ADAB AL-BASRAH

This paper discusses the role of Identity in news construction in old Arabic narration, and how this role is reflected in Al-Tanookhi’s books. It deals with how the author manipulated the narration by choosing, classifying and directing his news under the influence of his Identity, for the latter plays an active role in shaping the individual’s thoughts and behavior, as well as his/her view to the past, present and future. It also specifies the groups to which he/she belongs and it also specifies the ‘Other’ and the way to deal with it.
The paper addresses this issue in Al- Tanookhi’s Nishwar Al- Muhadherah wa Akhbaar Al- Muthakera. His ‘news’ are dominated by his Identity, for he was a fierce defender of his multiple affiliations, often unjustly rejecting the Other, while only rarely accepting it. Al-Tanookhi is thus following in a tradition of writers, a tradition that was reproduced with only minimal differences. Al-Tanookhi represents a sample case for how Identity forms news, with the results of this study being applicable to other writers as well.

This paper reports the results of an acoustic study to the correlation between vowel production and vowel perception as performed by adult Iraqi learners (AILs) of English. The subjects representing the sample group of this work are 24 ( 12 males and 12 females) first- year Iraqi students who pursue their B.A. degree in English language and literature at the Department of English, College of Arts, University of Basra (Academic Year 2011-2012). They live in the city centre of Basra and the nearby districts. They are chosen randomly to represent the population of the study with no speaking and hearing defects. They perform a production and a perception tests where a list of 20English tokens is used. For the production experiment, a list of 5 dummy words (randomly chosen to decrease the subjects' tension and hesitation) as well as 20 monosyllabic and disyllabic words containing B.B.C. English pure vowels are randomly arranged to test the subjects' production performance . A perception-based test is designed to examine the participants' perceptibility of the vowels they have already produced. The perception stimuli are recorded on a computer model Toshiba NB505 with a CPU speed (1.7) GHZ, RAM (1.00) GB, and hard disk (222) GB.
The recorded material is encoded into a computerized software input (PRAAT) ( version 4.0). This software allows recording speech materials at a speech rate ( 16000 HZ) to create wide-band spectrograms accompanied by waveform graphs required for acoustic measurements. The acoustic data are subjected to t-test analysis where two levels of significance are deployed, p-value equals or less than 0.01(for considerable significance), and p-value equals or less than 0.05 ( when the difference is only significant). Mean values and standard deviations for the responses of the vowels groups are also calculated.
The main findings of this work are the following:
1- Statistical results clearly reveal that there is irregular connection between short/long vowel
production and perception.
2- Learners' performance reflects a higher level of vowel production as compared to their perceptive ability.
3- Generally, there is a negative correlation between vowel production and vowel perception. The
p-value scored is 0.2 which is more than 0.05 level of significance deployed in the statistical test.
4- Statistically, gender variable proves insignificant in the production of short and long vowels.
However; it scores a significant value in the perception of short vowels only.

The research includes a preface and five chapters which constitute the title of the research ‘Properties of Semantic Development in the Holy Quran’. The preface defines the term‘development’ and clarifies the most correct statement which is ‘change’. It also clarifies the close terms such as ‘linguistic development’ and ‘semantic development’ in its two divisions: general and special. The distinction between a semantic development and Islamic semantic development is made clear in the preface. The first section sets up the first feature of the development which is the impact of Quranic development on preserving the vitality in contrast to other languages that had lost their vitality due to obsolescence and frequent use. The second section explains the impact of Quranic context in finding semantic change so it plays a big role in finding two types of change: first, a temporary change which is the change of situational use, and second, a permanent change or what’s called ‘semantic development’. However, the third section demonstrates another property in the Quranic semantic development which is the more developed vocalizations which were mentioned in the Quran,and they are in two cases: after and before development. The fourth section shows the factors which lead to the semantic development in the Holy Quran, that are different from the causes of a general semantic development. The Holy Quran has its own property which comes from its highest aims in finding a new system of a human society. One of its own properties is the special vocalizations which evolved from lexical ones which were used by Arabs. The fifth section exposes the important phenomena of Quranic semantic development. It is concluded that allocation or semantic restriction which occupies the largest area in the Quranic development. Finally, the research ended with a conclusion of the important results which have been reached by the researcher.
 

The text, through the use of' Deixis', can be linked directly to the surroundings such as the people, topic, time, and so on. Person deixis, which is one of the deixis types, concerns the role of participants in the speech event. For the purpose of the study, three of Edgar AllanPoe's short stories have been selected; 'The Black Cat'(1), 'Eleonora' (2), and 'The Purloined Letter'(3) .The current paper mainly carries out a descriptive analysis of person deixis as subjects in Poe's 'The Black Cat'. The other two short stories are used as corpus for comparison.

