Journal of International studies

Cultural relations are among the most important aspects in
which countries seek to upgrade their external relations, so that
many countries of the world have been able to find a strong

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مركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية والدولية، جامعة بغداد.
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presence in many other countries through their active cultural
presence, in addition to that, the cultural presence greatly
enhances the reputation of the states and introduce them and their
civilizations.
Iraq and France have strong ties dating back to before the
establishment of the modern Iraqi state and relations have
evolved during various historical epochs. We have chosen writing
in an important axis of them, which is "Iraqi- French Cultural
Relations", thus providing a historical prelude to the development
of relations between the two countries

The research deals with a systematic and academic issue that has
become necessary in today's world for research centers, their
work, mechanisms, reality and future, in a study of Iraqi centers
affiliated with universities compared to emerging Middle Eastern
research centers in international rankings, most notably the
University of Pennsylvania's classification of the best research
centers in the Middle East.

works to unify multiple cultural models into a single cultural
model that forms the national identity, while the second stream
believes that it is time to shift from the suppression of nationalities
to the recognition of their specificity and considers that the
national identity must be shaped reflecting all the cultural
identities that make up the society. The research concludes with
the necessity of creating a sphere of compromise between the two
streams that preserves the specificity of cultural identities, with
emphasis on the political affiliation and loyalty for the national
identity and its supremacy.

The security environment of the Arab Gulf region has
witnessed over the past decades unstable regional situations ( the
Iraq-Iran war, the American occupation of Iraq, and the
developments in the regional interactions in the Iranian nuclear
program and the Syrian issue and the developments of the roles of
regional and international powers in them), all of this produced
unprecedented challenges imposed Itself is strongly dependent on
the internal conditions in the countries of the region, in addition to
the growing roles of some regional powers that differs from what
it previously did, and on top of them are Iran and Turkey, which
have been able to enhance their role so that they are in a position
of competition with the major powers in the region (the United
States of America and the Russian Federation). What is reflected
in the multiplicity of projects for the security of the region that
are trying to develop specific frameworks and initiatives for the
security environment that serve their interests and goals away
from the interests of the countries of the region.

The federal form adopted by the Iraqi state after 2003 is an
essential means to prevent the concentration of power and
encourage the exercise of governance at the local levels to create
effective participation in development and modernization. The
problem that has emerged is the presence of overlapping in many
provisions of the constitution with regard to the competencies of
local governments when organizing the form of the relationship
between each Both of them and the federal authorities. Therefore,
the importance of the study is to explain the nature of the overlap
in the terms of reference between the federal government and
local governments, and to keep it away from the failure to achieve
the basic goals and objectives of the federal experience in Iraq and
its reflection on the overall performance of the political system.

The stability of a political process is considerably
influenced by many factors whether they are positive or negative.
Among these factors is the election in all stages before and after
the day of election, so the success of an election is a vital evidence
of the success of the political process, consequently, it is an
evidence of the success of the democratic, political system, so it
should be safe to last for a long time. Election is one of the
democratic procedures that lead to the stability of the political
process, so the success of the democracy for a long time depends
on elections for according to periods of time fixed in a
constitution. Accepting the result of an election is very important,
so the election process should be done honestly and freely. The
voters' choices should be respected from all. By that way the voter
will have more confidence in the political process. If the election
process provides freedom to voter, they will trust the political
process and all people who are responsible for protecting it. That
will positively affect the stability of the political process .

This research entitled (electronic warfare in the American
strategic perceptor) is an attempt to identify the nature of the
changes and radical transformations in the concepts of war, its
theories and the fighting doctrines of armies, as the twenty-first
century witnessed many indicators and variables that produced
new work environments that prompted the countries of the world
to rebuild their future perceptions of their national security , And
has become adapted to the changes taking place in the balance of
non-traditional international powers, especially the technological
ones, which require elaborate strategic planning to confront them.
Pushed information security to occupy the forefront of
international national security priorities .
The research stems from a basic premise that the more the state’s
ability to employ technological development in the military fields
and harnessing cyberspace to serve the state’s goals, the higher its
ability to change the equation of war to its advantage, because the
nature of the war in the future will be electronic ,The description
of war is that wars have not been an end in themselves throughout
the ages, but rather a fatal way to achieve goals that could not be
achieved by peaceful means .

several parties participate in directing and formulating
American foreign policy .They differ between official ones, the
most important of which are the White House, Congress, the
National Security Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and unofficial parties, including research centers that are among
the most prominent institutions influencing American decisionmaking at all levels, including foreign policy. These centers have
specialized in several files and issues, such as the issue of the
Middle East, which is considered one of the most significant areas
for the US strategies and foreign policy, especially after the World
War II, and then after the events of September 11, 2001, for
historical, political and economic factors. Several research centers
have emerged that specialized in the affairs of this region and
have undertaken to submit studies, research and reports to
decision makers in the United States of America.
 

