journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Abstract:
Purpose: This research emphasizes the need for the organization to redistribute powers and responsibilities internally, empower its human resources, and grant it various powers to present the opinions and proposals necessary to achieve this.
Theoretical Framework: According to researchers (Ritchie-Dunham & Puente, 2008), the organization needs to establish its roots in its surrounding environment, it needs to strengthen its mental image and recognize the role that strategic clarity plays in achieving this.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Analysis of study data in three colleges (2023-2024), using strategic clarity in its components (clarity of goals, clarity of organizational structure, clarity of employees’ role, clarity of use of resources, clarity of procedures and activities), mental image in its components (cognitive component, behavioural component, and emotional component).
Findings: The results highlight a statistically significant relationship between strategic clarity and the organization's mental image in the research field.
Research Implications: The results confirm that strategic clarity plays an important role in enhancing the mental image of the organization, by enhancing the cognitive and behavioural components of the human resources it deals with and enhancing its emotional state within society.
Originality/Value: This study prepares a guide on the nature of the procedures and activities required of its employees and the steps that must be adhered to to achieve the desired results, with the necessity of employing legal and ethical principles to ensure the enhancement of knowledge and experience among its employees.

Purpose: The study aims to find the appropriate strategy to activate the role of mineral investment in achieving economic and social development in Anbar Governorate, and to identify the obstacles that prevent this through analyzing the internal and external environments that include strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges.
Theoretical Framework: Mineral wealth is one of the most important natural resources in our world. Its discovery and exploitation contribute to the development, growth, and advancement of economies globally, which positively impacts various aspects of economic, social, and political life. It is noteworthy that Iraq in general, and Anbar province in particular, possess a rich environment abundant in mineral resources distinguished by their quantity and economic variety.
Design/Methodology/Approach : The research relied on the inductive approach by analyzing data from official sources, as well as personal interviews with academics and officials in positions of responsibility in Anbar Governorate and directors of departments related to mining investment, and after relying on the results of the checklists in the tables included in the research (2, 3, 4, and 5) for the sample consisting of 25 people, in addition to using the strategic matrix (SWOC) to develop a future strategic plan to exploit the mineral resources available in Anbar Governorate.
Findings: The comparison of the results obtained through the strategic analysis using the SWOC method with the main research hypothesis revealed the extent of convergence between the results and the hypothesis, which suggests an abundance of mineral resources alongside obstacles hindering their exploitation. Additionally, there is a lack of a clear and specific strategy for mineral investment in the province.

Abstract:
Purpose: This research aims to achieve the most critical objective: to reveal the relationship between strategic thinking and organizational compatibility in the Iraqi Media Network.
Theoretical Framework: In light of what researchers (Srivastava, S., & D’Souza, 2021) and (Nafei, 2017)have stated, this study provides practical guidelines for improving strategic thinking in the face of challenges and difficulties to enhance organizational compatibility.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study aimed to analyze the data of employees in the Iraqi Media Network (2024) using strategic thinking and its dimensions (organizational thinking, processing divergent ideas, contemplation) on the impact of organizational compatibility and its dimensions (organizational loyalty, organizational similarity, organizational membership or affiliation).
Research Implications: The results confirm the existence of a statistically significant relationship between strategic thinking and organizational compatibility.
Originality/Value: This study seeks to bridge the knowledge gap by analyzing and identifying the essential skills and qualities that contribute to developing strategic thinking, enhancing organizational alignment, and applying these skills in different work environments to achieve better organizational performance.
JEL Classification: M10, M12, M15, M19.
Authors’ individual contribution: Conceptualization — F.N.H..; Methodology — F.N.H..; Formal Analysis — F.N.H..; Investigation — F.N.H.; Data Curation — F.N.H..; Writing —Original Draft — F.N.H..; Writing — Review & Editing — F.N.H.; Visualization — F.N.H.; Supervision — F.N.H.; Project Administration — F.N.H.
Declaration of conflicting interests: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Purpose: Measuring the connection between the effect of the (EX) and GDP in Iraq.
Theoretical Framework: The research addressed the impact of the exchange rate on Iraq's gross domestic product. The research problem revolves around the lack of an exchange rate policy that stimulates investment and production as a result of the economic challenges that Iraq is suffering from, especially since the exchange rate is linked to the trends of the general budget and imports, which led to the weakness of the impact of this monetary instrument on the economy. Therefore, the research raises the problem of whether the exchange rate used in Iraq impacts the gross domestic product.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research approach describes the topic to be investigated through scientific accreditation and depicts the results that have been adhered to. An inductive approach was adopted to explain the theoretical aspects of the research, verify the hypothesis, and achieve the desired objectives of the study. In addition, a modern econometric approach was used to demonstrate the effectuation of (EX) on the structure of imports and GDP. The program (EViews10) was used, and the data used extended between (2004-2022).
Findings: The (EX) indirectly affects the GDP, especially when the dinar is devalued against the dollar, increasing production costs. This results in higher prices for locally produced goods compared to imported ones, and due to competition, local production declines, thereby reducing GDP.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: We propose a future research agenda and highlight the analysis of the nature of the connection between the (EX) and GDP in Iraq.
Originality/Value: The current study adds scientific value to previous studies through its results, especially since the results indicated that the rise in the exchange rate leads to an increase in demand for oil exports. What distinguishes the study is that it examines the relationship between the exchange rate and the domestic product in an oil country like Iraq that suffers from distortions in the local economy

Abstract:
The current business environment is characterized by a set of complex and rapid changes, which requires organizations to respond and adapt to these changes to sustain their performance. By relying on a set of new methods and means that enable it to anticipate problems and sudden changes and develop the necessary solutions to them. This comes through the strategic sensitivity possessed by organizational leaders, which enables them to anticipate the future and seize available opportunities, which contributes to providing distinguished services or products and preserving the organization’s survival and continuity. The current research aims to determine the impact of strategic sensitivity in enhancing organizational immunity in the Iraqi Ministry of Education, as the strategic sensitivity variable included two dimensions (strategic foresight and strategic insight), and the organizational immunity variable included three dimensions (organizational learning, organizational memory, and organizational DNA). Selecting a purposive sample of 349employees who include all leadership levels in the ministry and consist of division official, department director, assistant general manager, general manager, undersecretary, and advisor. The research used the descriptive analytical method and the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting data, as the number of questionnaires suitable for the analysis reached 330. In addition, a set of statistical methods were used in the analysis, such as the simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), and descriptive analysis methods using (SPSS, AMOS.v25). A set of results was reached, the most important of which is the clear and significant impact of strategic sensitivity in building and strengthening the immunity of the relevant ministry, meaning that there is a significant impact of strategic sensitivity on organizational immunity.
Paper type: Research paper.