After WWII, two great powers emerged as the two world axes: the United States and the Soviet Union. Each has attempted to score some victories over the other using all the available means that suited the status qua, means which would deter an opponent and make him back down on political positions or strategy to their own advantage. The arms race was the most serious strategy. The unprecedented development in weapons of mass destruction industry has directly influenced the working strategy, especially with the development of nuclear weapons in such a way that threatened the existence of the whole world, let alone the two rivaling powers.
Thus, war was replaced by the ‘Cold War’ which pushed these powers to develop and consolidate their defensive systems as well as their capabilities of making nuclear and missile systems in order to exhaust and even destroy their enemy or to marginalize their respective abilities. As the normal war became virtually impossible with the development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles, the two powers resorted to a fiercely competitive arms race. This paper addresses this arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, uncovering the characteristic features of this period which shaped the abilities of both powers as well as their political status by the end of the Cold War.

After WWII, two great powers emerged as the two world axes: the United States and the Soviet Union. Each has attempted to score some victories over the other using all the available means that suited the status qua, means which would deter an opponent and make him back down on political positions or strategy to their own advantage. The arms race was the most serious strategy. The unprecedented development in weapons of mass destruction industry has directly influenced the working strategy, especially with the development of nuclear weapons in such a way that threatened the existence of the whole world, let alone the two rivaling powers.
Thus, war was replaced by the ‘Cold War’ which pushed these powers to develop and consolidate their defensive systems as well as their capabilities of making nuclear and missile systems in order to exhaust and even destroy their enemy or to marginalize their respective abilities. As the normal war became virtually impossible with the development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles, the two powers resorted to a fiercely competitive arms race. This paper addresses this arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, uncovering the characteristic features of this period which shaped the abilities of both powers as well as their political status by the end of the Cold War.

It would not be easy to pinpoint the exact interests of the colonial powers that colonized parts of East Asia, since each power has its own strategy and interests for which it has occupied these countries. So, in this paper, we will shed light on Vietnam, attempting to uncover the aims and conditions of its occupation after World War II. We also will try to understand the political strategies and the change in attitudes of these forces towards each other, especially the United States and France.
The paper builds on English and French documents as well as Arabic and English encyclopedias which reflect the international positions towards Vietnam.

This paper argues that the annual and monthly discharge varies in the Tigris lower basin at downstream of Kut dam , Amarah , QalatSalih and Basra, as it reached 520 , 121 , and 36 m3/s respectively during the wet years period and it decreased to 414 , 111 , 38 and 35 m3 /s respectively during the normal years period. In the dry years, it decreased to 236, 55, 20 and 17 m3/s respectively. Seasonal discharge was also characterized by variation. For instance, during the flood period, its percentage was 72% whereas it is reduced to 28% during the dry period. In addition to that, monthly discharge varied: whereas the peak was during April and May when it was 754, 749, 135, 139, 44, 45, 41 and 42 m3/s respectively, the monthly discharge reached 425, 435, 134, 150, 49, 51, 48 and 43 m3/s, respectively, at the stations during the normal years.
Discharge dropped to its lowest level in August. It was 367, 91, 39 and 36 m3/s respectively in the wet period, and 334, 76, 26 and 23 m3/s respectively during the normal years and 228, 51, 17 and 14 m3/s respectively in the dry years’ period.
Thus, the flux should be controlled in order to comply with the requirements of development; this can be carried out by building suggested dams, especially Bakhma on the greater zab and fatha on Tigris north Tikrit.

This paper aims to determine the minimum amount of discharge required to maintain environmental sustainability in Shat Al-arab stream and to maintain Brackish water for the human water requirements. The study depends on the data of the water discharge and the amount of salinity in the river’s water for the periods 1994-1995 and 2010-2011.
The river’s hydrological situation has changed during 2009- 2013. The tributaries feeding it with fresh water have been closed, with the exception of the Tigris river, and the discharge decreased from 724 m3/s during 1994-1995 to 44 m3/s during 2010-2011, while the water salinity at Basra station increased from 0.99 to 1.77 g/l for the two years respectively, and increased from 1.84 to 19.98 g/l at Faw station.
This study shows three scenarios: that difficulty of return all the river tributaries, and difficulty to maintain the total environment on the Shatt Al- Arab stream to the Arabian Gulf, because of the huge discharge required, which is about 200 m3/s, and the difficulty of returning the water quality to fresh water. Therefore in the present time we can maintain Brackish water for agricultural and domestic uses by the area extending to Siba station. The proposed discharge amount, which would secure a reasonable amount of drinking water to the city, is about 50 m3/s, and it should be increased to 70 m3/s. in the flow times which extend for 6 days in the lunar month; besides, we should reconsider the work of Ketiban channel or instead to reimburse the amount of water it takes to the river, which is about 30 m3/s.

CD Technology applications have been used by libraries and information centres in general and to university libraries in particular. This Technology is aimed to offer the best services in terms of saving time and efforts and bringing costsdown. Consequently, the CD technology has brought about many improvements to the information services in the Central Library of the University of Basra.

The present study aims to stablish a scale of Moral Intelligence for secondary-school teachers. The sample of the study consists of (520) secondary-school teachers of both genders in Basra. The scale has been established and applied to this sample. Having statistically processed the data, the study concludes that secondary-school teachers in Basra enjoy Moral Intelligence and that there are no difference in this regard according to the variable of specialization and gender.