Israeli penetration in the African continent has been one of
the main issues in the System of Arab-African Relations since the
1960s, and Since the beginning of its relationship with the
countries of the continent, Israel has been keen to separate the
level of that relationship from that level of the Arab-Israeli
conflict, considering that the continent Africa has become one of
the areas of confrontation in this conflict, and that conflict has
limited its influence in all Israeli-African relations. A series of
international and regional changes have contributed to israeli
attention towards Africa, including the 1955 Bandung Conference
and israel's absence, the acquisition of independence by African
states in the 1960s, the increase in their voting capacity at the
United Nations, and the achievement of Arab relations. This
presence was supposed to be a major obstacle to the Zionist
movement on the African continent, especially if it was better used
to delay and block any African trend towards friendship with
Israel, but the Arab presence collided. More than one obstacle to
the entry of the continent, including internal ones related to the
Arab states themselves and external ones, represented by the
nature of the Western presence in support of the Israeli presence
there.

MANY RESEARCHERS AND SPECIALISTS IN THE FIELD
OF HUMAN AND POLITICAL STUDIES DUE TO ITS
IMPORTANT ROLE IN SHAPING THE PARAMETERS OF
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. BECAUSE THE NATION STATE IS THE BASIS FOR INTERNATIONAL
CONTIUNUITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IN WHICH THE NATIONSTATE IS THE MAIN PERSON IN MANAGING ALL
INTERACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE WITHIN IT.
THEREFORE,THE TITLE OF THIS RESEARCH CAME TO
SHED LIGHT ON ALL THE CLASSIC THEORIES THAT
DEALT WITH THE EMERGENCE OF THE NATION-STATE,
ITS TRANSFORMATIONS, ITS EFFECTIVENESS, ALONG
WITH THE PRESENCE OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL
PEOPLE WHO HAVE COME TO SHARE SOME
IMPORTANT ROLES WITH IT IN THE WORLD OF
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS.

The religious discourse is the right path in guiding people and the
most important value in the influence of souls. Allaah says
(interpretation of the meaning): Religious discourse should be a
refreshing, non-traditional discourse; that is, a discourse that has
a positive impact on human society and that is used by all
members of the nation who formulate, influence and listen to
those speeches in order to obtain the desired social change that
every nation seeks and wishes to achieve. On which the religious
discourse is based is the emergence of an intellectual vision based
on the opinions and ideas of Khatib; the discourse is a scientific
value that must be built on a deep understanding and objective
perspective.

The North Korean nuclear program is one of the most prominent
issues affecting the policies of the United States and China
together towards North Korea as the program is an important
and influential entry point for both policies for achieving their
goals in this vital region. This program has taken times of tension
between North Korea and the United States, and China has
exploited this to its advantage, strengthening their relations with
North Korea, and securing themselves a role in any settlement in
this regard. This led to an escalation of threats and mutual
declarations between the United States and Korea. In the wake of
North Korea's intercontinental missile tests, which challenged the
United States and the international community, these threats
reached a level not seen before in the tense relations between the
two sides during the previous period, which could foreshadow a
nuclear war between them. For its part, China has worked to be
neutral and diplomatic in its relations with North Korea's nuclear
program.

Countries, especially developing ones, are working to control the
rules of technology in order to achieve sustainable development,
keeping pace with the developments of the times, as technological
progress in the field of technology has become a feature of today\'s
world. This is that knowledge and technological expertise and
knowledge economy have reduced all effort and time, but rather
have become One of the most important wealth possessed by
countries and institutions, and this is why the countries sought to
acquire technology that is compatible with their capabilities and
their development programs, and the way was in many cases is
technology transfer, through technology transfer contracts and
this is what we will work to demonstrate in this study by giving
controls To Mvahmah and procedural contract for the transfer of
technology.

