Diyala Journal of Human Research

Letters are major part of the Arabic sentence structure. They take big position by grammarians and linguists because its easiness. They deal with Arabic letters semantically, rhetorically and arranged them, and Al-Alemi doesn’t differ from the previous explainers, he also deals with Arabic letters semantically and rhetorically, and analyzes some of them. The study also contains verses of the Holy Quran which contain that and explains their meaning through comparison and analyzing in the linguistic and illustrative books. The paper divides into four issues, the first issue about what is built on one letter (Hamza, Bã, wãw), the second one about what is built on two letters (Lã, Mã, áw), while the third is about what is built on three letters (Bala), and the last one is about what is built on four letters (Laḿã). The final contains the most important findings.

The aim: this study aims at identifying "The Effectiveness of The Seven Es ( 7E's ) Strategy In The Achievement Of The Second Intermediate Girls Students In Reading Subject Matter" .The hypothesis : the searcher has followed the null hypothesis as in "there is no statistical differences at the level(0.05)between the scores of the girl students who study with the 7E's strategy and the scores of those who follow the traditional way in reading.
The Scope: The study confined to the following limitations :
the sample is a group of second class intermediate morning school girls students Diyala General Directorate of Education /Khalis District.
the Second semester of the scholastic year 2013-2014.
A number of texts taken from the subject matter "Reading" prepared for the second class intermediate students, version 6,2013.
The researcher has followed the experimental approach of partial control selecting Alzanabq school intentionally .The number of the second stage classes is two classes and the number of the sample students is about (97)Ss. Class (A) is the experimental group with(49) Girl Ss while group (C)is the control group with (48)girl Ss.
Also, the researcher attempts to equal between the two groups concerning a number of varieties as( intelligence test ,age, the first semester scores in reading subject matter ,parents educational achievement ,linguistic capability test ) .
Moreover ,she has formed the behavioral objectives of the selected topics to be studied during the experiment which are about(110)objectives ,so, the researcher has put teaching plans for the two groups and prepared achievement test consisting of (40)items of multiple choice question testing its validity whereas its consistency has been achieved through the split-half method which is(0.72),and the discriminatory power between(0.31)and (0.45)and the difficulty factor is between(0.30-0.78).
After applying the test on the research sample on Sunday 27-4-2014 ,the researcher has used the (T-Test) for two independent groups in processing data ,but the results show there is statistical differences at the level(0.05)between the scores of the two groups of the girl students who study with the 7E's strategy, hence in the light of the drawn conclusions , the researcher has found out :" The Effectiveness of The Seven Es( 7E's ) Strategy In The Achievement Of The Second Intermediate Girls Students In Reading Subject Matter".
And the recommendation, the researcher has put are:
Depending the seven E's strategy in teaching the subject matter "Reading" for the second intermediate stages.
Getting interest from this strategy advantages in teaching other Arabic language branches.
And ,more ,she asked for holding other similar studies to complete this topic as:
Making studies which are similar to the present study but in other teaching topics or other stages as literature ,discourses and composition.
Making studies which are similar to the present study but have other varieties as developing the critical thinking or the creative thinking…etc,.

Declension is what characterizes the words in structuring as it is of the signs of meaning on the first hand, and, secondly, it can be arguably said that it is its cause and at the same time its follower. The paper is set to explicate this notion in Surat Al-Baqara in terms of the nominative, for it is a statement to the effect of this case of declension in terms of what does the word grammatically functions in structure and its appropriateness to the context. The paper intends at the structure of the item which is signifying the nominative multi-facets and the grammatical function performed by considering each facet arranging the elements of structure and helping clues as grade, rendering delays, context and case that are found possible, down to demonstrate the multiple facets of nominative connotations

This study aims at investigating the Effect of a Generative Learning Model in Developing Reading Skills of the Female Students of the First Intermediate Grade in the Subject of Reading. The researcher chose Um Salama Intermediate School deliberately among the schools in Diyala Province. The sample consisted of 44 female students. The sample was randomly divided into two groups. The researcher equalized the two groups in some variables like intelligence, linguistic competence, the scores in the previous year, age, the scores of the pretest. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher prepared a test that assesses three skills: comprehension, speed, and precision. The researcher applied the test before and after the experiment. After collecting, correcting, and statistically analyzing the data, the results showed the transcend of the experimental group on the control group. The researcher came up with certain conclusions, recommendations

