Journal of International studies

This research deals with the military doctrine during the former Soviet Union era. It highlights the major aspects related to the Russian philosophy of military doctrine after Cold War, and the important changes that have occurred on it, which resulted in establishing a new military doctrine that may converge or intersect with the Soviet military doctrine in some visions and strategic perceptions. These strategic changes contributed in the formation of a new Russian doctrine that reinforced the strategic perceptions of the Russian decision-maker about the expansion of defense strategy and protect the interests of Russia politically and economically to restore Russia's international and regional status and to return strongly in the formation of a multipolar world.

Ivory Coast witnessed a political crisis after the death of the first president in 1993 about who has the right to bethe president,whether the Prime Minister Al-hassanOuattara or the head of parliament Conan Beedeh. This dispute ended withBeedeh became a president.This result represented an exclusion of Muslims, who represent the largest minority in the country. The crisis has been complicated in 2002 when the conflict turned into armed rebellion and the country was divided into two parts: thenorth controlled by Muslimsand the south controlled by President Laurent Gbagbo, who tried to keep control on power and exclude Al-hassanOuattara. The crisis and divisioncontinued, despite the regional and international attempts during nearly eight years, specifically in the October 2010 elections whichaimed to end the conflict and reunite the country again.
But Gbagbo again rejectedthe results of elections won by his rivalOuattara and hand over power tohim.The attempts to resolve the crisis peacefully faileda matter which increasedthe armed confrontations between Ouattara and his French support troops, and Gbagbowho is defeated. France has a great rolein ending this conflict, which shows the importance of the Western role in creating and resolving crises in Africa.

Since thirties of the past century, many claims appeared in Bahrain to reform the political situation of the country, through establishing a constitution and found parliament elected by the people. This popular pressure succeeded to force the royal family to declare a constitution on 1973, which seemed to have shared characteristics between both the parliament and presidential systems. But the work with this constitution didn’t continue long .This matter led to a great opposition against the ruling regime which obliged it to establish a new constitution on 2000 year through which the king tried to dominate his control over the authority, that causes the gap to be wider between the people and regime, and finally led the people to make uprising on 14th February 2011 to express their refusal of the government dominated procedure.

union Party is considered asOne of the important parties in French political life, that emerged from Assemble party for the Republic, which was established by General de Gaulle in 1947, Who put also the basics that remained the principle of moderate right. With the political developments and economic problems in France in particular and Europe ingeneralthat witnessed with the end of last century,The Union Partyfora Popular Movement establishedin 2004 byNicolas Sarkozy, who was elected as thepresident of Francefrom 2007 to 2012.He sought to adopt a policy according to his own views, tried to balance between his policy that allied with the United States from one side,and with the Gaullist line, to open up to other countries in the world to serve the interests of France and the EuropeanUnion from the another side. He also sought to find solutions to the economic problems facing France ,, but his insistence on his strict austerity policy led to the decline of the party's popularity and the loss of his presidential favor to Francois Hollande, The candidate of the Socialist Party in the 2012 elections to leave administration and be the first of oppose to the current government.

The development of political act is one of the comprehensive development acts. Studying the political development primarily deals with the elements of political system, its public institutions, and their actions. This also is connected with the necessity of developing the systematic political structure, and finding specialized institutions in the political process. In addition, the process of political development always combined with tensions and divisions, in other words crisis that have different effects. So treating these problems needs time but leads the society finally to establish a modern democratic system as it is in the Iraqi political system after 2003.

Since the American constitution authorized the president and senate in appointment of Judges the political considerations occupied vital role in these process along with development of party phenomena in United State of America . the constitution refer to mechanism of judge selection concisely, which provide the president should nominate judges with" advise and consent " of the senate so its depend heavily on constitutional customs which emerge out of the interactions of parties. Consequently nomination process passed smoothly in senate when the majority in the later in same party with president in contrary this process will be complex (Divided government ) . this explain how the ideological and philosophical background effect on judges behavior especially on critical issues in Republicans and Democrats platforms as well as in public opinion , such as prayer in schools , abortion , rights of minorities immigrations and arms control )

This research seeks to find out the consequences of the political and legal problems of the borders of the arab gulf region , and their internal and external determinations itdeais with the nature of the ruling political systems , the concept of legitimacy and their relation with the political borders for the states of the region and the foreign political behaviour . Therefore , the research focuses on two major dimensions , the first is the internal which is related to the exsistance of the state and its establish mena while the second is external which is related to the global system . and its ability to interefere in these political systems . the latter dimension plays a great role in making decisions of its foreign policy as the disputes on borders gain certain siginificance according to the regional and international interests