Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

This research sought to study the criterion of maqam in the narrations of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), which is part of the criteria of textuality in his narrations (peace be upon him). I tried to present the noble Hashemite heritage with a reading that benefited from the cognitive accumulation of his texts (peace be upon him), and from contemporary thought. It is a reading that starts from modernity to heritage to return to modernity again; it is a reading of the text that the text creates from the spaces it opens, calling for a conscious reading that stems from within it. The research was organized under two requirements, preceded by an introduction, and a preface dedicated to defining maqam and exploring it among the ancients and moderns, and a conclusion of the most important results extracted from it. The research reached important results, including: The context has a great impact in clarifying the certainty of meaning in texts and removing the possibility of it. There is a link between the event in the text and its contextual data. Therefore, I sought in a number of places in this discussion to clarify the appropriateness of the context and tried to show its contribution to conveying the meaning in a flowing and consistent manner to the mind. The result of this was that the textual structure was interconnected, producing for us a form and content of the utmost sophistication, which is what the Imam sought to show, and the language of the text revealed it with its tools, phenomena, and solid methods.

Deletion is a linguistic phenomenon that is included in most languages, but in Arabic it appears more clear and precise; as the Arabic language tends towards deletion because of its natural tendency towards abbreviation and brevity, as it aims to express things with the fewest number of words, and deletion is not valid in it unless it is indicated by a current or written evidence, as its occurrence without that is not permitted by Arabic; because it is a cause for ambiguity and confusion.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, Who guides us to His straight path. I send my prayers and peace upon the master of His creation, the beacon of His knowledge, and the repository of His wisdom, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his pure and immaculate family.

As for what follows... (kana) is used as a tool and has special rules and is unique among all other verbs, as it enters the nominal sentence and raises the subject, similar to the agent as its name, then it takes control of its predicate, similar to the object, to be its predicate. Its name resembles the agent and its predicate resembles the object in wording but not in meaning, in addition to its indication of time.

As for its indication of an event, there is a point of disagreement among scholars, and the disagreement between them expanded to include the name, so they called it (the incomplete), then they explained the reason for calling it the incomplete because it lacks an event, then they made it subject to its accusative, while they did not do that with the transitive verb, so they did not make it subject to its accusative; Because they do not see that its accusative case is considered an event, and a group of grammarians went to the fact that the accusative cases of these verbs are their nominative cases in meaning; because its nominative subject and its accusative predicate are originally (subject and predicate). As for Abu Hayyan (745 AH), he disagreed with these schools of thought in (kana and its sisters); because - according to what he sees - they are verbs that indicate the two meanings (event and time). From here came the research to stand on the opinions of Sibawayh in the book of Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi and to reveal them after presenting them to the opinions of grammarians and clarifying the places of their agreement and disagreement with Sibawayh on the one hand, and with Abu Hayyan on the other hand. The research was based on five topics: The first topic was between completeness and deficiency, the second topic: separating the word “kana” and its subject and predicate with a foreign word, the third topic: deleting the “nun” from the present tense of “kana”, the fourth topic: entering “kana” with the object, and the fifth topic: presenting the predicate of “laysa” before it, in addition to a conclusion of the most important results.

The revolution of Imam Hussein has many deep goals, all of which are worthy of research, investigation and scrutiny. We want to shed light on one of the most important goals of that blessed revolution, which was its slogan, which is reform, and this is what Imam Hussein stated.
Research problem: The impact of Husseini reform on contemporary jurisprudential discourse in light of the metaphysical theory.
Research objectives: The research aims to clarify Husseini reform and its impact on the production of contemporary jurisprudential discourse through the theories that interpreted the Husseini renaissance and the course of events in it.
Research plan: The researcher divided the research into an introduction and three sections. In the introduction, he discussed the problem of the research, its objectives, and its methodology.
The first section discussed: The concept of Husseini reform, its motives, stages, and its impact on jurisprudential discourse. In the second section, the impact of Husseini reform on contemporary jurisprudential discourse. In the third section, the metaphysical theory in Husseini reform for contemporary jurisprudential discourse.
In conclusion, the researcher mentioned some of the results and recommendations that the research produced and reached in his research.