This study aims at investigating the efficiency of Landa's model in the attainment of the students of the second intermediate grade in the subject of history.
The researcher used the experimental model with partial control. The study community consisted of the students of the second grade in the morning study intermediate and secondary schools in Diyala Province in the academic year 2015/2016. The researcher intentionally chose Baquba District Educational Area, then, randomly chose Ibn Alnadeem Secondary School for Boys as the sample of the study. The sample of the study ,which is 60 students, was divided into an experimental and a control group of 30 students each. The first group was taught using Landa's model while the second group taught using the conventional way. The researcher prepared an attainment test of 30 multiple choice items.
The statistical devices were applied in the study like T-test, Person correlation coefficient, item discrimination formula, item difficulty formula.
The study reached at certain conclusions like the existence of statistically significant difference on the level 0.05 in favor of the experimental group in the posttest.
The researcher recommended the use of Landa's Model in teaching by conducting workshops for the teachers of social sciences in general, and history in particular due to its significance in increasing the attainment of the students.
The researcher suggested conducting a similar study about the effect of Landa's model in developing different types of thinking (scientific, conclusive, innovative).

This study aims at investigating the efficiency of Landa's model in the attainment of the students of the second intermediate grade in the subject of history.
The researcher used the experimental model with partial control. The study community consisted of the students of the second grade in the morning study intermediate and secondary schools in Diyala Province in the academic year 2015/2016. The researcher intentionally chose Baquba District Educational Area, then, randomly chose Ibn Alnadeem Secondary School for Boys as the sample of the study. The sample of the study ,which is 60 students, was divided into an experimental and a control group of 30 students each. The first group was taught using Landa's model while the second group taught using the conventional way. The researcher prepared an attainment test of 30 multiple choice items.
The statistical devices were applied in the study like T-test, Person correlation coefficient, item discrimination formula, item difficulty formula.
The study reached at certain conclusions like the existence of statistically significant difference on the level 0.05 in favor of the experimental group in the posttest.
The researcher recommended the use of Landa's Model in teaching by conducting workshops for the teachers of social sciences in general, and history in particular due to its significance in increasing the attainment of the students.
The researcher suggested conducting a similar study about the effect of Landa's model in developing different types of thinking (scientific, conclusive, innovative).

This novel (the black suits you) was written by a novelist who marked her novels with poetic touch where the poetic side of narration is met.
The interference of the subjective vision with the objective one may be the most distinguished example about the interference of poetry with narration

Germany has appeared as being an economical and industrial force since 1950's, after it had succeeded in removing world war two ruins, by developing its industry and building its economy. This made Germany in lead of Western economy in 1960's, although its division into two states. This power has consolidated after uniting it and declaring the German unity. Adding to its power several elements like geographical, human, economical, and military for the benefit of its political external movement, especially after the end of the cold war and the termination of Soviet Union dangerous threat and Socialist camp from Europe. Which gave Germany the opportunity to become a permanent member U.N Security Council because of having an economic, military, and diplomatic power. It appeared as being the second biggest state in average economic growth and total local income among Western states, and being the third biggest contributors concerning U.N. budget after United States of America and Japan, besides the role of Germany army in preserving international peace and its diplomatic roll in taking part solving international problems. Thus, Germany employed these abilities to serves its political external aims in gaining a permanent seat in the U.N Council, through ensuring its role as a peace lover state and supporting it by working in supporting U.N. efforts in peace keeping and building on worldwide. In order to achieve the research hypothesis: Germany as having economic, military, and diplomatic abilities, made it work for employing these abilities for supporting the efforts in gaining permanent membership, to obtain an international place suitable with its abilities describing it as a state supporting peace and capable in baring its responsibilities and burdens besides international Community.