Purpose: Analysis of the Impact of Exchange Rate Changes on the Poverty Index in Iraq and a Study of the Resulting Effects for the period (2004-2022).
Theoretical framework: The research studied the relationship between the change in the (EX) and its role in reducing the phenomenon of poverty in Iraq for the period (2004-2022). The exchange rate is considered one of the most important tools of monetary policy in the Iraqi economy due to its sensitivity to any change taken by the monetary authority and its direct and indirect effects on all economic variables, including its impact on the poverty rate.
Design/methodology/approach: The researcher relied on the deductive (inductive) approach and the inductive approach based on theoretical foundations by employing the descriptive analysis method and using all data, parameters, and the measurement tool (E-views 13) to measure changes in exchange rates and its role in reducing the phenomenon of poverty in Iraq, and the data extended for the period from 2004-2022.
Findings: It became evident that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the dependent variable, poverty rate, and the independent variables represented by the official exchange rate and imported inflation.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: This research examines how exchange rate fluctuations impacted poverty in Iraq from 2004 to 2022, highlighting the practical challenges and social consequences for vulnerable populations and economic stability in Iraq.
Originality/value: This study provides the correlation between exchange rate fluctuations and poverty in Iraq from 2004-2022, offering new perspectives on economic vulnerability and policy responses.

Abstract:
Purpose: The current research seeks to embody its primary objectives in diagnosing the relationship between the research variables (digital transformation, human resources flexibility), as well as defining the role of each of them in the General Company for Communications and Informatics.
Theoretical Framework: This study deals with the General Company for Communications and Informatics and presents the latest concepts that previous researchers have reached to contribute to its achievement and expand the company's awareness by adopting any of these models appropriate to its goals and future direction.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study analyzes administrative data within the Ministry (2023-2024), using the dimensions of digital transformation and human resources flexibility to determine - the relationships between the variables and the factors affecting them.
Findings: The results highlight the direct impact of digital transformation on human resources flexibility, emphasizing the importance of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of digital transformation and human resources flexibility within the General Company for Communications and Informatics.
Research Implications: The results emphasize the increasing importance of integrating current research variables into formulating regulatory policies to address environmental changes and align them with the needs and aspirations of current and future beneficiaries.
Originality/Value: This study enhances awareness of the importance of combining digital transformation and human resources flexibility in one study and bridges the knowledge gap between them.

Purpose: The research aims to diagnose the extent of the central bank's control over public liquidity by integrating the arrangement of monetary and macro indicators in the economy, with the aim of improving the management of public liquidity within the Iraqi economy.
Theoretical framework: The research dealt with the study of analyzing the impact of some economic variables, such as public debt, gross domestic product, currency window, local credit, and general liquidity in Iraq, by using the linear regression model to describe the relationship between economic phenomena, specifically between the independent variables and the dependent variable. From here, the research problem can be formulated through interventions in the work of monetary policy tools. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the effects of financial authority on the economy by measuring the variance in the impact left by monetary tools, which is reflected in the macroeconomic variables, which are considered indicators of the efficiency of economic policy.
Design/methodology/approach: The study measures and analyses monetary data from (2004-2020) using the real-time equation model SURE to measure the impact of inward ratios (legal reserve, rediscount rate, currency window, public debt, GDP, domestic credit), on Iraq's public liquidity.
Findings: Using quantitative methods to achieve results enables us to obtain more accurate estimates than analytical results. Therefore, given the varying degrees of stability and the multiple equations included in the model, simultaneous equations models were adopted to measure the impact of monetary policy variables on the size of financial liquidity in the economy and to guide the Iraqi economy in specific directions. This approach is in line with the country's monetary policy.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: The results emphasize the need to integrate macroeconomic indicators into a standard model for measuring and analyzing public liquidity and understanding management.
Originality/value: The originality of the current research is highlighted by the analysis method used, which is the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, which is a widely used method in measuring and estimating linear regression, which forms the basis for many standard economic models. The linear regression model was used to describe the relationship between economic phenomena, specifically between the independent and dependent variables

Abstract:
Purpose: This research works to achieve several goals, perhaps the most prominent of which is diagnosing the extent of the bank under study’s interest in applying customer capital and the work environment within it and exploiting the relationship that brings together the variables.
Theoretical Framework: Based on what the researchers (Zahedi and Lapierre) mentioned, this study addresses the lack of use of marketing intelligence tools, the lack of investment in information technology, the lack of continuous updating of data, and keeping pace with developments in the external environment.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study analyzed data in banks between the Anbar and Fallujah branches (2023-2024), using the customer capital model and through its three dimensions (marketing intelligence, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty) and their role in enhancing the work environment and its dimensions (marketing intelligence, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, organizational chart, regulations and instructions, incentives and rewards, and working conditions).
Findings: The results highlighted the presence of an influential relationship between client capital in enhancing the work environment
Research Implications: The results confirm that there is a weakness in the customer loyalty process, and this is due to the failure to use an appropriate and effective strategy that helps it in the process of competing with banks and making appropriate decisions to face competitive challenges.
Originality/Value: This study works to identify the shortage of human resources, which leads to the difficulty of providing services to its customers according to their desires and needs. The bank should invest in technological infrastructure and modernize systems to provide advanced banking services.

Abstract:
Purpose: This study aimed to identify the strategic information system and its role and reflections on sustainable development by identifying the level of appreciation and interest of the researched organization in the strategic information system and its dimensions and in sustainable development and its dimensions.
Theoretical framework: Recent studies reported good results in university workers and the use of management information systems to improve the requirements of sustainable development and its contexts in universities.
Design/methodology/approach: The descriptive analytical approach was adopted for the study in the research community by distributing a questionnaire to a random sample of (86) researchers working in public universities in Baghdad. The research used its scale about the independent variable, the strategic information system, a three-dimensional model that includes individuals, information, and information technology (Laudon & Laudon, 2015), and it also used the sustainable development model that includes the economic, social and environmental dimensions (Yuan & Zuo, 2013).
Results: The most important conclusion of the paper is the deep need to pay attention to strategic information systems, their advanced technologies, infrastructure, uses, and cadres by organizations representing the research community to exchange, organize, and manage knowledge constructively and purposefully to develop the requirements and factors of sustainable development and its trends.
Research, practical, and social implications: We propose a future research agenda and highlight the cognitive contributions made in higher education in information systems and sustainable development.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the number and quality of publications in strategic information systems and sustainable development contribute profoundly to enriching and rooting this trend, in addition to the need to encourage platforms and climates for research and authorship in this vital and relevant field.

