ADAB AL-BASRAH

The main purpose for argumentation was to influence the hearer. Aristotle fought against the Sophists’ argumentation schemes which were used to deceive the people. And he lent the door open for the systematic study of rhetoric and argumentation fallacies, and showed that the ultimate aim for argumentation is to influence rather than to deceive. Argumentation in the Arabic tradition emerged in the pre-Islamic poetry and orations. The Holy Quran fostered this tendency. Arabs were keenly interested in argumentation, so much so that rarely did it disappear from their writings.

This paper explores the underlying adaptation transformations that apply to English loanwords into Iraqi Arabic. Iraqi Arabic dealt with in this study refers to the variety of Arabic spoken in the city centre of Basra and nearby districts (henceforth IA). It is the mother tongue of the researcher. The building block of this work is (150) English loanwords representing both integrated and on-line loans. These transformations are subjected to phonological rules to allocate the context and patterns of adaptation and the resultant output. The rating of the adaptation strategies shows that multi-adaptation scores the highest rating (56.66%), while consonant substitution and pronouncing silent /r/ occupies the lowest rank (3.33% each). It is concluded that the main motive behind adaptation is a psycholinguistic motive where all the adapted forms are in full agreement with IA phonology. No default patterns result from these transformations. This evidence falls within the framework of constraint-based phonology (output- oriented framework), in which the transformations in loanwords are driven by constraints that are already part of the grammar of the borrowing language. Almost both integrated and on-line loans reveal the same patterns of adaptation. The prominent phonological rules that operate in these transformations are: vocalic lengthening, vocalic quality alteration, consonant substitution, vowel insertion, modification of syllabic phonotactics, and a combination of these rules.

This study examines the syntactic meaning of Qur'anic words in Al Azhari’s Tahtheeb. This meaning is regarded as one of the mechanisms in Qur'anic words interpretations. The study has also emphasized how Al Azhari displayed such kind of meaning.
Some crucial morphological issues are examined in this study: infinitive meaning, noun infinitive, reasons behind infinitive variety or meaning of derivations and reflections, and the meaning of masculine and feminine. The study has come out with the following:
1. Al Azhari has manipulated the morphological mechanism to make the Qur'anic words understandable. He has never categorized these morphological issues separately; rather, he has used them everywhere in his lexicology.
2. The study has clarified the difference between infinitive and noun infinitive and how the latter may take the place of the former in many occasions. Infinitives might replace the verb or a substitute for the noun subject. Infinitives remain the same and do not change in singular, plural, masculine, and/or feminine.
3. There are various meanings for the syntactic derivations which may replace each other for rhetorical purposes.
Feminine forms might be marked or unmarked, and the prominent mark for the feminine is the letter (ت).

Sea water, throughout the ages, exerts a profound influence on English literature in general and the novel in particular being a fertile source wherefrom novelists can borrow images and symbols. Such is the case, water imagery and its derivative, be it what it may be, are exploited by James Joyce as a means whereby he combines the modernist focus on the city with a universal perspective including the sea making out of the sea a meditative gate for the realization of the world. This paper explores the centrality of the sea water, whatever their symbolic value may be, to Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The sea, throughout of the novel, ties some bi-movements as death-life, constraint-freedom, finite-infinite circles.

When the Arabs became Muslims, the holy quran and its preservation became their center of concern. They concentrated on its memorizing and study. So they initiated the linguistic studies to preserve the language from changes and substitutions. After the expansion of the Islamic State and the entry of non-Arabs in the religion of Islam, the preservation of phonetics from change became an integral part of linguistic studies. The Arabian phonetic scientists described the Arabian sounds in a precise way that approached the level of modern laboratories. That was a reason for preservation of the Arabic language –which is the language of holy Quran- over the past fourteen centuries. In this study we tried to focus on the sound articulations described by senior Arab scientists in their various fields -as the concern about phonetics was not limited to linguistics, but it also involved reciting scientists and physicians- and the evolution of their description for the sound articulations. This study confirms the authenticity of this science in Arabs, and describes how they invented the phonetic study, which abolish what was said about this science being taken from their antecedent nations.

This study tries to focus on the use of colour imagery in the poetry of Saady Yousif as it is an important factor in his poetry. His works seem to be a natural product of a collection of technical achievements, and through these collections his poetry is formed. Consequently, the poet seems to be a maker more than a creative artist. This is achieved through the juxtaposition of the visual and formal patterns in the verbal structure, whereby the visual pattern will be producing meanings in his poetry.
His use of colour is highly artistic and in no way was it a secondary issue in his poetry. It is an important clue to his poetry to which the critic should be sensitive, in order to uncover the semantic and ideological overtones in his text. This paper aims to address that symbolic dimension in Yousif’s poetry.

