Journal of International studies

The research studies the subject of dealing with the Two
administrations of former presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump
with international policy issues, especially the foreign policy crises, in a

comparative study of the way the two administrations operate and the
areas of convergence and separation. The research reaches a conclusion
that the two administrations agreed on the higher goals of US policy, but
they differed in the form of orientation and dealing With other parties,
especially the files dealing with Asia-Pacific, China, the Russian
Federation, the Middle East and Latin America. This difference in
dealing has led to the different outcomes of US policy globally and the
outcomes of international interaction between the two administrations.
Key Words: US foreign policy, The Obama administration, The Trump
administration, International crises

The political work of women in the Asian continent has gained

great importance in the writings of thinkers, covenants, covenants and
international organizations such as the United Nations and its committees
and agencies and others, which they can have of great effects in building
the state and society and their effective role in all areas of political, social
and economic life. The role of women leaders in political work and their
active role in political decision-making and their assumption of high
leadership positions, and they had a distinguished influence in their
countries, and prominent leaderships appeared in Asia, such as "Indira
Gandhi" and "Benazir Bhutto" who left clear political imprints in their
countries, and the promise of their work The political is the best way to
advance women's work and enable them to enter elections, run for office
and participate effectively in the political process.

The Middle East region is witnessing security, political,
social and economic instability, and these are precursors to external
projects, whether regional or international, intended to achieve many
goals and at all levels.
The challenges facing the Iraqi national security as a result of regional
and international conflicts and their direct repercussions to threatening
the security and stability of the countries of the region, necessitate the
political security decision-maker of the Iraqi state to devise a strategy in
protecting national security and creating regional alliances that expand
the national defense department in combating terrorism across external
borders.
The political and security decision-making centers in Iraq, Syria and Iran
had realized and not long ago that these challenges and instability
projects must face a number of procedural incentives that the countries of
the region can reduce and limit the instability projects directed at them
externally.
One of the most important of these incentives is approaching the political
vision between the three countries above and maximizing security
cooperation between them, creating a set of policies and security
measures that are the factors that take upon themselves to balance
instability projects with stability projects, which reduces the challenges
and reduces their risks to our countries and peoples and works in parallel
for the development of these countries and their peoples. And

development sought to lay the legal and political foundations for building
a civil-political society, in which the principles of justice and equality
prevail, and both constitute the true guarantee for the provision and
protection of the highest level of human rights and freedoms, and the
contractual theory formed the actual basis for the emergence of the state
of law and institutions, To achieve this, the matter requires, and
according to the philosophical and intellectual vision of contractual
theorists, the existence of several mechanisms for a balance between the
work of the authority and the methods of its administration for that
society, and between the promotion and protection of the rights and
freedoms of its members as citizens, to prevent cases of exclusion and
marginalization that were done according to legislative justifications
determined by the authority, this matter could not societies Western from
achieving it only after a long series of intellectual and political struggle,
Which lasted for many centuries included the implementation of many
legal, political, social, religious and economic variables, in order to
finally be able to reach the building of that state and raise the quality of
its system of government, which reflected positively on the reality of
contemporary Western civil-political societies, and the formula of the
social contract was transformed from the theoretical side to The
interactive app side

There is a variation in the Perspectives of Citizenship by Contemporary Islamic thinkers and researchers، some of them accepted it and considered it not Contrary to Islamic law. Even some of them considered it from the core of Islamic law، while some of them rejected the principle of Citizenship، denying it and considering it unrelated to Islam ، considering it is an extraneous to the Islamic Regime. This research will discuss the nature of Citizenship ، and its intellectual basis in general and then discuss the opinions of Islamic thinkers and researchers who refusing to accept citizenship ، and discuss their evidences ، and also to discuss the evidences of researchers who support the idea of the Islamic thought. Keywords:

Syria, which is characterized by an important strategic location in
the Middle East region, has become a subject of US-Russian competition,
which has generated a political, economic and social crisis in Syria, so
that the Syrian crisis has become a reason for settling scores and an
American, Russian, Iranian, and Turkish confrontation area.
As for Iraq, which shares long borders with Syria and relations that
varied between ebbs and flows, but this did not prevent the mutual
influence of what is happening in the two countries, which forced it to
take a specific position towards the crisis in Syria, and the positions
varied and varied from the Syrian crisis, and in all cases it has become
Iraq is a corridor and a gateway to resolve the economic, commercial and
military bottleneck in Syria

Research on the issue of international polarity is among the
important matters that concern specialists and researchers in international
studies. Some of them believe that stability in the international system
can only be achieved by the existence of the bipolar system, and others
see that there is no stability without the existence of the unipolar system,
and there are those who go towards Pluralism, and others also describe

the international system as non-polar, The features of the international
system began to become clear after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
and the end of the Cold War and the transformation of the international
system into a unipolar world led by the United States of America.
However, after the changes that occurred in the international system and
the attempt of other countries and international organizations to reduce
American hegemony, the features of the international system began It
warns of the transformation of the system itself through the entry of
emerging countries on the line of international competition.