Purpose: The impact of customs taxes in supporting and protecting the domestic product and domestic industry.
Conceptual framework: The paper dealt with the study of the role of customs taxes in the development of the industrial sector in Iraq, and the conceptual and theoretical framework of the industrial sector.
Design /methodology /methodology: We analyzed the role of customs taxes in the development of the industrial sector in Iraq during the period 2004 - 2022.
Results: The study resulted in a set of results, most important of which lies in that the volume of customs tax revenues is low, and that's why that the Iraqi economy is considered as a rentier economy because it mainly depends on the export of oil as a result of the weakness of customs tax revenues being deemed as a financial resource for the general budget in Iraq owing to the widespread financial and administrative corruption in most joints of the tax system, and the weak flexibility of the tax apparatus.
The paper, the practical and social implications: The paper Contributes to clarifying the role of customs taxes in the development of the industrial sector.
Originality/value: The results of this study showed that the number of publications related to customs taxes and their role in the development of the industrial sector is insufficient, so our research contributed to bridge the research gap between customs taxes and the industrial sector

Abstract:
The main object of this research is to test the effect of talent management strategies on organizational ingenuity in several colleges of the University of Baghdad (College of Physical Education for Girls, College of Physical Education and Physical Sciences, Main College of Fine Arts, and the sub-college of fine arts). The research problem is that there is a dearth of studies examining how talent management techniques affect organizational ingenuity. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach to study the phenomenon thoroughly. The questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data and information. The research sample included heads of academic departments, administration directors, and divisional officials in the colleges under study, whose total number reached (95) participants out of a total of (120) directors. The data and information were analyzed, and hypotheses were tested by using appropriate statistical methods such as (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and simple regression) through utilizing the statistical program (AMOSS) in analyzing the responses of the participants. The results of the research were significant because of the presence of an important correlation between talent management strategies and organizational ingenuity. Also, there was the need for specialized departments to manage talent through the processes of attraction, recruitment, development, and investment to enhance organizational ingenuity and enable its employees to manage and thus improve their level of performance.

Purpose: Understanding and analyzing the role of certain banking operations in enhancing the value of the stocks of the banks included in the study sample, in addition to measuring the correlation between the research variables.
Conceptual framework : The research examined the study of banking operations and their role in enhancing the market value of shares in the Bank of Baghdad, and in light of the competition witnessed by Iraqi commercial banks, especially in light of the great similarity in the services allowed to be provided, in compliance with the Central Bank's instructions, and the decline in the value of banks’ shares, and that For a number of circumstances, it was necessary for banks to search for ways and means through which they could enhance the market value of their shares, within the permitted tools and capabilities available to them, and from this the research problem could be formulated: Is there a direct effect between banking operations (credit and bank deposits), And (the market value of the bank).
Design/methodology/approach : The research depends on the deductive (deductive) method, which is based on analysis to reach the results, by moving from the general principle to the specific principle, in addition to the inductive method based on theoretical foundations by employing a method Descriptive analysis using all data, parameters with the aim of measuring the effect of some banking operations (bank credit and bank deposits as an independent variable) in enhancing (market value as a dependent variable) of the shares of Baghdad Bank in Iraq.
A set of indicators, statistical methods, financial and statistical indicators will be used to analyze data, test hypotheses, and measure them using the statistical program (EViews-12 - Microsoft Excel).
Findings: The study produced a variety of findings, the most significant of which is that the hypothesis is legitimate because the standard results showed that there is a statistical relationship between the research variables.

Abstract:
Purpose: The current research aims to identify the impact of knowledge sharing on organizational performance with a sample in the Ministry of Education/ the Directorate of Education of First Karkh.
Theoretical framework: Knowledge sharing is one of the key factors that contribute to improving organizational performance through exchanging of knowledge and experiences among employees. It highlights the importance of this process in developing and improving performance in a changeable environment.
Design/methodology/approach: This study was conducted in the Directorate of Education, First Karkh, Baghdad, with 187 legitimate questionnaires that were analyzed using superior statistical techniques.
Findings: Knowledge sharing significantly influences organizational performance and confirms both main hypotheses and sub-hypotheses.
Research, Practical & Social implications: Recommendations include improving training programs, encouraging collaboration, motivating employees through rewards, and encouraging technology sharing.
Originality/value: This research emphasizes the important role of knowledge sharing in improving organizational performance within the business sector. It provides valuable insights into how e adopting knowledge sharing practices can strengthen productivity and crisis management in the Iraqi context.

Purpose : Analysis of the path of public spending on the education sector with an analysis of some human development indicators and the extent to which educational spending contributes to raising the level of human development for the period (2004-2023) in Iraq.
Theoretical Framework: The current research addressed the study of the relationship between government spending in the education sector and the impact of that spending on human development, and the research problem focuses on the inefficiency of educational expenditures in Iraq and their limited impact on human development. Despite significant investments, challenges such as low literacy rates and poor educational outcomes persist. The study seeks to explore the reasons behind this disconnect, examining how funds are allocated and utilized. It aims to identify barriers that prevent these expenditures from effectively enhancing human capital and contributing to broader socio-economic development.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The researcher relied on a mixed approach that combines the descriptive analytical approach to draw the theoretical framework for government spending, the education sector, and human development indicators, in addition to the quantitative standard approach to identify the impact that government spending in the education sector plays on the level of human development. For this purpose, the E-Views10 program was used, and the data extended for the period from 2004-2023.
Findings: The results of the statistical analysis showed that the standard model is free from all statistical problems and gives accuracy to the model.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The current research contributes to clarifying the role of government expenditures on the sector and its reflection in the development of some human development indicators in Iraq.
Originality/Value: The originality of the current research is evident in that it contributes to bridging the research gap between government spending in the education sector and the impact of this spending on human development in developing countries. The research results reached in the standard aspect have shown that education contributes to enhancing human development, so these results add important evidence to the relevant literature.

Abstract:
Purpose: The current research aims to measure strategic alignment (SA) in its dimensions (communications, value, and efficiency of information technology (IT), governance, infrastructure, human resources skills) and its impact on organizational prosperity (OP) in its dimensions (organizational awareness, organizational capacity, organizational commitment, leadership support, empowerment).
Theoretical Framework: In light of what was suggested by the researchers (Barnes, 2017), (Singh & Arora, 2020), the importance of the study appears through identifying the frameworks and intellectual treatments associated with the study variables (strategic alignment, organizational prosperity).
Design/Methodology/Approach: : The study was conducted in the Central Agency for Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control (2024) by distributing (87) valid questionnaires that were analyzed using advanced statistical methods using the strategic alignment model with its dimensions (communications, efficiency and value of information technology, governance, infrastructure, skills) and its impact on organizational prosperity with its dimensions (organizational awareness, organizational capabilities, organizational commitment, leadership support, empowerment).
Findings: the most important results reached by the study is the impact of strategic alignment on organizational prosperity.
Research Implications: Applying all dimensions of strategic alignment has a significant impact on achieving organizational prosperity within the organization under study, especially the two dimensions (communications, human resources skills), as their application leads to a significant increase in organizational prosperity.
Originality/Value: This study aims to identify the importance of strategic alignment and areas for achieving organizational prosperity at various levels of the organization under study, whether at the individual or organizational level. In addition, it contributes to bridging the knowledge gap by identifying the skills and qualities necessary to develop strategic alignment and enhance organizational prosperity.