Penetration, which means deep penetration and sometimes tainted with secrecy, is one of the influential phenomena adopted by countries in light of their exploitation of the external and internal circumstances of others, to achieve political and economic goals that secure the requirements of their national security, in addition to social and religious motives that aim to spread a certain culture or ideology by extending influence and control. In order to succeed in its settlement project and serve its strategic interests, Israel encouraged penetration into Argentina, which prompted the choice of (Israeli penetration into Argentina 1947-1973) as the title of the research topic, although the lack of studies that addressed it encouraged exploring its depths. According to the above, the research problem addresses the nature of the Israeli penetration in Argentina, and the extent to which its methods and tools were able to achieve its goals. Thus, the importance of the research lies in its attempt to unveil the nature of that penetration and the extent of the lesson from its dimensions and the results that resulted from it first, and the extent of benefit and consideration from it second, in order to ensure the transformation of all history into a contemporary history in which we address the problems of the present and draw the features of the future. The research was defined chronologically by the years (1947-1973), as the first history represented the beginnings of the emergence of three main groups of Jews in Argentina, represented by Poland, Russia and Romania (Ashkenazi), the Mediterranean Jews who immigrated from Spain, Italy and North Africa, and the German Jews who soon became involved in Argentine society and worked in its various fields and areas. While the second history represented the beginning of a stage of political tension, military conflicts and disputes between Israel and a number of Arab countries, largely linked to the emergence of Zionism and its activity in several countries, its penetration was evident in Argentina as one of its facades. According to the above, the research was divided into two main axes, the first of which addressed the backgrounds of the Jewish presence in Argentina and its beginnings dating back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and the factors that contributed to establishing important foundations there until 1947. While the second axis dealt with the areas of Israeli penetration in Argentina (1947-1973), focusing on the important areas there, especially the political, cultural and artistic, in addition to the economic and military aspects. In this, the research adopted the analytical approach, taking into account the compatibility between the historical sequence and the unity of the subject, seeking to reach objective answers that formed the overall goal of the research.

The January 1964 crisis, which is called in Panamanian literature Martyr's Day, is considered one of the most prominent events in the sixth decade of the twentieth century, when noisy demonstrations including a large number of students from the University of Panama stormed the Canal Zone in protest against the lowering of the Panamanian flag from government institutions in the region and the raising of American flags instead. The matter developed after clashes between Panamanian and American students, to the intervention of American forces and clashes occurred in which a number of Panamanian students were killed. This matter was met with great rejection by the Latin American countries and the UN Security Council, and was negatively reflected on American-Panamanian relations throughout the sixties. Therefore, the research sheds light on the repercussions of the crisis between the two countries.

The later centuries of Islamic history were rich in scientific production, as scholars and jurists who lived in those centuries contributed to writing a large number of works that dealt with various fields of Islamic thought of that era. The observer notices that the writing of some jurists tended towards details and delving into them, so they deduced treatments for them that were compatible with new developments. Among what was written in this field is the treatise (Al-Aqhisari) entitled (Bayan Ahkam Al-Arad). In this treatise, Sheikh (Al-Aqhisari) discussed the types of agricultural lands in terms of ownership of their title and the financial consequences due to their investor, and he explained some of the exceptions that were applied in their investment, and he explained the limits of what the owner of these types of lands has the right to dispose of, from sale, gift, endowment, and other aspects of dispositions that transfer ownership. He also touched on the amounts of the tax imposed on this type of land. He defined it with two systems, and provided comprehensive information about each of them.

The Iranian government declared official neutrality since the first days of the outbreak of World War I, but it was of no use in the face of the characteristics and advantages that the country possesses, such as an important geographical location and enormous economic resources, which was the cause of the conflict between the European countries, namely Britain and its allies, and Germany and its allies, to control Iran. The country turned into one of the arenas of international conflict, as a result of which Iran suffered huge material and human losses during the years of the war, which was negatively reflected on the reality of the work of the executive and legislative authorities. Even the authority of the palace, represented by Shah Ahmad Qajar, lived in constant confusion and was revolving in a vicious circle. The National Consultative Assembly is one of the most prominent institutions of the political system in Iran. Despite the short life of the third legislative session, which witnessed the events of the war and did not exceed one year (December 6, 1914 - December 14, 1915), its members tried by all means and methods to work to alleviate the severity of the crises that were sweeping the country from time to time and to address them according to reality and the nature of the political situation. The research came to focus on the work of the Assembly during this short period and to clarify the role of its representatives in addressing the existing situations and complex circumstances internally and externally. Perhaps one of the important reasons that prompted us to address the history of this institution during this period is that despite the internal and external pressures it was suffering, it was able, as we will see in the folds of the research, to come up with fateful decisions on all social, economic and political levels. Accordingly, the role of the National Assembly constituted a turning point in the history of the work of the legislative institution in Iran during the following years, because many of the laws that were formulated in successive years had their foundations laid during this session. The research section includes an introduction and three chapters. The first chapter deals with the opening of the third legislative session, a study of the circumstances and course of the elections, while the second chapter comes to shed light on the position of the National Council on political developments. The third chapter deals with the economic, social and military legislation and laws of the Council. Finally, the conclusion comes to cover the most prominent conclusions that the researcher reached in his research. The research relied primarily on the minutes of the National Shura Council, which are very important historical documents and a source for studying the modern and contemporary history of Iran. After reviewing all the sessions of the third session, which amounted to (79) sessions, it became clear to us the depth of the political crisis that the country was going through and the ferocity of the political conflict between the forces and political parties in order to implement external agendas that represented at the time the two sides of the international conflict (the Allies and the Center blocs). These minutes contained extremely important and accurate information regarding all the fateful issues and matters that Iran went through during the years of the war, socially, economically and politically. The research also relied on the laws of the third legislative session, which represent extremely important historical documents from which the researcher drew his basic material to clarify the texts of the laws and legislation that had been formulated and discussed inside the Council dome, in addition to a group of Persian sources that completed the form and methodology of the research from a historical perspective.