This research aim to tackles an important question:
How does Al- Zamakhshari understand the LANGUAGE and interpret ate it in Divine attributes ( hear, sight, recognize, and Life)?.Answering this question would lead to know the role of a prior and prejudices- where there would be no understanding of phenomena but through them- and their impact on language understanding.
These two questions would be tackles in the research. Therefore, the research scrutinize those attributes in his book (Detector of revelation mystique facts and gossip springs in faces of interpretation). The research shows the instrumental role of language to separate between the interpretation being or not, understanding or not, the big role of a prior in knowledge.

The study deals with the fact of palms in Baladruz district these days and what the instruments most apply to raise this state. Where this fact proves that there is a retreat of the planted areas of palms in Baladruz during a short time from 10000 to almost 8000 donams and the other areas of farms that not planted are less than the planted areas of the whole areas because of the environmental decisions which the palm passed through, as decrement in water resources especially in summer and the processes of cutting and burning the palms which surround Baladruz because of the urbanite expansion of cities and villages, and also because of the plant diseases that infect the palm as a result of the intended and unintended negligence by the concerned persons of agriculture or the owners.
This national gardening needs an effort to treat the palm from its problems to achieve an immediate development and to keep these planted areas with palms at least. The study also studies the most important projects of planting the mothers of palms in Mandly district which is a very important step to increase the commercial and rarely kinds and to redistribute these palms through supporting the prices of the sold palm shots about 50% (fifty percent) by the state.

After reviewing the jurists of Maghreb mentioned in Ibn Asakir's "History of Damascus", it was evident that most of them were originally narrators, but they had a special interest in Islamic Fiqh. This is because of their need to it in handling their life in accordance with sharia. Most of the scholars of Maghreb were from Maliki Ideology because it was the dominant ideology in the region. Also because this school is committed to Quran and Prophetic Hadith. When those scholars moved to Sham , as Ibn Asakir mentioned, they had great respect by its rulers. So, they assumed political and religious positions in Damascus.

This research aims at studying (the effictiveness of Jearlac and Elie on the achievement of ( The Fourth grade literary ) in the history and motivation towards The article . To achieve this aim, the researcher Put the Following Two hypo),and to achieve this aim ,the researcher has formalized the following nil hypothesis:
- There is no difference with Significance sta tistical at the level in dication (0,05) between the average degree of the exper-imental gronp which is considering to model Gearlac and Elie and the average grades Students group contvol taught according to the way the usnal in the colletion
- There is no difference with Significance sta tistical at the level in dication (0,05) between the average degree of the exper-imental gronp which is considering to model Gearlac and Elie and the average grades Students group contvol taught according to the way the usnal in the motivation to wards the material history.
To achieve so ,the researcher has used one of the experimental designs which have partial control of the two groups (control and experimental) and achievement test.
The experiment has been applied on a sample of first intermediate female school students in Al – Rimah Al- Awali school for boys which belongs to Salah al-Din General Directorate of Education in the scholastic year(2013-2014) . The school has been selected randomly from Diyala province schools with a number of students about (70) male students (32)female students in the experimental group which depends on the model Ger Lac and Elie and (31) female students in the control group which depends on the normal approachThe researcher has equalized the two groups in terms of the following variants :( the degrees of students in the Final test for the academic year previons 2012- 2o13, the male age counted by months , the parents 'achievement , the intelligence test scores ). Applying Chi-squared test and the T-test to different groups not equal in the number of students ,it has been found that there are no statistical differences between the groups at the level (0.05).
At the end of the experiment , the achievement test has been applied on the two groups and after scoring the students answers and analyzing them statistically using the(T-test) of two independent samples ,it has been found that there are no statistical differences at the level(0.05) between the experiment average of the students who study history following the normal approach .the results show the average of the experimental is better

This study aims at reviewing pragmatic according to Dr. Mahmood Ahmed Nahla. It discussed the concept of pragmatics in linguistics which is a group of linguistic theories and one of the branches of linguistics. It also discussed many scopes of pragmatics according to the scholars due to the overlap with other fields of linguistics like semantics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics.
Dr. Nahal has limited the scope of pragmatics to the study of language for the purpose of use and communication. The study also discussed the pragmatic functions and their significance in the study according to Dr. Nahla through mentioning what distinguishes it from other modern linguistic fields of research that can be distinguished from each other like socio-pragmatics, applied pragmatics, and general pragmatics and the importance of the study of the spoken verbs in pragmatic according to Osten and Syrl. The study ended with the most important results