Abstract:
Purpose: This research works to achieve several goals, perhaps the most prominent of which is identifying the role of virtuous leadership in reducing organizational deviation.
Theoretical Framework: Based on what the researchers reported (G. Wang & Hackett, 2016), (Bashir et al., 2012) this study deals with providing practical guidance to improve the virtuous leadership process and enhance its effectiveness in reducing deviations and achieving sustainable development.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study analyzed the data of Rafidain Bank employees in Anbar (2023-2024) using the virtuous leadership model and through its dimensions (courage, wisdom, justice, moderation, and humanity) in reducing organizational deviation through the dimensions (waste of time and resources, sabotage, embezzlement, withdrawal, and corruption).
Findings: The most notable results are that there is an influential relationship between virtuous leadership and organizational deviation
Research Implications: The results confirm the presence of some cases of embezzlement among bank employees due to their use of office tools for their own purposes, and their taking of things belonging to others while working surreptitiously and without approval.
Originality/Value: This study works to identify and develop the qualities and skills necessary for virtuous leaders, which leads to the improvement and development of banking work.

Purpose: The current study aims to identify the impact of e-commerce with digital marketing in airline reservation offices in the Republic of Iraq. The study consists of two main variables: the independent variable that included e-commerce, which consisted of four dimensions: Business-to-Business, Consumer-to-Business, and Consumer-to. - Consumer, Business-to-Government, and the dependent variable represents digital marketing, the dimensions of which are: website design, social media marketing, search engine optimization, and email marketing.
Theoretical Framework: upon on Maaroof, A. (2021) This study highlights the importance of e-commerce and digital marketing, such as booking corners during digital transactions in airline reservation offices, as well as the most important challenges facing customers and reservation offices.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: As for the practical aspect, the airline reservation offices were taken and included the governorates (Nineveh, Erbil, Dohuk, Kirkuk, Tikrit and Baghdad), and 250 questionnaires were accepted as valid questionnaires and were analyzed accordingly. To determine the relationship between the study variables, two main hypotheses and sub-hypotheses were proposed and tested using several statistical methods in Analysis of Moment Structures AMOS (V.24).
Findings The results emphasize that there is a positive correlation and impact between all dimensions of e-commerce (Business-to-Business, Consumer-to-Business, Consumer-to-Consumer and Business-to-Government). The results also showed that activating the role of e-commerce has a positive impact on digital marketing at airline reservation offices in the Republic of Iraq.
Research Implications: In addition, the study presented several recommendations for airline booking companies. For example, there is an increased interest in airline reservation companies to adopt the philosophy of e-commerce, as it has an impact on increasing market share, which ensures their continuity and success.
Originality/Value: Originality/value: This study works to enhance the adaptation of e-commerce applications for airline reservation companies in the Republic of Iraq through customers’ use of applications, and in addition to bridging the digital divide, which is the feeling of many customers’ anxiety about using applications

Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of the research was to determine if psychological empowerment might be regarded as a critical component in raising employees' contextual performance in the workplace. Or do other elements come into play when defining professional performance?
Theoretical framework: The goal of the study was to draw attention to how crucial contextual performance and psychological empowerment are as fundamental management ideas in the area under investigation.
Design/methodology/approach: The research used a descriptive methodology, resolution-based tool analysis, tabulation, and analysis using a ready statistical software. (SPSS). The Office of the Shia Endowment/Administrative and Financial Service was chosen by the researcher to represent the Study Community. There were 260 employees in the research sample. To arrive at the study's conclusions, statistical techniques such as CE, standard deviation, natural distribution test, persistence factor, and F test were used.
Findings: By analyzing the effects of psychological empowerment and its dimensions on the contextual performance of the employees of the studied organization, it is possible to demonstrate the connections between them.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The need for government agencies to ensure that employees in the research service are required and that there is a fair system of salaries and other allocations in comparison with other ministries so that workers do not feel bad in the workplace.
Originality/value: The results indicate that the number of publications is growing, and the management and business area is the one that contributes the most, with the countries that produce in co-authorship also providing the most publications.

Purpose: This study examined the empirical relationship between human capital and economic growth across eight Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1990 to 2022.
Theoretical Framework: This study examined the relationship between human capital and economic growth by applying the Cobb-Douglas production function within the framework of the neoclassical Solow growth model. The study considers fixed assets as a measure of physical capital and school enrollment as a proxy for human capital.
Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator within a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to analyze human capital variables' short- and long-run impacts on economic growth in SSA countries.
Findings: The findings provided strong empirical evidence of significant short- and long-term relationships between the variables. The long-run analysis demonstrates that human capital positively influences economic growth. Additionally, in the short-run, fixed assets, human capital, and labor were found to positively and significantly impact economic growth.
Research Implications: This study emphasizes the importance of focusing on education and skill training sectors to enhance human capital development in emerging African countries.
Originality/Value: This study demonstrates that human capital variables positively impact economic growth in SSA countries in both the short- and long-run. Consequently, this study underscores the role of human capital as a critical and influential factor in promoting economic growth in emerging SSA countries. It also contributes valuable insights for policymakers and adds to the existing literature in this area.

Abstract:
Purpose: This research works to achieve several objectives, the most important of which is determining the type of relationship between authentic leadership and human resource development and its dimensions.
Theoretical Framework: In light of what was proposed by researchers(Walumbwa et al., 2008), (Ivancevich, 2002), this study helps public organizations on the one hand and the company being studied as well as identify the level of employees\\' awareness of authentic leadership and The positives that leadership can contribute to developing human resources.
Design/Methodology/Approach: conducted in Diyala State Company (2024) by distributing (180) valid questionnaires that were analyzed using advanced statistical methods using the authentic leadership model with its dimensions (self-awareness, ethical perspective, relationship transparency, balanced treatment) in human resources development (guidance, training, career path development, performance evaluation).
Findings: The most essential results indicate no significant relationship between authentic leadership and human resource development.
Research Implications: Authentic leadership plays a significant role in developing human resources within a company. This indicates that leadership is transparent, honest, and communicates effectively, which enhances performance and increases employee efficiency.
Originality/Value: This study works to identify the importance of authentic leadership and areas of human resource development at various levels of the company being studied, whether at the individual or organizational level.