King James II (1) who took the throne of England in 1685 AD was unable to continue to maintain his royal position as he was overthrown after only three years of taking the English throne. The reasons and causes for this were many, but the most important question remains, which is divided into several aspects, the most important of which is: Did his reign end because of the failure of his policy? Or was he successful but his reign was ended despite everything? Were the circumstances surrounding him internally and externally difficult and thorny? Or was he actually a failed king? In the period preceding his accession to the throne, he was subjected to a campaign to exclude him from his position as crown prince during the reign of his brother, King Charles II (1660-1685 AD), (2) due to his adherence to his Catholic faith and his refusal to declare allegiance to the Anglican movement, which was difficult and bitter, but it had failed and failed. (3) Therefore, as soon as his brother’s reign ended, James’s name quickly emerged as a strong candidate for the royal position and received great support from both the bishops of the Anglican Church and from the conservative political movements that supported royal rights and hereditary royal powers. He was also supported by most of England’s politicians and followers of the various political movements who were convinced of the possibility of establishing harmonious and solid relations with the king and hoped for an opportunity for them to obtain a political position comparable to that of the conservative political movements. (4) As a result of the promises made by King James II to preserve and respect the position and role of the English Church, the concerns and doubts that the conservative movement had about the trend diminished. The Catholic sect of the king, especially after his failure to have a child from his Catholic wife Mary of Modena (5), which would open the way wide for his Protestant daughter Mary from his first marriage, to succeed him on the English throne. (6) However, despite all these promising things that accompanied the arrival of King James II to the English throne, by the second half of June 1688 AD, the king himself had actually succeeded in uniting most of the personalities and political movements against him and was no longer able to prevent the planning and implementation of the matter of his overthrow. Here we must explain how this dramatic, dangerous and rapid transformation took place.

This research shows an unknown aspect of Palmerston's domestic policy in Britain during the Victorian era. Palmerston was known for his prominence in the field of foreign affairs by assuming the Ministry of Foreign Affairs three times and then becoming Prime Minister, but this research came to show his opinions and internal orientations during the same period of time, as Palmerston had clear and important fingerprints in the internal affairs of Britain and his positions contributed to resolving major crises within the country, and avoiding falling into political chaos as he feared that the contagion of the revolution from Europe would reach the British people, which would threaten the security, safety and stability of the country. He worked throughout his life to prevent Britain from going towards chaos by adopting a policy of compromise and not allowing the country to be dragged into the unknown as he did during the parliamentary reform crisis and during the revolutions of 1848. At the time he was practicing a liberal policy abroad towards other European countries, he was dictatorial at home because the interests of his country, its security and stability required such a thing, according to his belief.

In this research paper, we have addressed a hidden aspect of the genius of the Muslim architect in his construction of religious buildings, particularly related to the golden rectangle. We have taken as an example to analyze this geometric rule of Islamic architecture some mosques in the old city of Tlemcen, represented by the Sidi Ibrahim Masmoudi Mosque built by the Zayyanids, and the Abu Madyan and Sidi Haloui Mosques built by the Marinids during their occupation of the city of Tlemcen. This topic unveils an architectural genius that has proven the extent of the development of the art of architecture among our ancestors, and now directly refutes what Western orientalists claim about Islamic architecture being a random construction devoid of any geometric rule, as we found through the mathematical calculations of the study samples (the mosques of Sidi Ibrahim Masmoudi, Sidi Haloui and Sidi Abu Madyan) that the Muslim builder embodied one of the principles of modern architecture represented by the golden rectangle that achieves comfort and privacy in the architectural space of these mosques.

