Journal of International studies

The German – Iraqi friendship solid ties go back to a period prior to the foundation of the modern Iraqi state. A lot of Iraqis had been looking to the German experience in unity and renaissance with admiration. The relations between the two countries were developed gradually since 2003 until now. So we chose to write on the subject of "German-Iraqi Relations after 2003" in three core aspects: political, economic and cultural, presenting a historic preface to the relations between the two countries prior to 2003, in addition to the German attitude towards the US occupation of Iraq.

The regional system in the Arab world has passed through changes with the beginning of the new millennium, these changes might threaten its continuity or redesign it according to the new variables effecting it .The collapse of the pivotal powers caused power vacuum pushed powers outside the regional system to take part in the inner system ,besides there are small states inside the regional system tried to play rolls bigger than their real size like Qatar. All these variables have their impact on Iraq which has seen power rivalry among regional and international powers which we will try to shed light on it through analytical approach.

Ukraine is "the soft side of Russia and the heart of the military defended," as described by ZbigniewBriggnski.tdrick completely Russian Federation that gap in its national security if what has been employed by the European powers and the United States. As it constitutes Ukraine are geo-strategically have dimensions (political, economic, military, logistical) not limited to the defense of the Russian vital area only, but also affect the movement of balances regional and global, they constitute a pivotal point in American competition - the Russian in Europe directly and the Middle East as a direct. In accordance with the formula based on geographical determinism in the global competition. And change and change inside Ukraine's political orientation is a gain for the party and the loss of another party, as is the case with the events of 2013 and Mantj her interactions led to the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation and subsequently thereafter developments, introduced into Europe and the world the movement of the US - Russian competition again .

In the context of security issues developments that face states including Iraq, Stand out many of the obstacles that face the security system functions, and it has worked to prevent the state's ability to deal with its external and internal threats in various forms. Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to clarify why and how and to what extent do these obstacles plays a vital role in influencing the performance of the security institutions of the state. The present research has employed a blend of analytical – descriptive approach. The findings of the study show that the legacy of previous regimes in the wrong recruitment for its security institutions, role of the external factor e.g. the United States of America, in weaken the security and military institutions, In addition to sectarian and political corruption have increased the difficulty of security and government performance. The study recommends, among others, that there is an urgent need to change the security function of the state in accordance with the methods, laws, organizations and techniques equivalent to the size of the threats facing the state.

Egypt is different leaders representing the regional pole more important in the equation of the Arab-(Israeli) conflict, the most prominent player in the possibility of resolving the conflict, or choose a mechanism for ending it, as it represents the material and moral status of the Arabs in general and Palestine especially, as well as their impact is important in international parties which owns the solution keys conflict, for that ended all wars (Israeli) on Gaza, Egyptian initiatives at different presidents who led Egypt.

Alfasliyah ( blood-money-marriage) is the woman that given as a ransom to the family or kin of the victim from the tribe of the culprit, as a punishment in the tribal customs for committing some sort of crimes like murder or theft or libel ..etc. the goal of that is satisfy the victim and prevailing reconciliation between the victim and the culprit instead of grudges and enmity. It is an old custom like many other customs came back to the surface in the Iraqi society after the political chaos that rante the tribe a commanding and important role which made by the individuals who resort to tribe to get safety and security which the tribe can provide.
Blood-money-marriage is force marriage without the consent of the woman, so it is illegitimate in the view of the religion, and it is against the code (6) of the Iraqi law for individuals which conditional to consent and acceptance willingly. Due to the importance of tribal role in contribution to the political and social process. It is necessary to urge the tribes to be committed to what agree with the law and religion specifically in the subject of Alfasliyah ( blood-money-marriage) which is a bald violation of the human rights

With the development of the events that Iraq has gone through after 2003 ,Which widened the scope for the participation of Iraqi Women in the political life, Especially after the adoption of Quota that allow women to occupy a quarter of the seats in the Representatives House, As well as the Iraqi provisions Constitution in the field of the human rights and equality preservation to all Iraqis regardless of Sex, Religion or Nationalism, Which allowed women to contribute effectively to those transformations, But a number of constraints had led to the weakness and limitation of the women role in the political field after 2003, Including the political, security and social problems that accompanied the process of transformation and other problems, which was contained in the research pages

The importance of this study lies first in the fact that the "Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act" is a unique precedent, which has given rise to a juridical debate in view of the extent of its seriousness and the condemnation of world opinion.
The article examines many important points, starting with examining the legitimacy of the JASTA law through: justa act incarnating Double-standard policy from US In the exploitation of immunity, the law of application of justice on supporters of terrorism is incompatible with the immunity of US army, the United States is the most contracting State in conventions of judicial immunity of the most prominent problems facing the topic of the lack of judicial immunity at the international levelm, the jata's law dissent with immunity of countries, Jasta law that contradicts with the Convention, Justa law is contrary to the principles of international law, the opposition of the retroactivity laws principle, the principle of sovereign equality of States.

It is one of the ideal ways to resolve the crisis in dispute negotiations if used in more than one phase, and often have full Stowage of these stages, the negotiations as a tool for dialogue be more effective than other means of resolving disputes, so the longer the negotiations and a way to gain time and is also the triumph of rationality perceived for all eventualities the dimensions and the negotiations are daily exercise and behavior are familiar with doing individuals and organizations on a regular basis, both in daily life management or business activities, administration, or in the Disputes between workers and management settlement, but extends to the management of international conflicts and negotiations are the involuntary process optional based on talks and conversations and exchange of proposals and ideas, and may be negotiations through direct confrontation or indirect usually taking place between two or more parties enjoy legal capacity. There is no doubt that direct negotiations are easier ways to settle any dispute gets between two or among a group of countries Hence, the importance of international negotiations as one of the important means of sound in resolving the dispute, which urged the United Nations Charter on asylum them to settle in between may arise through the legal process and differ negotiations in its concept of persuasion and compromise and compromise and compromise and control

Alfasliyah ( blood-money-marriage) is the woman that given as a ransom to the family or kin of the victim from the tribe of the culprit, as a punishment in the tribal customs for committing some sort of crimes like murder or theft or libel ..etc. the goal of that is satisfy the victim and prevailing reconciliation between the victim and the culprit instead of grudges and enmity. It is an old custom like many other customs came back to the surface in the Iraqi society after the political chaos that rante the tribe a commanding and important role which made by the individuals who resort to tribe to get safety and security which the tribe can provide.