The attitudes of Ibnul Khabaz of Mosul ( C:639 A.H) towards the matters of grammatical controversy between two schools of grammar of (Basra and Kufa ) in his book Al-Nihaya Fi Sharihil Kifaya . This is the title of my research paper which is under publication in the meantime.
Ibnul Khabaz has been greatly concerned with the mention of the matters of controversy between the two schools .This is quite clear in his book Al-Nihaya Fi Sharihil Kifaya .
Whenever he touches upon any matter of controversy between the two schools ,he makes a distinction between the matters presented .He does so bringing out proofs for each one of them .Mostly he is seen to take the side of the Basri grammarians .But sometimes he takes the sides of the Kufi grammarians .Therefore I have chosen the most prominent issues towards which Ibnul Kabaz has got a clear view .
Therefore the researcher has divided the research paper into two parts : the first shows the points of agreement with the Basri grammarians while the second presents the points of agreement with the Kufi grammarians .
The research has been concluded with the most significant findings , a list of footnotes and a list of references consulted by the researcher

Studying political events in Islamic history os of the most significant studies inclined to by various historians and authors for the sake of getting to know that important epoch in the history of Maghreb and Andalusia as well as identifying how it gets to us.
This study aims at bringing to light the most important enormous political happenings coval whith the historian Ibn athari as reflected in almuahideen state and the reigning period. The fall of that state resulted in hazardous consequences, it has resulted in a new political break up leading to three independent micro states, thes caused the apperarance of elhafsion in Tunisia, alzzayyanion in telmsan and bani elahmar in andulusia which mounted the avidies of conquers as the Portuguese and others moreover, that period witnessed the emergence of almarini state which took in to custody the whelth of almaghreb up on getting rid of al muahideen rule.
Al maghrev was afficted whith tribal clashes, like that between bani zayyan and bani mareen of strives among members of the same tribe. Therefore, that has led to many wars and conflicts, calamities, upheavals, disobedience and divisions that are of no use to any side but leading to bloodshed, break up as well as a loss of political unity due to their dispersal and internal struggles.

This study discusses the poetic image on the bases of nomadism and symbolization in poetry. Poetry, as "it is known" is regarded as the storage from which the poet takes in order to innovate his poetry through his poetic culture, besides the environment which represents the basic motive to produce culture. This is why the poetic image differs from one poet and another according to the environmental factor and the needs of evolution. This is what we discover through the structure of the poetic image in Arabic poetry

The following study discusses the approach and style Adopted by Al Mubarrid in his book Al Muqtathab. Al Mubarrid is the second figure in grammar after Sibawayh. His book is regarded as the second encyclopedia of grammar after Sibaweih's book. The study concluded that Al Mubarrid's style was marked by explicitness and smoothness which made it easy to be studied by scholars. He used words to estimate the readers' mind and make him aware of what he wrote in linguistics and grammar. His literary taste has a great role in his style. Sometimes he mentioned literary or rhetorical issues in order for his readers not to feel bored.

The prophet Mohammed (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) has brought up a distinguished generation in the history of Islam, a characteristic personality that was raised under the supervision of the devoted and faithful Mohammed in Abdullah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). They graduated from Mohammedan education university, the most powerful known university in history in the field of self-cultivation, morals refinement and souls purification. A prominent and trustworthy personality that is adding more refinement to its reader and listener. Its honor is stemming from it companionship with the prophet. It is the personality of Abu Mahthora, the Prophet Mohammed's announcer who was characterized by the charm of his voice. Therefore, he was selected by the Prophet to be his announcer in Mecca. His personality is one that is not shed light on by researchers, thus, I have chosen him to be the title of my paper.