Abstract:
Purpose: This study targets climate change awareness of 4.54 billion internet users or 56% of the world's population. It examines the reception of brand messages that bring out the aspects of ecological sustainability in the context of the cultural values of social media users.
Theoretical framework: The positive link between consumer behavior and environmental responsibility was derived from a web-based survey and PLS-SEM analysis with 480 participants.
Design/methodology/approach: The data obtained from the survey on 480 participants is evaluated through a web-based survey and PLS-SEM model that generates the digital platform's interlinkage of consumer behavior with climate change awareness.
Findings: This research depicts a positive association between consumer behavior and buying green, challenging the established notions of green consumerism.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The findings call for redesigning green consumerism in the age of digitization and underpin future research on AI-driven green marketing.
Originality/ value: This study provides in-depth new insights into the role of digital consumer behavior in promoting sustainability and identifies future research directions as we approach 2030-2050.

Purpose: The study aims to analyze and understand the economic relations between Iraq and China in the modern era, providing insights into their development, current status, and future prospects. It seeks to identify the key factors influencing these relations and to evaluate the impact of trade, investment, and geopolitical strategies on bilateral economic ties. Additionally, the study aims to offer a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities present in the Iraq-China economic partnership.
Theoretical Framework: The study utilizes frameworks that explain bilateral economic relations, including theories on trade, investment, and geopolitical influence. It integrates insights and data from studies such as Shanshool (2022), Gul (2022), Wuthnow (2017), and Shareef (2016), providing a foundation for understanding the economic dynamics between Iraq and China.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A mixed-method approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses with a historical examination of bilateral relations between Iraq and China. Data were gathered from sources such as the Observatory of Economic Complexity (2022) for China (CHN) and Iraq (IRQ), as well as academic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to complement the financial and economic data with relevant literature. E-Views statistical software was utilized for data analysis. Linear correlation was applied to evaluate the strength and direction of relationships, with complemented by tests such as the Jarque-Bera Test, ADF Test, UR Test, Causality analysis, Cointegration, and the BPG Test.
Findings: The study provides insights into the historical development of Iraq-China relations, highlighting the challenges such as oil price volatility and political obstacles. The findings offer a detailed understanding of the contemporary economic relations between Iraq and China.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: Practical implications include recommendations for policymakers to strengthen infrastructure, streamline bureaucratic processes, and diversify investments beyond the oil sector. The study's insights can aid in formulating policies that enhance bilateral economic cooperation and address the identified challenges.
Originality/Value: The originality and value of the study lie in its comprehensive analysis of contemporary Iraq-China economic relations. It explores less-studied areas such as technological cooperation and provides practical recommendations for fostering stronger economic ties. The study's mixed-methods approach, and the use of various statistical tools ensure a robust analysis of the bilateral economic dynamics.

Abstract:
Purpose: Developing the quality of work life as a logical indicator for studying the relationship between practical organizational ignorance and its influential role in determining organizational conflict for nurses at Medical City Hospital.
Theoretical framework: The study shed light on enhancing the organization's organizational ignorance according to the available data and information, and to the researcher's knowledge, other researchers have yet to address it.
Design/methodology/approach: The exploratory approach was adopted in presenting and measuring the concepts of organizational ignorance and functional conflict based on the questionnaire because it was applied in its quantitative form through standard models and applied at the level of the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad. A research population of the Medical City Complex was taken, and a sample of nurses was selected to become (85) individuals, excluding two individuals due to the lack of a complete answer, so that the sample for analysis became (83) nurses only.
Findings: Organizational ignorance has a distinct role in determining organizational conflict in overt, perceived, and implicit conflict related to implementing the strategy and developing the quality of work life in the Medical City.
Research, Practical & Social implications: An intellectual presentation perspective on organizational ignorance and its few dimensions in job conflict using thoughtful methods.
Originality/value: The research topic was applied to the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad, which is considered an essential institution in Iraq due to its unique organization and orientation, increasing the study's credibility and importance to society.

Purpose: This study investigates the factors influencing the decision to use Apple Pay in Vietnam. It seeks to understand how various perceptions and expectations shape consumer behavior toward adopting wireless payment systems.
Theoretical framework: The research framework is built upon established theories related to technology acceptance and consumer behavior. Key influencing factors examined include Security Perception, Utility Perception, Performance Expectation, Usage Attitude, Ecosystem, and Ease of Use.
Design/methodology/approach: A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods. A survey was conducted with a sample of 350 consumers in Vietnam. The collected data was analyzed using SmartPLS 3.9 software to ensure the reliability and validity of the measurements.
Findings: The analysis reveals that Security Perception significantly impacts the decision to use Apple Pay. Other factors, such as utility perception, performance expectation, and ease of use, also contribute to adopting this wireless electronic wallet.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: The findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the digital payment ecosystem, particularly in enhancing the user experience and addressing security concerns. For practitioners, the study suggests strategies to improve consumer acceptance and usage of Apple Pay. Socially, the research underscores the shift in consumer attitudes toward mobile payment solutions in a technologically advancing environment.
Originality/value: This study adds to the literature on mobile payment systems by focusing on the specific context of Vietnam, where adopting such technologies is on the rise. It provides a nuanced understanding of the factors driving consumer decisions to use wireless payment services, with implications for academic research and practical applications in the digital payments market.

Abstract:
Purpose: Examine the feasibility of investing in and processing associated gas and the impact of increased investment in flaring associated gas on the Iraqi economy, in addition to knowing the quantities of gas produced, invested and burned in Iraq Also calculating the costs that Iraq loses due to gas flaring During the research period (2012-2021).
Theoretical framework: The research addresses the feasibility of investing in associated gas from oil and its impact on the Iraqi economy, given its abundant availability. The research problem revolves around whether Iraq can achieve self-sufficiency in gas production and whether it can reach the status of a natural gas exporting country in the coming years, as the Iraqi government aspires to achieve as soon as possible.
Design/methodology/approach: The available data on associated gas in Iraq during the period (2012-2021) were used to determine the volume of gas production, the amount burned, the volume of investment, and the material losses resulting from its burning.
Findings: The results show the importance of investing in gas in Iraq, as it represents an important resource that can be used to achieve self-sufficiency in energy, as gas represents a raw material for many industries such as petrochemicals, fertilizers, and others...
Research, Practical & Social implications: Iraq primarily relies on two main sources for its energy useو oil and natural gas, due to their abundant availability. Through these sources, electrical energy is generated, which is the main driver for all vital installations in Iraq.
Originality/value: We propose a future research agenda and highlight investment in associated gas and its impact on the Iraqi economy, in addition to providing realistic recommendations aimed at investing in associated gas, achieving economic goals, and reaching the appropriate global position considering the availability of this important resource.