The Russian Federation has been and continually seeking to build
friendly and strong relations with Iraq, and they are keen to
maintain these relations through full flexibility and transparent
diplomacy in dealing with crises and issues that concern countries in
the region, especially Iraq. Russia has consistently supported Iraq by
using its membership of the UN Security Council and rejecting strict
sanctions and unjust decisions against the people of Iraq and their
country. The relations between Iraq and the Russian Federation
today is not different than before, as there is effective cooperation
between the two countries, especially in the energy and security field
and the fight against terrorism. In addition, Moscow did not hesitate
to stand by Baghdad in the war against ISIS also, provided the Iraqi
government with advanced military technology, as well as
exchanging important intelligence and providing the necessary
consultations. Through this, it shows the Iraqi - Russian relations
have often been positive and based on the reality of good harmony
between the two foreign policies of Iraq and the Russian Federation.

the phenomenon of terrorism is a complex phenomenon that arose
as a result of the combination of a number of factors and causes
and their to one reason without the other. This phenomenon can
only be intermingling with each other in such a way that this
phenomenon can't be attributed understood within a variety of
reasons and factors that led to its emergence and appearance.
Therefore, this research is an attempt to understand the reality of
terrorism in Iraq after 2003, which resulted in the destruction of
all aspects of life in Iraq, by reviewing the most important
definitions of terrorism in language and terminology, and
studying the political, religious, international, economic and social
reasons that helped This dangerous phenomenon in Iraqi society,
which negatively affected the security and peace in Iraq, and then
the development of ways to treat and confront the long-term
terrorism in the Iraqi community.

The American approach to building a space military force created
pressures on the major countries, more specifically, on Russia and China, which led it to re-evaluate its traditional policy toward
space, and this was a sign of the revitalization of counter power
programs. Therefore, even if the experience of American
militarization in outer space did not change after the RussianChinese policy on the militarization of space, it is safe to assume
that it increased their security concerns. If nuclear weapons have
a stabilizing effect on international relations as a result of the
principle of mutual assured destruction, then space weapons,
otherwise, may encourage the destabilization of international
relations because nuclear deterrence has declined due to space
militarization.

Researching the institutional mechanisms that provide
protection for the child during armed conflicts within the United
Nations system is the main goal of this study. After looking at the
literatures, it appears that there are set of institutional
mechanisms emerged to provide the necessary protection for this
vulnerable group. Among these institutions are the General
Assembly, the Security Council, the UNICEF, the Motherhood
and Child Welfare Fund. The study further shed light on the role
of every mechanism, its organizational references, and its pros
and cons. The issue of the administrative hierarchy, financial
costs, office expenses, and the methods used sometimes hinder its
endeavors, but despite this, it has the effectiveness that qualifies it
to be effective and has feasible means in protecting children and
ensuring their rights, especially during armed conflicts.
By following the method of description and analysis of the
relevant, procedural and substantive articles of the international
instruments, we have reached our main goal of explaining the role
of these institutions and their working mechanisms in providing
the necessary protection for children and protecting their rights
during armed conflicts. Better providing the rights and freedoms
of this category of civilians, or forcibly recruited in

The wars that the Arab societies are experiencing today are
experience internally , as well as many crises in the social
,economic and political fields and divisions in the structure of
governmental authority under the influence of legality or
illegitimacy is far from stability as most Arab societies have
suffered from instability of time , and it was one of the main
reasons summarizing it from the rest of the societies in the world
or in the regional region in the all the physical elements of natural
and human resources , but it was not able to employ those wealths
building Taqrarha and provided for reasons related to the nature
of the installation of internal and external political authorities as
well as political divisions suffered by these authorities and the lack
of collective reconciliation on the legitimate existence , as well as
the weakness of the political and structural structure .

The research deals with the issue of isolation policy in Saudi
foreign policy, which has been applied against Qatar since the second
half of 2017. Isolation has been identified as one of the tools of
"coercive" foreign policy, starting with defining the concept of
isolation, its images and the requirements of its success. This researchaims to explain the theoretical frameworks of isolation policy, and
then explore the extent of impact or feasibility of isolation through its
applications by the Greater Gulf State, Saudi Arabia towards Qatar,
the small country and neighbor. The research concludes that isolation
as a forced method in foreign policy, implemented by Saudi Arabia in
different ways and forms, has not been as successful as previous
experiences by major countries to punish other countries with the
intention of forcing them to adopt a certain policy that would meet
their national interests.