Literary studies that discuss ego has formed a wide range in the field . the relation between literature and psychology was swinging over time . many studies has dealt with this relation previously.
This study discussed the image of joy between badir shakir Assayab and nizar Qabbani and the aspect of similarty and difference between them.
The study consisted of an introduction , three chapters , a conclusion and a list of references.
The most important result of the study was that the joy had a small share in the life of the tow poets . both lived little moments of joy and happiness the study also revealed that Assayab was self – expressive about his happiness while Qabbani has a wider vision which sees poetry has function of making people happy and changing the reality.

This study aims at identifying :
1-The psychological distress of the orphans students at the intermediate stage .
2-the significance of the statistical differences of the psychological distress due to the variety of the gender.
3- the social isolation of the orphans students at the intermediate stage .
4- the significance of the statistical differences of the social isolation due to the variety of the gender.
5-The relation between the psychological distress and social isolation of the orphans students at the intermediate stage.
The study sample consists of (400) (f)male orphans students at the intermediate stage as(200)female students and (200) male students selected intentionally.
To achieve the study aims ,a measurement of the psychological distress has been used .This measurement consists of (24)items ,and the aim of this measurement is achieved through the virtual validity and formation validity ,so the reliability coefficient has been about(0.83)
Whereas ,the social isolation measurement has been formed with (24)items , and the aim of this measurement is achieved through the virtual validity and formation validity ,so the reliability coefficient has been about(0.84).
Through the use of percentage, Pearson correlation coefficient ,T-test of one sample, and the T-test of two independent samples as statistical means.
The results which have been found out are:
1- The orphans students at the intermediate stage suffer from psychological distress.
2-There are statistical differences of the psychological distress due to the variety of the gender to the males.
3- The orphans students at the intermediate stage suffer from social isolation.
4- There are statistical differences of the social isolation due to the variety of the gender to the males.
5-There is a correlative relation between the psychological distress and social isolation.
Finally, the recommendations and suggestions have been drawn.

This study aims at suggesting an ethical system suitable for our contemporary society as well as a methodology for implementing it. Using the descriptive –analytical method and after reviewing previous studied and educational literature, it became important to put such a system in practice and as a slogan in every educational , service , and production institution, in a way that every institution with extract the suitable values for their specialty. This methodology should start with educational institutions from kinder gardens to universities. Then, it should be integrated with family and media as well as the other official and religious institutions. The study also suggests a set of styles to apply them in every institution. The researcher recommended that this ethical system should be firstly applied in teaching the subjects of ethical education and job ethics in the public and academic systems after fully preparing teaching staffs to be an ideal for their students and validate them for leadership.

A title represents a textual necessity through the stimulation of the text and the attempt to interpret and access it. The title can be regarded as a successful procedural concept in approaching the literary text, and a key tool of an analyst who tries to go deep in its mysteries.
The front and back cover of the novel has a great significance as a part of the parallel text. The novelist Tahseen Garmiani has several patterns in producing the front cover of his novels and poems from a painting to a photographic picture or using distinctive fonts in the title that refer to the artistic and psychological depth of the title or the event of the novel. It emphasizes the connection between the events of the novel and the title on one hand, and the cover of the novel regardless of its patterns.

The paper contains a collection of questions which Al-Ibrati supposed in his book (Sharh Al-Lam'a in the Arabic Language), and this could be in brief by saying that there are morphological and grammatical issues that Al-Ebrati imagined in explanation of shininess.
It can represent by Al-Ibrati error when he attributed some of the grammarians' views, and here are some of them: views of Sibawayh in the chapter of diminutive and view of Al-Mubarred who attributed the issue of accusative of the excepted, and …. etc.
The other illusion that summarized in an opinion that Al-Ibrati says, adopts and considers likely, as in his saying: "that the principal cannot be pluralized", and other views.