Abstract:
Purpose: Measuring and analyzing the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Iraq. Theoretical framework: The research dealt with the external debt and its impact on economic growth in Iraq. Iraq is one of the countries that suffers from the problem of external debt and its use to finance consumer spending. The research problem can be formulated as the absence of specific standards to guide financial policy in Iraq, especially the optimal size of debt and how to spend the debt in a way that achieves economic growth.
Design/methodology/approach: The research relied on the deductive inference method based on theoretical foundations, descriptive and quantitative analysis, and standard methods based on theoretical foundations to measure the relationship between external debt and oil revenues as an independent variable in enhancing economic growth as a dependent variable. Indicators, statistical methods, hypothesis testing, and measurement will be used.
Findings: The analysis results confirmed the validity of the hypothesis, and there is a statistically significant relationship between the independent variables of external debt and oil revenues and the dependent variable of economic growth.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose a future research agenda and highlight the management of external debt in a way that contributes to enhancing economic growth.
Originality/value: The relationship between external debt and GDP loads for Iraq (2003-2023) still needs to be addressed by analyzing the causal relationship between external debt and GDP according to the modern methodology.

Political instability in Ethiopia is highly destructive to the country's economic development and hinders progress across multiple sectors. Thus, this study investigates the impacts of political instability on economic growth in Ethiopia from 2017 to 2023. The study employs ARIMA modeling for time series analysis and OLS regression to estimate the relationship between political instability and GDP growth while considering other economic indicators such as inflation, FDI, and government expenditure. For this purpose, the necessary secondary data is collected from WB, IMF, EIA, and MoFED, covering the period from 2017 to 2023. The empirical results reveal a significant negative correlation between political instability and economic growth in Ethiopia. The regression model indicated that higher levels of political instability are associated with lower GDP growth rates, confirming the detrimental effects of instability on economic performance. While other economic factors, such as lagged real GDP per capita and FDI, have a significant and positive effect on economic growth, government spending significantly negatively affects growth in Ethiopia.
Furthermore, the result of the robustness checks model specifications were tested: the original model, a model with alternatives, and a model that excluded outliers in measures of political instability. In all cases, the coefficient of political instability is consistently negative, indicating the detrimental impact on economic growth. To mitigate these adverse impacts, it is recommended that the Ethiopian government and policymakers prioritize inclusive dialogue, political reconciliation, and institutional reforms

Abstract:
The study examined the government expenditure patterns in Iraq, specifically focusing on its fundamental components: current and investment expenditure and total and partial productivity. The problem of the study arises in answering the following question: Does government spending have a role in increasing the productivity of the Iraqi economy? The study aims to determine whether government expenditure substantially influences the improvement of the Iraqi economy's productivity. The objective was to thoroughly analyze the alterations in government expenditure over the research duration and assess the magnitude of any deviations. Furthermore, to assess the efficiency of public expenditure and examine various methods of gauging its productivity, investigating the correlation between government outlays and productivity. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the fiscal expansion program in Iraq, particularly in the period following 2003. The main reason for this is allocating a substantial amount of government funds to non-productive current expenses, which has little effect on production.
Furthermore, the public expenditure base index, which signifies the ideal proportion of government spending on GDP, varies from 25% to 35%. This metric represents the extent of government involvement in the economy. In Iraq, substantial government interference has been in economic activities, accompanied by a consistent rise in public expenditure rates. The primary cause of this is mainly attributed to the circumstances the country experienced post-2003, wherein the breakdown of infrastructure necessitated the provision of extensive services. Furthermore, the private sector is in its early stages and cannot stimulate development and foster economic expansion. Hence, governmental engagement in economic and social matters is imperative.

Purpose: The research aims to estimate models representing phenomena that follow the logic of circular (angular) data, accounting for the 24-hour periodicity in measurement.
Theoretical framework: The regression model is developed to account for the periodic nature of the circular scale, considering the periodicity in the dependent variable y, the explanatory variables x, or both.
Design/methodology/approach: Two estimation methods were applied: a parametric model, represented by the Simple Circular Regression (SCR) model, and a nonparametric model, represented by the Nadaraya-Watson Circular Regression (NW) model. The analysis used real data from 50 patients at Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital in Baghdad.
Findings: The Mean Circular Error (MCE) criterion was used to compare the two models, leading to the conclusion that the Nadaraya-Watson (NW) circular model outperformed the parametric model in estimating the parameters of the circular regression model.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: The recommendation emphasized using the Nadaraya-Watson nonparametric smoothing method to capture the nonlinearity in the data.
Originality/value: The results indicated that the Nadaraya-Watson circular model (NW) outperformed the parametric model.
Paper type Research paper.

Abstract:
The research sample is the Iraqi Central Bank. It aims to identify the initiatives of the Iraqi Central Bank, indicating loan size and financial allocations provided to the private industrial sector, besides learning this sector's contribution to the national economy after implementing these initiatives to address the research problem, which is that the private industrial sector suffers from many problems and difficulties, the most important of which is the financing problem for economic reasons, and here comes the role of the Central Bank of Iraq through its initiatives in supporting the economic sectors including the private industrial sector. The research is based on the hypothesis that the Iraqi Central Bank, through its initiatives, has a role in supporting and developing the private industrial sector and enabling it to achieve its desired goals. The researcher used ratios and indicators to evaluate the Iraqi Central Bank initiatives, including the allocation implementation percentage indicator granted from the total number of projects initiatives and loans granted from expenses to finance private industrial projects, and the private industrial sector contribution percentage to the gross domestic production, also the growth rate granted to banks annually and the percentage of initiatives of the private industrial sector contribution to the gross domestic production with its contribution to providing job opportunities. Significant main results of the study are: As a result of the increase in demand by project owners for loans from the Central Bank of Iraq initiative, must continue to increase financial allocations for this initiative and provide all necessary facilities to facilitate the borrowing process.

Purpose: The research aims to identify the challenges facing the agricultural sector in Egypt in light of the global food crisis and the role of agricultural policies in confronting them considering the available resources and the extent of benefiting from the banking experience in implementing agricultural policies to enhance food security in Iraq.
Theoretical framework: The research dealt with the study of agricultural policies and their role in enhancing food security in Iraq by benefiting from the Egyptian experience. The research problem revolves around the fact that the agricultural sector in Egypt faces several challenges, including weak government support for investment in this sector, in contrast to high production costs, the increasing population growth rate, and political and security instability, which led to an increase in the food gap and reliance on abroad to cover local demand for food commodities, especially strategic ones, and the extent of benefiting from the banking experience in implementing agricultural policies to enhance food security in Iraq.
Design/methodology/approach: The researcher adopted the deductive method and the descriptive analytical method to study agricultural policies and their role in enhancing food security. The Egyptian experience for the years (2000-2018) was studied and the extent to which it was benefited from in Iraq, especially since that period witnessed a volatile economic situation as a result of the political and economic events that Iraq witnessed.
Findings: The analysis of agricultural production relative to local consumption reveals a significant gap, leading to increased reliance on imports to meet domestic demand.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The current research contributes to clarifying the role played by agricultural policies in enhancing the level of food security in Iraq by benefiting from the Egyptian experience.
Originality/value: The results showed that the number of publications related to banking activities and their role in enhancing market value is increasing, and that the field of economics is the most contributing, as the participating countries provided the largest number of publications.

