ADAB AL-BASRAH

This paper is to assess critically a number of translations of a short Qur’anic Surah (Chapter) to see if accurate translation of such a great religious work is possible. Along the past few years, translators have been trying to give the best and accurate translation of the verses of the Holy Qur’an. It is also very difficult for the ordinary reader to discover the mistakes committed intentionally or unintentionally by the translators. This can only be discovered by comparing a number of translations.

Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the direct word of Allah to mankind and hence must be strictly followed. Any translation thereof no longer retains that official and perfect status. The Qur’an, in its natural language (Arabic) is considered as a miraculous masterpiece for its language, its beauty and eloquence of its style. Translation of the Qur’an into another language is difficult due to the characteristic linguistic and rhetorical devices of Classical Arabic
To show the variations of the translations of the Qur’an, we are going to compare twelve translations of Surat An-Nas. These translations are arranged chronologically as from the 20th century to the 18th century to see if some translators have depended on early translations. This large number of translations of one and the same holy book reflects the fact that so many differences among them can be traced.

The sentence is generally considered the upper limit of linguistic investigation. Several linguists have approached the problem of linguistic structure beyond the sentence. In the late fifties, studies of structure of whole texts began to appear as an awareness of grammatical relations obtained across sentence boundaries and increasing interest in discourse structure in general as well. Those linguists using the functional model, which is adopted in this study, to recognize the requirement for the linguistic analysis to be applicable to whole texts. As a result they made insightful contribution to the field of discourse analysis.

Hence, there is a confusing tendency for translation theorists to regard the whole text, the basis of discourse analysis, as the unit of translation. Free translation has always favored the sentence; literal translation the word. Now, free translation has moved from the sentence to the whole text.

Trosborg (2000:217) argues that the argument has been revived in the recent years by those who maintain that the only true unit of translation is the whole text. This view had been supported in discourse analysis which examines a text as a whole in its relations and cohesion at all levels higher than the sentence. The present study explores the connections that might usefully be made between discourse analysis and translation, and how can discourse analysis help the translator? It falls into four sections:
Section one is an introduction which refers to some related definitions of the basic terms.
Section two sheds the light on the discourse analysis studies .
Section three discusses the concept and the significance of text as the basis of discourse analysis and translation.
Section four is a concluding chapter of this study with some suggestions that may be helpful in solving the students' problems in the perspective of seeing the text as a whole.

The climate of Iraq has been changes which is considers as disaster for the country which is most of climate considered dry or semidry. Most of his lands get 200 min rain yearly as well as, Thi-Qar province exposed for many ecological changing because Marshes drying and reducing agriculturing lands areas and increased in numbers of enter prices which cause increased in pollution concentrative in air which causes big expected changes in the climate properties of province. So we try to study the properties and directions of (temperature, relative humidity, suspended dust ) through twenty century and estimated the changes and its future directions until 2015.