This study aims to specify the criteria of education quality of the teaching staff of the department of history in the college of basic education and assess their performance within the scope of these criteria.
The results were as follow:
1-The achieved items were 13 and this constitutes 43,33 % from the total average of the items of the observance form; whereas the unachieved items were 17 and this constitutes 56,67 % from the total average of the same form.
2-The performance of the teaching staff was acceptable concerning the (personal characteristics). Taking the criteria of (designing and planning the teaching situations), (assessment) and (strategies and techniques of teaching), the performance of the teaching staff was weak in general.
The study reached to the following conclusions:
1-Weak propagation of the cultivation of the teaching quality in the College of Basic Education/ University of Diyala.
2-Weak interest of the teaching staff concerning the use of modern teaching strategies like (cooperative teaching, problem-solving, and teaching based o problems, etc.).
This study recommends the following:
1-To publish the cultivation of teaching quality through assuring the teaching staff of using it.
2-Providing the teaching staff with the criteria of teaching quality used in this their performance spontaneously.
3-Training the teaching staff to use the modern techniques and strategies of teaching through workshops and training courses.

Economic studies are regarded as one of the basic cornerstones in human societies along the different epochs whether past or present. They afford, as well, the actual portrait of life in those societies and write down the true route of history. Due to the changes made by Islam in various societies, it brought with it many developmental systems which included various economic legislations that reflected the interest of Islam in economy and to safeguard individual welfare as well as focusing on the relation between individuals in a society.
Sharecropping comprises systems, bases and legislations to rely on when starting to sharecrop for they represent partnership contract between landlord and worker. Therefore, many jurisprudents and scholars paid due attention to sharecropping and they labored hard to explain and explicate it to people. Of these jurisprudents who had a spectacular contribution in this filed was Imam Malik bin Anas (93-179 H.). he was the author of various publications which pinpoint his preponderant and conscious mentality which delved deep into different fields of knowledge, especially in the economic activity. He was one of the jurisprudents who incurred explaining sharecropping, explicating its issues and stating opinions concerning it through brief and specified terms in expression and eloquent in meaning and intention.

وفقاً لنتائج الثورات التكنولوجية ، أصبحت للدراسات السكانية أهمية كبيرة في دعم جهود النمو والتنمية في بلدان العالم كافة ، ومن هذا المنطلق برزت أهمية دراسة الهرم السكاني في العراق بهدف توظيفه اجتماعياً واقتصادياً من خلال دراسة مكونات وخصائص ذلك الهرم . ومحاولة إدماج تلك الدراسات ضمن ما يعرف بالسياسة السكانية عن طريق تفعيل مكوناتها مع السياسات الاقتصادية والتنموية داخل البلد . ومما يعزز هذا الاتجاه قرب دخول العراق نطاق الهبة الديموغرافية ، إذ تشكل هذه النافذة فرصاً لتحسين المستوى المعيشي ، وخفض معدلات البطالة ، وزيادة اسهام المرأة وتمكينها اقتصاديا واجتماعيا ، فضلاً عن التخطيط للمستقبل بقاعدة بشرية فاعلة .

This paper studies the phenomenon of hedging in press briefing . It begins with the introduction that introduces different definitions of the term for different writers and linguists in order to show its nature . The paper discusses also the types of hedging : hedging through negation , through disclaimer , hedged performatives and hedging through complex structure . Though the former sub headings seem rather varied and many , but it is an attempt to reflect the main ways of hedging that are used by politicians in general and press briefers in special . The study supports the above mentioned linguistic devices of hedging with suitable examples where necessary . The politeness principle as a style of indirectness in conversation has been also referred to . The relation between gender and hedged language with the main characteristics of women’s speech in addition to the process of observing or violating Gricean maxims have been also mentioned throughout this study . The paper ends with the analysis of a press briefing sample with certain conclusions that have been arrived at.

Morrison's first novel was followed three years later by her second novel, Sula, 1973. Sula narrates the struggle
of a black community in Ohio between 1919 and 1965. Primarily , it tells the story of two childhood friends, Nel Wright and Sula Peace, spiritual soul mates who go their separates ways when Nel Marries but reunite ten years later. In addition , it exposes the small mindedness of the black community toward Shadrack, a veteran suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, Nel's mother, Helene, the financiallycomfortable newcomer from New Orleans, and Sula and her grandmother Eva. The novel depicts the misery life of black people after the world war I and their struggle with the white society.