call the architecture of grammar which is based on two pillars ; the combinatory device which merges the syntactic objects into larger object ,and the interfaces in which the meaning and phonetic of syntactic objects were processed, This grammatical architecture was borrowed from the logical process where a logical formula is processed syntactically and semantically in two phases, the syntactic phase corresponds to combinatory phase in the minimalist grammar, while the semantically phase corresponds to interfaces.

This study tackles the beginnings and evolutions of the Arabic studies in Romania which were officially and institutionally launched in the sixth decade of the twentieth century. With the consideration that Arabic in Romania is one of the languages whose study starts at the level of absolute beginners because it is not taught in Romanian schools below the university level. Alongside the Department of Arabic language, there is also the Center for Arab Studies of the University of Bucharest, inaugurated in the nineties, which provides the framework for activities that play a great role in the development of Arab studies in Romania, such as holding national and international conferences and publishing the Romano-Arabica yearly journal, which dedicates each one of its issues to a specific topic pertaining to the Arabic language and literature, hosting articles written by Romanian and foreign Arabicists and being distributed to many universities and libraries in Europe, the Arab world and the United States.

This research examines the deletion of the noun in Surat Al-Baqarah between the heritage and text linguistics, with a preface to study the deletions and guides in the light of the rhetorical heritage, grammar, and textual linguistics. The study deals with the deletion of the noun because of the many examples of this type in Surat Al-Baqarah, and the need for specification for methodological reasons. The study has chosen deletion examples that lead to the textual harmony. It has also shown the importance of deletion in the consistency and coherence of the text and its role in achieving brevity, while engaging the reader to the understanding of the text.

This Paper deals with some cognitive techniques of mental concepts, through linguistic analysis of human speech in different processes of Communication, among diverse communities of human beings. The study introduces a philosophical approach to the issue in question, in addition to the scientific results of contemporary neurolinguistics researches, giving some notes on selected classical topics of lexicon and semantics. The paper ends with a glimpse of the correlation between language, reality and culture, shaping an interdisciplinary paradigm of language analysis.

This article provides an expanded philosophical vision of the "Contrastive interpretation" methodology we created in our previous books. It briefly reviews the knowledge and reference bases for the study of Contrastive sense and the central concepts adopted in our analytical perspective of the discourses ; It gives the reader a holistic view of an integrated course of systematic development and discipline, and gives him the opportunity to follow an accurate and in-depth interpretation of the precious signs of the Alkahf 's Surah.
The purpose of the Contrastive interpretation is to link the discourses with our universal existence, and in fact our presence in this world, it is not to wonder what happened to Moses with Alkhadir, what happened to the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, with the polytheists, or the ability of the analyst in his interpretive maneuvers to be able to opposite structures, relations and indications. It is to strengthen the philosophy of theory by linking discourses to the reality of our presence in this world. the meanings of every interpretation effort are complete only by transforming it into an effective act of knowledge and existence.

This study proposes that property verbs differ from adjectives from the aspectual point of view, despite the great resemblance between them. While adjectives denote simple state, verbs of properties denote result state. This study falls in three main sections. First, the functioning of adjectives and property verbs will be syntactically defined. Second, an analysis is done in which the verbal character of property verbs is obtained by merging an adjectival head category into a null inchoative verb in syntax. This verb is semantically an operator. It allows for the predicate to change from one ordinary state to a result state. Third, an analysis is made to the comparative syntax of Arabic and English adjectival sentences. Finally, a unified syntactic structure for result state predicates in the two languages is proposed.
An important consequence of this analysis lies in the fact that the existence of two lexical categories to express subject property is not a redundant or superfluous aspect of Arabic grammar but it is a unique feature of Arabic that has its own semantic importance.

Quantitative Scalarity is a semantic phenomenon that has not received sufficient attention in Arabic linguistic studies. It falls within the scope of the problematic area of echelons or grades as a natural linguistic phenomenon. Since the emergence of the maxim of "Quantity" in contemporary pragmatic studies, there is an increasing interest in such studies by linguists. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, the underlying concept of this phenomenon with respect to the concept of "Quantum" is investigated; secondly, its distinctive characteristics will be specified by giving examples that reveal the importance of those concepts in the linguistic analysis, and its role in the implications of discourse.

This research aims at studying the spacialisation of time which refers to expressing time using space words. It tries to apply the model of Claude Vandeloise to describe the space in the language, and apply it on the time, in other words, this research is a development and an expansion of Vandeloise's model. However, Vandeloise did not study time in the relation between time and space neither did he study the role of the conceptual metaphor in this relation.

This research aims to provide an epistemological approach based on a degree of realism expressing linguistic ability as [a communicative ability emerging from a nervous readiness for human brains], which enables us to try to provide educational directives commensurate with the nature of our brains acquiring natural language in general, and acquiring the attribution of the syntactic sign in The Arabic language in particular, which is reflected in the explanatory adequacy of the learners' performance, and the possibility of assessing their production at the two levels: quantitative and qualitative. The research aimed to discuss some of the problems of assigning an infinitive sign, whose attribution is not due to the functional necessity of communication. From that, what can be attributed primarily to a pattern of unconscious cognition of the attribution of the inflection mark, and from it what can be attributed to the effect of the acoustic environment on the inflection mark, which obscures the functional use of it. In all of our effects, we should explain how the benefit of the deductive transfer from the scientific knowledge presented in the grammar lesson on the one hand, and the achievements of the computer revolution on the other hand, especially at the level of educational Corpus.