Urban growth and the expansion of cities have led to unsustainable urban patterns in addition to the deterioration of the urban environment and the cause of urban, economic, social and environmental problems in the medium and long term for the city. The problems in the urban environment have made development projects for cities difficult to achieve and have been faced with functional and demographic obstacles that are influential and extremely complex. The challenges of cities today are represented in their overcrowding and lack of the most important basic services such as infrastructure and decent housing. The research problem is (that the growing urban expansion of the city of Kufa had negative effects on providing the appropriate environment to achieve sustainable spatial development in its various dimensions). To solve this problem, the researcher assumed (that advance planning in determining the directions of urban expansion has a direct relationship in embodying the contents and dimensions of the sustainability of its development spatially). The research objective was (diagnosing the reality of the urban expansion of the city and studying the impact of urban expansion on directing growth and developing the city). The research reached many conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is (that the quantitative value of urban expansion came below the hypothetical average). The lowest level of acceptance is a low value that reflects that there is a defect in the response of urban expansion to the requirements of city growth, and the most important recommendations (the need for plans, investments and development projects that parallel the rapid urban growth and are in line with urban expansion in the city).

Given the seriousness and ugliness of the crime of human trafficking, it was imperative for countries to enact laws to eradicate it. This is what the Algerian legislator followed, as he enacted strict and deterrent penalties for perpetrators of this crime and allocated an entire section of the Penal Code for this purpose, namely Section Five, under the title of Human Trafficking, in Article 303, bis 4 and following. The crime does not occur unless its material and moral elements are present so that the criminal act is attributed to the perpetrator, as the law does not punish intentions as long as they are confined in the perpetrator's mind, and without being expressed by a tangible material act. However, the two elements are not sufficient for the crime to occur, but there must be a special element represented by the location of the crime, which is that it occurs against a human being, as it cannot be imagined that it occurs against anyone else.

This research aimed to reveal the effectiveness of digital stories in developing visual thinking skills in the Arabic language course for female students of the College of Education at Hail University. The quasi-experimental approach was used on a sample of (60) female students from the first level in the primary grades specialization at the College of Education at Hail University, distributed into two groups; a control group of (30) students, and an experimental group of (30) students. The research tools consisted of a list of visual thinking skills, a visual thinking skills test, and designing digital stories to develop the targeted visual thinking skills in the Arabic language course for the first level, primary grades specialization at the College of Education. The research results revealed the existence of a statistically significant difference at the level (0.01) between the averages of the experimental and control groups in the post-application on the visual thinking skills test (visual reading skill, visual discrimination skill, information analysis skill, and information interpretation skill), and the existence of a statistically significant difference at the level (0.01) between the averages of the experimental and control groups in the post-application on the visual thinking skills test (total score). In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including: including digital stories in all their forms in curricula at different educational levels, providing educational environments that develop and stimulate visual thinking and other types of thinking, training faculty members and educational technology students to use and design digital stories and include them in their curricula, and including different means and methods in the Arabic language curriculum to present lessons such as digital stories.

Youth are the backbone of every nation, because they strengthen and prosper, how could they not, when they are in the prime of their mental health and mental abilities that are directed towards the benefit of themselves and their societies? However, there are social problems that affect this group and prevent the advancement of their societies, and they become an obstacle instead of an energy for them, such as the phenomenon of drug abuse that has spread among Arab youth in general and Algerian youth in particular. Our current study is an attempt to reveal the nature of personality disorder in drug addicts, as the researchers used the case study approach and clinical techniques represented in observation and clinical interview in addition to the MMPI-2 multifaceted personality test, which was applied to a clinical case of a drug addict. The results showed that the young drug addict has a personality disorder that lies in the psychopathic personality, so the study remains limited to the case studied, its place and the date of its implementation.

The importance of the research stems from the importance of examining the connotations of Islamic symbols in the works of fine arts students and shedding light on the most important printing techniques in the graphic material. The research aims to (identify the connotations of Islamic symbols in the graphic material). In order to achieve the research goal, the researchers prepared and designed a tool to analyze the works of the graphic branch students. After the questionnaire gained its validity and reliability, the researchers analyzed the research sample, which amounted to (8) graphic works.

The researchers reached a number of results, the most important of which are:
1- Islamic symbols achieved the highest percentage in the research sample, as they constituted 75%.
2- The graphic work embodied the interaction between the pictorial icon and Arabic calligraphy, thus reflecting the idea of ​​the work and the spiritual cohesion of the student.
The researchers came out with several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- There is a presence of the conceptual aspect of the Islamic faith in the study vocabulary and at the required level.
2- The multiplicity of artistic methods for students in graphic artwork.
The researchers recommend developing a curriculum that specializes in studying Islamic architecture and its renewed arts.