ADAB AL-BASRAH

This paper accounts for the application of Grice\'s four maxims of conversational implicatures to some political interviews randomly chosen , to serve as objective material of this work. The study is an attempt to find out how much the maxims of quantity , quality , relevance and manner are followed throughout the responses of the politicians con- cerned. Cases of violation are given considerable importance in this paper especially the violation of the maxim of quality which is considered the core of truthfulness of any conver- sation.

The researchers have used statistics and , to some extent , percentages just to show to what extent the above maxims are violated , especially the maxim of quality. The results have proved the correctness of the hypothesis of this work which states that when the maxim of quality is violated , all other maxims are difficult to adhere to.

Away from simplistic definitions, translation is, in fact, both a painstaking and an arduous process especially with regard to style. To prove this lucidly, a translation test (Arabic into English) has been administered to 40 advanced-level students of the Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Translation, Ajman University of Science and Technology Network. Dealing with a passage of fair length (170 words), the testees have committed stylistic errors in areas pertinent to literal vs. free translation, mistranslations, inadequate translation, inexact rendering, and L1 interference. It has been found that the students have generally focused on translating words as isolated entities. Their task, however, should have been directed, rather, towards dealing with complete discourse in its diverse dimensions.

Of all the aspects and categories of language, proper names (PNs) may appear, at first sight, to be the least problematic or challenging in as far as the \'translatability\' from one (source) language into another (target) language is concerned. However, when duly and profoundly approached, PNs would turn out to be much more notorious and slippery than otherwise. The present paper seeks to bring out and highlight cases of variation, inconsistency and instability that are so markedly observed in the \'transla- tion\' of English PNs into Arabic. Two major types of problems in the process of translating English PNs will be spotted, presented and extensively discussed with lots of illustrative and illuminating examples.

It has been unanimously agreed that cheating, academic dishonesty or misconduct (often used interchangeably) most likely continues to be one of the biggest epidemic problems in education at all levels; particularly, it poses a serious problem across college campuses. Needless to say, the honor system seems to have been thrown out the window. It has also been come up with the idea that academic dishonesty painfully has its own psychological and social roots correlated to cheating. Obviously, there are countless ways for students to cheat. No much attention has been paid, linguistically or whatsoever, to these ways. What is impressing is that cheating constitutes a semiotic system; a "science of signs" - borrowed from the discipline of linguistics. This paper postulates that cheating has applied a semiotic system in order to understand the communicative qualities of the various “creative” tactics students use to cheat on in-class examinations. It seeks to enhance our understanding of the meaning and experience communicated by cheating, i.e. by a further application of the semiotic method. This paper starts with presenting an overview of semiotics, and then clarifying the ways semiotics may be of relevance to the study of cheating and cheating analysis. The present study, however, offers a terminological part of the definition and typologies of cheating. In order to crystallize and further our understanding of the semiotic meaning of cheating, we work out an analysis in which the psychological and social variables are laid out to be wrapped up with some findings and conclusions arrived at. In this paper, the focus here is on cheating, being a discourse of power, as committed by the university students at the Department of English / College of Arts.

Key words: semiotics, semiosis and semiology, cheating, crib-notes (Barasheem, as is called in Iraqi Colloquial), communication, sign and symbol, interpretant, discourse of power, object, representmen, signifier and signified, technological gizmos, and banal objects.

The present paper is an investigation into the meanings of interjections in English and Arabic. The meanings of interjections are identified , analyzed and illustrated through examples. A comparison between English and Arabic interjections is conducted in an attempt to find out whether equivalents can be found in both languages .The paper also explores the possibility of semantically classifying interjections in terms of Wierzbicka's semantic formulae. Wierzbicka classifies interjections into three classes :emotive , volitive and cognitive interjections. Emotive interjections have the component 'I feel something'. The volitive interjections have the component 'I want something' . The cognitive interjections have the component 'I think or know something'.

The results the researchers have arrived at show that one-to-one correspondence between English and Arabic interjections cannot be always found. A certain English interjection may not have an equivalent interjection in Arabic and vice versa. In addition , some of the English and Arabic interjections cannot be semantically classified into emotive ,volitive and cognitive interjections. This is because a certain interjection may include more than one of Wierzbicka's components in its meaning. Thus , it belongs to more than one of her three classes of interjections.

This study deals with the economical and political conditions of the City of Kafsa at Al-Muhdeen's period. It became an area of conflict between them and Banu Ghaneea because of economical reasons in the sense it had many water oases for agriculture. But the situation was difficult for them because they encountered consequent revolutions in the city, because the people of the city had a desire to be governed indirectly by the Abbasids' Khaleefas who used the de-centrality with the remote cities. Al-Muhdeen, on the other hand, used to rule their cities by the immediate governments (centrality).
The desire and attempts of the people of Kafsa to rule their own city failed because of their week military abilities to face Al-Muhdeen's facilities and huge country. The consequent revolutions, that the people of Kafsa did, had impacts on Al-Muhdeen in the sense that they made one of their important men who was "Abu Hafsa" to rule their cities in Africa. This lead to the planting the first seeds to Al-Hafsia State in the territory of north Africa.