This research aims to introduce economic linguistics in terms of being a modern linguistic branch that studies the economic aspects of language and its uses. The study seeks to demonstrate the status of economic linguistics in linguistic planning, drawing up language policies and achieving them with relation to how linguistic planning is a decisive factor in formulating and implementing language policies. The research picks up the Arabization of education as an example to demonstrate the importance of the economic feasibility study in making sovereign linguistic decisions, indicating the impact and the importance of Arabization on the economies of Arab countries, as well as their role in building the desired Arab societal knowledge.
The research is divided into two parts: The first part is the general introductions dealing with important issues pertaining to economic linguistics and Arabization, illuminating the role of Arabization in developing the Arab world. The second part deals with the status of economic linguistics in supporting the visions of linguistic planning and implementing them in a hopefully feasible and beneficial manner, taking the economic and cognitive feasibility of Arabizing education as an example that predicts the great impact of the Arabization of education in building Arab economies, and solving many of their pending economic problems.

The human language continues to pose a number of questions, whether in terms of origin, nature, or relations with man and society, and its production and interpretation remains an intractable thing in human research, because this assumes access to the depths of the human population, and traces the paths of knowledge to reveal how they are acquired and developed. The purpose of this research is to stand up for cognitive linguistics and try to reveal its place in contemporary human history, by returning to the problem of acquiring the language and the associated linguistic theories. This research also tries to present some cognitive attitudes towards human beings in order to open up new horizons for research the course of knowledge and its way in the language in order to understand it and reveal how it works.

This study attempts to give answers to those interested in issues of discourse analysis. It is concerned with the concept of Interpretative Semiotics, as a strategy that possesses a philosophical codification that regards the text repository of signification possibilities which necessarily stops at limited semantic point imposed by the construction of interpretation itself, what makes this latter governed by its references, limits an inherent law.
The act of reading Seeks within Interpretative Semiotics to highlight how to function and cooperate different levels of sign (semiosis) to finally produce whatever meaning that might be equivalent to the multiplicity and to the openness on the possible semantic worlds. Such openness does not equal playing or free using of the text. Instead, it represents an interpretative strategy conditioned by cooperative and interpretative textual modes represented in the encyclopedia choices and in the interpreter’s cultural construction ( necessity of the existence of preliminary preview of the meaning ) as well as the pragmatic assumptions (topic) related to the reader’s initiative, who formulates it in the form of simpler questions imposed implicitly or explicitly by the text and possible worlds that we regard as a cultural structure constructive of the reader’s expectation and scenarios.
Interpretative Semiotics through its concepts and functioning of mechanisms, is able to size all the original possibilities producing the text (generative parcours) and is also able to create contexts that contribute to updating and actualizing the hermeneutical act and it adjust the codes boundaries that end at every possible codification or interpretation (interpretative parcours). It aspires to refine critical reading and attempts to keep it away from any value or impressionistic judgment which in the best cases stand at the borders of the text in its immediate dimensions away from the semantic and aesthetic goals, things that make the act of reading free and spontaneous constructed by intuitions and speculation that disregard all the philosophical foundations concerned with meaning building and conditions of using and receiving.

This paper examines a number of general methodological observations related to the complex relation between a given scientific discipline and its history, in this case, between Linguistics and the Arabic linguistic heritage. First, we address the general issue of the relationship between a science and its history. Second, some past and present perspectives on the study of language are surveyed from the perspective of Tradition. Third, an attempt is made at surveying the intellectual fundamentals on the basis of which modern Arab linguists have evaluated the legacy of the linguistic heritage in the context of what is commonly known as ‘the re-reading of the Arab linguistic tradition’. We conclude by noting that the ‘re-reading’ approach is rather limited scientifically. Thus, it is suggested that instead of evaluating the linguistic legacy of the past for what it is worth, research in Arabic linguistics should focus on the actual study of the Arabic language and its structures in their historical evolution.

Modern linguistic and rhetorical lectures are full of concepts and mechanisms of artificial intelligence in view of the following scientific justification: considering the analogy between human intelligence and artificial intelligence as possible in order to determine the positions of multiple intelligences, and developing cognitive science researches that relate to various aspects of human life, such as biology, cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence and cognitive linguistics.
Based on the above, this study confirms the hypothesis of the comparison between artificial intelligence and human intelligence, including linguistic intelligence. It then formulates the following concept: the Rhetorical Aspect is a project that seeks to establish an Interpretive Cognitive Arabic Rhetoric which exploits the cognitive sciences, including the mechanisms of artificial intelligence which will be the focus of this study.
So, the research deals with the rhetorical model of Principles and Modules (which is extended to the model of Accessibility, and then to the model of Distributed Poetry .

