ADAB AL-BASRAH

A host of identities featured prominently in the writings of Al-Jahiz, identities that were shaped in the collective imagination in his time in the third century AH. They were shaped around cultural models that emphasized the moral aspect. He based his poetry and its value-jus=dgements on these identities.
Women showed up in his writings in a very reductionist manner. They are presented with pejorative terms that devalue women. This presentation supported the general stereotypical image of women prevalent in his time, marginalizing them and labelling them with imperfection.

Some of Philip Larkin’s early verse is marked by an inclination towards the abstruse and the complex, which the later Larkin vehemently rejected in favour of the simple and the common. Likewise, religious and semi-biblical references find their way to his early poems as the young poet was endeavouring to flesh out his poetical themes. The current study investigates Larkin’s interest in the apocalyptic, not in the fashion of the Apocalypse Poets of the late 1930 and early 1940s. In a broader sense, the apocalyptic in the current study is a symbolic or surreal event that may have a biblical dimension, conjured up to advance secular arguments relevant to the futility of existence, precariousness of the world, defeatism of human pursuits and the inevitable final downfall. It is hence more affiliated to Apocalyptic Literature without officially going under that label. The study examines poems from Juvenila and The North Ship to expose that the apocalyptic spectacles dating in the early verse were not mere accidents, but carefully contemplated motifs and well-designed symbolic mappings.

Phonemic Substitution is the replacement of one sound by another for some reason. This phenomenon exists in some Arabic dialects and in some people suffering from speech disorders as well as in children, who substitute sounds because their speech organs are not yet fully developed or due to some psychological problems.
This paper addresses the last case, specifically with autistic children. Autism is a mental and behavioural disorder in children, one of whose symptoms is speech disorders. The behavioural disorder is the ground for the speech disorder, since autistic children always tend to avoid any activity that causes them to exert any efforts, including the pronunciation of some difficult sounds. Thus, they tend to substitute them with other, lighter and easier sounds in terms of voice, strength, length, friction, etc.
It is a field study conducted in some autism centres in Basra. The study comes up with some conclusions as well as a description of those phenomena that endanger the society, especially in the age of mass communication, which is itself one of causes behind the spread of autism.

Prepositions express certain relations between two parts of a sentence. The phrase following the preposition is called its complement. In English, morphologically two kinds of prepositions are distinguishing; simple and complex. A simple prepositions consist of one word: in , on , after, before. Complex prepositions consist of one more than one word; a part from, instead of , in view of , in case of. The research paper aims at pointing out the similarities and differences in both languages standard English and colloquial Arabic spoken in lower Zab villages. Both languages will be contrasted so as to stand upon the main similarities and differences. A worthnote point to be mentioned; not to fear of colloquial dialects and accents since the standard Arabic is still existed and used in different situations. Data is collected of informants from the area; they are typical Arabic speakers. In conclusion: contrasting both language will reveal similarities and differences of preposition in position whether they are postponed or fixed. Conclusions, will be obtained from data analysis.

The search for the self represents a serious concern for the pr-Islamic Arabic man. Due to living under organized collective principles and traditions that are domain and unarguable, and which refuse any role of the (I) except under the frame of (we), it pushed poets to seek their being and identity.
For this reason, this paper tries to find out the role of the Ego and its influence through viewing and examining some selected texts of ancient Arabic poetry, besides giving an attention to the language used as it represents the poet's tool and means to express his aims and wishes. The researcher has chosen the 'place' for being an important feature of the manifestation of identity, and its crystallization in the ancient poetic text as man always longs for a place that he plants his roots in, and through which he finds his identity since the connection between man and ‘place' is considered deep and inevitable.

Mohammad Eid Al Khalifa is a prominent Algerian poet whose passionate poetry tackled a wide range of issues; political, social and religious. The poet’s social, political and religious environments affected his poetic production. He addressed both religious issues together with Sufism and political reform as well as liberation. The political aspect was a main aspect of his poetry, which is why it is made into the subject of this study. The study is a descriptive analytical one. Having referred to his collected works, we moved to register his political ideas, which were divided into internal, external, national and religious policies.