Purpose: To identify the size of cash credit granted by commercial banks and to clarify the role of banking liquidity in promoting investment in Iraq for the period (2014-2023).
Theoretical Framework: The research addressed the role of banking liquidity in promoting investment for the period (2014-2023), and the problem lies in how to enhance the role of banking liquidity in stimulating investment.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The researcher relied on the deductive approach and conducted a descriptive analysis using the measurement tool (E-views 12) to measure bank liquidity in enhancing bank credit.
Results: The bank succeeded in adopting a strategy to expand its banking services locally and internationally, in line with regulatory standards and controls.
Research, practical and social results: Banking liquidity plays a pivotal role in stimulating investment in developing economies such as Iraq, as banking liquidity is a fundamental factor in the stability of financial markets. The scientific and social importance of the research is highlighted by its focus on the role of banking liquidity and its impact on investment in Iraq.
Originality/Value: The originality of the research is evident in helping economic decision-makers understand the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the Iraqi economy and thus enabling them to make sound decisions regarding the financial policies needed to support the economy in the face of fluctuation risks. By studying banking liquidity, appropriate economic and banking policies can be identified to enhance the investment environment and reduce dependence on oil revenues.

Monetary finance is a new policy from economic and political discussions concerning government spending. Until 2008, taxes (oil in oil-producing countries) and debt issuance were considered reasonable methods for understanding the balance of the general budget or financing deficits. Governments financed themselves through present taxation, traditional borrowing with repayment from future tax revenue, or financial surpluses resulting from oil price increases in global markets. However, after 2008, central banks resorted to unprecedented monetary finance policies, issuing large amounts of money to stimulate crisis-affected economies. The study aimed to understand monetary finance as a policy imposed by governments on central banks to finance public expenditure during crises. The paper focused on the issue that the US government's reliance on monetary finance led to inflation and an increased national debt during the study period. The study concluded that the US government resorts to borrowing funds through the sale of treasury bills, bonds, and other securities to the Federal Reserve Bank, resulting in the accumulation of public debt and associated interest payable to investors who bought these securities.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the importance of waste recycling in addressing economic, social and environmental problems facing most countries of the world, especially developing countries, including Iraq, Where Iraq has not developed a recycling strategy for waste considering the economic and climatic changes that the world is witnessing with the increase in population growth rates and the expansion of cities.
Theoretical Framework: Many economists, such as (Kirrchher J., & et al., 2017; Murray, A., & et al., 2015; Prieto-Sandoval V. & et al., 2018; Williams, 2013) have also highlighted the importance of practices in production and waste management, to provide a new business model and a new economic system, by linking economic activity to the extraction of natural resources and starting to introduce a way of thinking that uses waste efficiently and achieves economic optimization.
Design/Methodology/Approach: We have clarified the recycling strategy for waste in Iraq based on the deductive and inductive approach, using descriptive analysis in order to study the recycling process of waste, and its relationship in promoting sustainable development in Iraq.
Findings: Iraq is facing the problem of waste accumulation and worsening environmental pollution. The government should keep pace with the global development in the exploitation of waste as an economic resource and exploit it in the field of energy generation through the establishment of governmental and non-governmental projects specialized in the process of recycling waste, to achieve economic, social and environmental benefits, to achieve the dimensions of sustainable development in Iraq.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: The practical implications include recommendations for economic policy makers to promote sustainable development by adopting measures that support waste recycling in Iraq, and encouraging investments in this process that enhances the environment and economic development. The study’s insights can help formulate economic policies that increase the sustainable development rates of bilateral resources and address environmental and economic challenges. Originality/Value: The originality and scientific value of the study lie in the comprehensive analysis of the role of waste recycling and its relationship to sustainable development in Iraq. It explores the areas of potential application of recycling and its levels in Iraq and provides practical recommendations to promote sustainable development. The study’s approach ensures a deductive analysis of the relationship between waste recycling and sustainable development.

Purpose: This paper aims to measure poverty in Iraq and its sub-indicators using a multidimensional methodology. It also examines the robustness and sensitivity of the estimated indicators and models the determinants of poverty through a binary logistic regression approach.
Theoretical framework: Poverty is commonly measured through two primary methodologies. The first is a one-dimensional approach, which defines poverty as insufficient income to meet a specific set of needs required for a decent standard of living. The second is a multidimensional approach, which aligns with Amartya Sen's capabilities framework. Sen conceptualizes poverty as "the deprivation of basic capabilities rather than merely as lowness of incomes, which is the standard criterion of poverty identification" (Sen, 1999, p. 87). Income, while significant, represents just one dimension of capabilities and cannot substitute for other crucial aspects that contribute to poverty, such as deficiencies in health, education, and employment.
Design/methodology/approach: Previous studies on modeling poverty determinants in Iraq have predominantly employed a one-dimensional approach focused on income poverty. While valuable, this approach provides an incomplete understanding of poverty's multifaceted nature. This study proposes an indicator to measure poverty in Iraq using a multidimensional methodology. The analysis incorporates three dimensions of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (education, health, and standard of living) and adapts the measurement indicators to reflect Iraq's specific context. Data from the sixth edition of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS-6) conducted in 2018 was utilized, employing the Alkire-Foster method to compute multidimensional poverty indicators.






Findings: The estimates revealed that 27% of Iraq's population experienced multidimensional poverty, with a multidimensional poverty gap of 11.7% and an intensity of poverty at 43.5%. The binary logistic regression results indicated that higher educational attainment of the household head and an improved wealth index significantly reduce the likelihood of multidimensional poverty. Additionally, households in rural areas were found to be more vulnerable to multidimensional poverty than those in urban areas.

Research, Practical & Social implications: This study seeks to enhance researchers' focus on poverty by exploring its diverse and multifaceted dimensions within the Iraqi context. By incorporating relevant and updated variables, it aims to enrich the discourse on poverty measurement and analysis.

Originality/value: The proposed indicator serves as a valuable analytical tool for identifying the most vulnerable individuals and highlighting the specific dimensions in which they face deprivation. This enables policymakers and stakeholders to allocate resources effectively and design targeted interventions to alleviate poverty.