This study aims at clarifying some of the pragmatic aspects of Usul Alfiqh relied on to build the origins of sharia provisions. The study enumerates these aspects in two contextual conditions: intent and benefit. Although the first condition is related to the speaker and the second to the addressee, they are complementary and interrelated. Each of them calls the other contextually because the process of communication with interest and benefit is organized by the context. Therefore, we have included what is related to the intent condition within the expressive context specific to the speaker and included what is related to interest within the reception context specific to the addressee. However, the Usulists ’concern with the condition of benefit appears prominent in comparison with the condition of intent and the justification for the second is often a means to reach the first. The position of the Usulist, or the position of the Muslim scholar in general, in the production of knowledge is the position of the revealed intent to understand the discourse and applying it in a changing social reality in a suitable and useful way which enables gaining benefits and avoiding harm.

This study attempts to reveal the relationship between identity and discourse production with particular reference to individual literature and folk imagination, through the character of (Antara bin Shaddad). Antara’s discourse represents individual discourse that emerged from a self-issue concerning affiliation, aiming to marry his cousin. It was an instant discourse, expressing the communication facts that the character went through. It resulted in discourses reflecting identity transformations from slavery to tribal recognition constructing the hero of the tribe who saved it. However, the folk biography has formed a discourse of the other with various functions. Antara was granted the identity of the hero from birth until his death, due to his national role in uniting the Arabs and eliminating their enemies from Persians and Turks, before the emergence of the Prophet Muhammad (pbu) and his divine message. Therefore, this study applies social discourse analysis, attempting to determine the concept of identity and its forms in both poetic discourse and discourse of folk biography, and its relationship to discourse production.

Issues of cohesion, coherence, and texture in the conversation operate according to multiple and complex rules, some of which are apparent in the structure of the conversation, and others are hidden yet perceived by intuition, understanding and interpretation. This is evident in the chain of conversation building and linking its speech acts and semantic issues. Linking includes all the lexical elements that serve the function of connecting the verbal components of the conversation, the most prominent of which are the conjunctions or discourse signs that operate according to a large number of varied and different models with different functions and the relationships that they make in linking the word chain in conversation in general. The hidden ones are included in the possible relationships that exist in the linguistic system, and the speaker employs them in producing a cohesive and coherent rhetorical structure aimed at building an appropriate discursive fabric. How are the connections and interdependencies manifested in building a conversation? What is the role of connectors in that? What functions does it perform in the fabric of a conversation? To what extent is the bonding relationship constructive for the inductance fabric? Or are there other relationships that exceed these levels? We will seek to uncover the answers to these questions and others in this research by treating and analyzing them based on a conversation in which we trace the possibility of these relationships and how they operate lexically, grammatically, semantically and pragmatically.

This article reviews and rethinks a few leading themes of the biolinguistic program since its inception in the early 1950s, at each stage influenced by developments in the biological sciences. The following also discusses how the questions now entering the research agenda develop in a natural way from some of the earliest concerns of these inquiries.

This article deals with the syllable in Standard Arabic from the traditional perspective, which adopts the principles of classical phonology, then from the modern perspective seen in the representation theory and the models derived from it. The article then cnsiders "Optimality theory" as a modern generative research program based on a new concept of grammar and the interaction of linguistic levels through the interaction of phonological constraints, morphological and prosodic.
The article also raises a set of questions related to the concept of the syllable, its structure, components and forms. It also presents linguistic facts related to the application of the procedures of "optimality theory" to the phonological system of Arabic, as a theoretical and methodological choice that reformulates the questions and problems of syllable structure in Arabic and adopts tools of the new generative theories in its classification and their description based on the principle of distinguishing between the phonetic and the phonological syllables according to the input/ output binary.
We also recall the most important processes of the theory of the syllable from the traditional notion to the perspective of multidimensional representations, then the approach based on the interaction of constraints.

This study attempts to address two main issues. The first is to crystalize the cognitive semantics of a general model that seeks to approach how meanings are built and what motivates them, depending on the peculiarities of human perception and its underlying experience factors. The second issue is related to the architecture of meaning and conceptual spatial patterns which have been given priority in the construction of other perceptions, because spatial organization is considered, from a psychological point of view, the center of human knowledge.

This article deals with the phenomenon of subjectivity in language to raise some questions about how linguists approach, describe, and explain it. The article considers the reasons behindthe insufficient attention paid to this concept in linguistics andhighlights the insufficiency of the lexical approach in interpretation. In fact, the study has found that subjectivity is deep-rooted in language. However, there remains the question about the manifestations, methods and implications of this rootedness and whether or not the linguists have succeeded in identifying it.
Thus, the study seeks to demonstrate the status of subjectivity in the theoretical foundations laid by linguists, regardless of their different theories, and based on a reading of some linguistic theories, a conceptualization of the rootedness of subjectivity is presented, beginning with its manifestations in the accomplished discourse, ending with the realization of its roots in the abstract linguistic system.