In light of the reports of the British Embassy in Washington \"Documents published for the first time\" Lecture Doctor. Haider Ali Khalaf Al-Ugaili Ministry of Education Abstract The issue of the detention of US embassy staff in Tehran on November 4, 1979 took on other political dimensions, and developed with the passage of days. It not only severed and severed political relations between the two countries, but also contributed to the intervention of many countries and international political figures. President Jimmy Carter\'s failure to secure a second term, as well as certain circumstances regarding the Republican Party\'s order and interference in this issue in his favor, proved some facts that the campaign manager of President Ronald Reagan was involved In one way or another, delaying the decision on the issue and releasing the hostages and delaying them until the end of the term of the Democratic candidate, .President Jimmy Carter, and thus his failure to win the presidency Britain was not far from these developments, events and changes, as the diplomatic documents collection of the British Embassy in Washington gave clear attention to the issue and gave it great momentum. This shows how important Britain has given to this issue. Key words:

united Arab of Emirates made efforts in developing workforce in
the field of nuclear energy that it had a chance to attract specialized of
this field that it reflect growth in every field of life through which it
take special procedures to face casas as fokoshima .

the state had started to apply the UAE peaceful nuclear program
by opening (Baraka)station in 2010 as to be the first in the Arab world
to aim to enhance and diversification energy sources of electricity
there in addition to enhance the state’s efforts to achieve economic
refreshing and environmental protect .

Energy is one of the most influential factors in international relations, making energy companies a role in changing the nature of relations between countries; this is true of Russian\'s Gazprom, which has played an important role in influencing Russia\'s relations with most of the world especially European countries. This is due to the strength of the company and its impact on Russian power, As it controls most of power pipelines which Russia exports its energy through it to most countries which has made Russia a thread extending to different countries of the world, help her to a achieve their economic and political goals through the company\'s strategies to serve Russian interests. The European dependence on Russian energy has made this company an impact on these relations, This is appear in several crises , the most important of which is the Ukrainian crisis in which Gazprom had a great role that effected on European countries, as well as the company\'s strategies to control on the European energy sector etc. However, the two parties , because of economic interests that bind them, cannot dispense with their relationship to each other, showing a permanent flexibility to end any tension between them

The research tended towards a study: extremism in terms of its concept and its causes, and the case of Iraq, and the research showed that the extremism that exists in Iraq represents: a situation that is not localized source, but is an immigrant to Iraq, as a result of multiple factors, as for diagnosing its causes, the research went to define them with titles: Internal and external, expanded after 2003, after which the research discussed: The relationship between extremism and weak political stability in Iraq after 2003. He concluded that the country suffers from the phenomenon of political stability.

The depth of the topic from which the research was launched is that the
cyber components and qualifications that the United States of America
possesses, tomorrow the world is represented according to the strategic
perception important in the way that the United States of America works
to manage it in a named framework aimed at using the resources of most
countries of the world and forging partnerships with its countries By
adopting the approach of containment, dismantling and recombination

what accumulates and achieving the American goals. There are regions
and regions on the surface of the earth that are unique in favor of the
development of the strategic force called the pivotal areas, and the
Middle East and Southeast Asia are classified, among them, by virtue of
their unique capabilities in cybersecurity and their place in the American
perception

Citizenship in Iraq, especially after 2003, has been subjected to several crises at all levels, whether political, social, cultural or economic. The crisis of citizenship has been a major issue for the Iraqi society, where the national identity has been fragmented and fragmented in the face of traditional affiliations and sub-identities that revolve around religion, ethnicity, tribalism and others And that this disintegration and fragmentation came as a result of the awakening of traditional affiliations and sub-identities and for reasons related to political conditions as a result of the nature of political systems and the effects of the US occupation and the introduction of the system of quotas, which negatively affected citizenship. Social conditions contributed to the decline of citizenship in the face of traditional affiliations and sub-identities through the growing social conflicts and the spread of the culture of corruption The economic situation has an effective role on the principle of Iraqi citizenship. Economic backwardness and dependency abroad have led to the decline of democracy and the lack of economic development planning and political instability in Iraq, which led to the emergence of traditional affiliations and sub-identities that weakened Iraqi citizenship. In order to address these reasons, we have presented a range of solutions at all levels (political, legal, socio-cultural and economic.

The dam projects that some countries are building on international rivers, represent one of the reasons for causing problems and crises. When it damages the shares of other countries, including in the Nile River, which passes through several countries, when Ethiopia unilaterally announced the construction of the "Renaissance Dam" in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution, which caused the outbreak of the problem between Egypt and Ethiopia; The fact that the dam threatens Egyptian water security, And the problem of the "Renaissance Dam" will continue to bear its weight in particular during the era of President "Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi," who faced it with a foreign policy that relied on several options, the basis of which was negotiation, regional and international action, and the threat of a military response, but without a decisive Egyptian policy, and without counting the factor of delay and procrastination, The matter was in favor of Ethiopia in completing the dam, which is what Egyptian foreign policy has fallen into, and the problem continues.

Extremist ideas, beliefs and convictions (which are extracted from their well-known tools in the form of speeches, literature and programs for political or religious forces and parties) often result in a set of behaviors that mimic and harmonize with those extremist convictions of violence against others. In the post-2003 period, Iraq had its share of those circumstances that produced a state of difference between the single fabric of Iraqi society, which led to the syndrome of violence and the threat of stability, embodying that national rift in enabling extremist groups to obtain a certain area of Iraqi lands, One of the most important national solutions that faced this state of extremism, is that common national consensus, which was achieved through the religious fatwa (kafa'i jihad) in addition to the formation of the popular and tribal crowd, which gives the possibility to shine a light at the end of that tunnel and to replace the political conflict with the national vision,