The cultural context is one of the important factors that play a crucial role in interpreting the Quranic text; it is characterized by its continuity and stability, depending on the interpreter’s accumulated value system, beliefs, assumptions, customs and traditions as well as his religious school at the time of revealing the Quranic text. As some texts can hardly be understood, the interpreter needs to take into account the Arabic customs and traditions at the time of revealing God’s speech on the one hand, and relaying on his religious school on the other. As such, one can readily observe a variety of interpretations due to the different religious approaches adopted by interpreters. This study thus confines itself to pinpoint the influence of al-Bīdāwī’s religious and cultural background on his understanding the Quranic text.

Alienation is a concept that occupies a privileged place in literary research since the poet is an aliented peronality. In the case of Bashar Bin Burd, he suffered from spatial and temporal alienation, which led to an artistic alienation. His blindness led to his alienation from any physical awareness of space. Besides, the change of the times from Umavids to Abasaids also caused him alienation from the time he was living in. this led to his artistic alienation, which was reflected in his crafting of new artistic forms, which is why he is considered as the father figure of new artistic forms.

This research carries a title (study and investigation of the poetry of Abul-Shibal al- Barjami). lt has become clear to us that the sources differed in his name. Some called him Asim Ibn Wahab or Esmah Ibn Wahab or Isam Ibn Wahab, but Safadi said that his name was Ibn Wahab. Assem Bin Wahab (Abu Al-Shabl Al-Barghami ).
Also, during the collection of his poetry, I found out that the number of poems and pieces that I collected contain a lot of gaps, because of the stigma of historians to record his biography and he has been forgotten due to his promiscuity.
I hope that I have succeeded in my studies, or given this poet some of his right when I collected his poemss scattered in eastern and western sources.

Adopting and deepening Islamic values, principles and concepts, and shaping the life and reality of the individual in poetry, is a process of awakening thought, awakening feelings and improving behavior in the personality of the Muslim man in all its cognitive, ideological and emotional aspects. The comprehensive religious awareness of the aspects of the Muslim personality on the cognitive, ideological and emotional levels implies a positive and changing role In the social consciousness, the fact that the ideological side seeks to formulate the social reality and control on the foundations and values are specific and ideologically determined in the faith formation of people and society.
Hence, social awareness in poetry has gained its strength in deepening and establishing ethical principles and adherence to the behavioral, psychological and social controls in the first Islamic society of the bond of faith and strength, and the clarity of the pattern of ties and depth among its children.

This study focused on the economic and social transformations in Gazaer Al Basrah between 1546 and 1633. Traditionally, the region was governed by the prevailing tribal system. At that time, these forces operated according to the traditional social and economic patterns emanating from the communitarian system in which there is no private land or fishing marshes. These forces did not respond to the feudalism that the Ottomans wanted to impose in a premeditated manner. This situation led to a conflict over different issues such as land ownership and taxation. This study used the historical approach that provided a systematic approach and an indispensable tool to understand and analyze the political, economic, social and other factors that interact in this region as an inseparable unit. The research included three parts and a conclusion. The first part dealt with the social formations in the islands of Basrah. Four social components were identified: Al-Alian, the farmers, the clergy, and the Mandaeans. The second part dealt with the effects of the Ottoman occupation in the transformations of the Basrah Islands from 1546 to 1596, while the last part focused on Al-Frazayeb and their role in the transformations in the islands of Nazareth, 1596-1933.
The most important outcome of research is the delay the process of transition from the communitarian system to the feudal system. The transformation is a natural historical development gradually. The most important outcome of research is the delay the process of transition from the communism system to the feudal system. The transformation is a natural historical development gradually.

The phenomenon of encroachment on Islam, and insulting the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him appeared in the third century AH / ninth century AD, specifically in AH 235 AH / 849 AH, in the last years of the reign of Prince Abdul Rahman II (206-238 / 821-852 m). It was carried out by some of the The religious clerics, especially those fanatics who organized themselves in a religious movement called the movement of martyrdom or suicide. It took Chriastianity as a cover, but it seems to have had political and national dimensions to the issue of Islamic presence in the Iberian Peninsula. Christians under the Islamic governments in Andalusia had enjoyed freedom of speech and of religion. The Christian clergy have exploited the Islamic state of tolerance they enjoyed. They have been harassing Islam and insulting the Holy Prophet (PBUH) publicly and in front of people and in the places of worship.