Purpose: The aim of the research is to utilize a hybrid model that combines the linear model represented by Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the nonlinear model represented by deep learning models, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU).
Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework integrates the linear component represented by the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the nonlinear component represented by deep learning models, namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) To create hybrid models.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research methodology involves the use of EVIEWS 12 for analyzing standard data and integrating the ARDL model, as well as Python programming for building the proposed forecasting models. Weekly data from the Iraqi stock market, specifically from the banking and communications sectors spanning from 2017 to 2021, is utilized. The study compares the performance of the hybrid models ARDL_LSTM and ARDL_GRU with individual models using evaluation metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
Findings: The results indicate the superiority of the hybrid model ARDL_LSTM over other models due to its high accuracy and lower comparison measurement values.
Originality/Value: The originality of the research lies in its hybrid approach, combining ARDL with deep learning models like LSTM and GRU for time series forecasting. This approach adds value by addressing the limitations of individual models and improving forecasting accuracy in the context of the Iraqi stock market.

Purpose: Using an appropriate analytical method to deal with time series containing linear and nonlinear compounds and minimizing nonstationary in order to obtain good modeling and more reliable forecasts.
Theoretical framework: Many methodologies have been developed in the past to perform time series forecasting, including those presented by the two scientists (Box and Jenkins) and known as (ARIMA) models (Box et al., 2015), It gives more reliable forecasts when analyzing time series for linear compounds, but they are less suitable when dealing with nonlinear compounds that characterize real-world problems. This causes an increase in forecasting error, so it has recently been demonstrated use of hybrid models that compounds linear and nonlinear the best forecast is obtained.
Design/methodology/approach: Using the hybrid model (EVDHM-ARIMA) and comparing with single model (ARIMA) and comparing the two models using the (RMSE) criterion to forecast the average yield per dunum of the harvested area for the wheat crop in Iraq for the period (2024-2033), given the strategic importance of this crop in providing food security for the country.
Findings: The showed, value of (RMSE) for the estimates obtained from the hybrid model (EVDHM-ARIMA), is the best for forecasting of the research data.
Research, Practical & Social implications: We suggest generalizing the research idea for forecasting in different fields and comparing it with other forecasting methods.
Originality/value: Adopting the forecasting values obtained from the proposed method in the annual agricultural plans and developing proactive solutions to meet the citizen’s need for his daily sustenance.

Purpose: Truncated distributions occur in many practical situations and predict real phenomena.
Theoretical framework: this paper proposed a right-truncated mixed Komal-Weibull distribution on [0,1] with three parameters, and derived some of its properties.
Design/methodology/approach: To show the ability and behavior of this distribution, some mathematical properties are given, such as the likelihood distribution function, the cumulative distribution function, the reliability function, the hazard function, the properties of the kth moments, the variance, skewness, and kurtosis coefficients, the moment generating function and the distribution of order statistics. In addition, the maximum likelihood estimate is derived.
Findings: A new distribution with the three parameters.
Research, Practical & Social Implications: The new distribution could be used as a model in studying reliability stress-strength model and survival analysis. It enhances the ability to model and analyze truncated data accurately.
Originality/value: The right-truncated mixed Komal-Weibull distribution can be used in various fields such as agriculture, medicine, engineering, and physics.

Purpose: This research mostly concentrates on guiding pupils to their secondary schools following their accomplishment in the early elementary education phase. The primary challenge is the establishment of additional schools to accommodate the significant population growth resulting from expansion in emerging areas.
Theoretical framework: Scholarly literature has thoroughly examined the P-Median problem and applied it across various domains, including cluster analysis, quantitative psychology, marketing, the communications sector, sales force design, and political constituency division.
Design/methodology/approach: This study aims to propose a customization form based on the P-Median issue, taking into account its properties and structure. The P-Median problem optimizes the allocation of the facility (student school) to the demand point (student home) based on the average distance. This tool determines the best placement for a few schools.
Findings: In this research, of the form (P-Median) and the implementation of math results, which the results showed that sites number (4,3,1) in table No. (4) and knowledge in Table No. (1), the places where schools can be created because they are the most sought -after as they are newly constructed. These new schools can also accommodate the increase in the number of students in other regions.
Research, Practical & Social implications: It is possible to study and develop the proposed model according to new data and in line with the requirements.
Originality/value: The diversity of publishing and studying novel allocation methods increases cognitive capacity, particularly for new, relevant, and helpful issues, because they are practical for distributing the service facilities the country requires.
Authors’ individual contribution: Conceptualization — A.S.C.; Methodology — A.S.C.; Formal Analysis — A.S.C.; Investigation — A.S.C.; Data Curation — A.S.C..; Writing —Original Draft — A.S.C.; Writing — Review & Editing — A.S.C.; Visualization — A.S.C.; Supervision — A.S.C.; Project Administration — A.S.C.
Declaration of conflicting interests: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Paper type: Research Paper

Purpose: This research collects essential variables in the cognitive level of Strategic Management Resources (SMR) and provides a theoretical framework for Strategic Entrepreneurship (SE) and Strategic Performance (SP), which may benefit other researchers.
Theoretical framework: Organizations seek an in-depth study to discover the reasons for developing SE and its impact on SP in encouraging employees to work or adapt to the new society. This study explores the impact of SE on SP at Maysan Oil Company.
Methodology: The descriptive analytical method was used in this research to study and analyze phenomena due to its flexibility. Maysan Oil Company was chosen as a sample for the study due to the availability of human talents. A purposive random sampling method was used for the opinions of administrative leaders, where 305questionnaires were distributed and 300 retrieved.
Results: The research results constitute an excellent path toward the impact of SE on SP within the company and provide scientific evidence for administrative leaders to achieve SE for the company and improve the level of SP, which strengthens the position of Maysan Oil Company compared to oil companies.
Research, Practical & Social implications: The research results emphasize the importance of achieving competitive advantage and outstanding performance that enhances SE in Iraqi oil companies.
Originality/value: The research value comes from studying the relationship between the research variables in the study environment, as this relationship has yet to be investigated in most Iraqi institutions in general.

Purpose: This research aims to identify the concept, importance, and objectives of Joint Audit (JA) and the impact of JA on Audit Quality (AQ).
Theoretical framework: This researcher relied on the basic concepts of agency theory and the problems emerging from it, as the JA came to reduce these problems in a way that contributes to achieving AQ.
Methodology: This researcher relied on the questionnaire form to collect information, using the statistical program SPSS to analyze the questionnaire forms. The study included the JA variable as an independent variable. In contrast, the dependent variable included AQ in terms of the dimension of the auditor's independence, the auditor's performance, and the quality of his report.
Results: This research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the JA impacts the auditor's performance and the quality of the audit reports that the auditors.
Research, Practical & Social implications: JA positively impacts the degree of reliability of financial statements.
Value/originality: This study adds knowledge and contributes to the limited literature on JA and AQ, especially in Iraq. The study underscores critical insights from the audit market in emerging countries.