The Holy Quran has always been the ideal constitution from which Muslims receive the teachings of their religion. It is their spiritual food, which proved indispensable for learning the spiritual and mundane lessons. Reciting and memorizing the Quranic verses are among the most significant worships in Islam. For it is through the Quran that the individual listens to the speech of his creator, whereby the Divine light will be manifested with greatness and grandeur. It influences the soul, the body and the heart, and its importance stems from its impact on the behaviour and ethics of individuals, cultivating virtues and warding off vices, bringing up the young morally, and providing the useful experience. This way it becomes an important factor in the development and advancement of the nation.

This study deals with the situation of education in Iran for the period between 1963 - 1979 AD and the development of this vital and important sector in the country, as well as the nature of the measures taken by the Government in this regard. It spans the period from the White Revolution in 1963 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The period witnessed the outburst of the Arab-Israeli war, from which iran has particularly benefited due to the rise in oil prices.
This made `Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his cabinet consider a five-year development plan for the period between (1973-1978), which is considered the best education budget allocated to education if compared with the previous budgets.
Among developmental projects by the Iranian government is to build new schools and repair old ones, especially primary and secondary schools. It also aimed to establish new universities and technical institutes in line with scientific development and the expansion of the population. It also targeted the development of teaching staff by creating a college for teachers to prepare scientific cadres, whom the country needed desperately, particularly after a literacy campaign in the villages and rural areas.
Among the most important procedures taken by Iranian government is improving the circumstances of teachers and university professors, recognizing the importance of scientific talent in the country's advancement. It also sent out several scientific scholarships, as well as sending Iranian students to study in Europe and the United States in order to obtain prestigious academic degrees from those countries. They could also benefit from their experiences in the development of the country, as well as increasing cultural and scientific exchanges between Iranian universities and universities in those countries.

This paper attempts to elucidate the nature of France’s foreign relations during the French fifth republic with Europe in general and with the USA and Britain in particular. This is considered an important era in the modern history of France established by Charles De Gaulle 1958-1969. In addition, the aim of the paper is to explore the role of the European strategy and colonial interests in guiding the foreign relations among the European Countries.
The paper uses published American documents, theses, diaries, as well as French and other books which reflect the European viewpoint regarding the foreign relations of the countries in question, in addition to books and researches, varying in subject matter and importance, which are documented in the research endnotes.

The phenomenon of polygamy is a social phenomenon addressed by researchers at the differences and diversity jurisdiction. Geographers were not immune to this phenomenon because of its importance and implications as well as political and demographic effects ,
A group of Jewish women allowed polygamy , and supported the idea of many of the clergy of the Jews , because polygamy is considered a crime punished by law despite the fact that the Torah does not incriminate it.

The research problem was expressed by the question : What are the factors that led to the emergence of the idea of polygamy in the Israeli society , which has rejected the idea for decades? What are the effects, if any, to place the application on the ground? Although geographical studies have dealt with a lot of internal and external political problems, concerning different countries of the world and raised by regional and international organizations, yet the problems of internal demographics and their consequent political repercussions have not received adequate attention by geographers. Libraries of geography remained in lack of topics of social issues with political consequences. This has prompted the researchers to study the issue in spite of the current lack of data and the scarcity of statistics on the subject, as well as the impossibility of field work for well-known reasons.

The research aims to shed light on the idea of polygamy in the Israeli society, and to analyse the of the ingredients of this human phenomenon . The research is relying on the geo-political analytical approach in the study of many of the developments and changes associated with polygamy and their possible impact on the political and social aspects as well as the analysis of the elements of geographical , natural and human , aspects and their impact on the political aspects.

The research is divided into several topics the first deals with the idea of polygamy in terms of the concept and the location in the world's major religions. The second topic has been the study of the demographic aspects of the Israeli society and its policy of reproductive and demographic data, compared to neighboring Arab countries. The third topic deals with the aspects of development that have a direct impact on the practice of polygamy. The final part has been allocated to potential aspects of the phenomenon under study as well as prospects for the future.

There are calls to legalize polygamy in the Israeli society in order to reduce the high rate of spinsterhood, and polygamy is considered the perfect solution for many of the social problems , including the problem of demographic conflict with the Arabs .

As it turns out that polygamy would contribute to increasing the levels of fertility in Israel, which suffers from low levels compared to those of the Arab neighboring countries. It is shown that there are differences in terms of fertility in the Israeli society depending on the type of immigrants and ethnic origins. There are high levels of fertility for Ethiopian migrants compared to European and Russian migrants; and these differences are dictated by different cultural conditions for migrants.

This study investigates the effect of some chemical characteristics of soil in Qurna district on the agricultural production and the extent to which these characteristics are affected by the human and physical factors by determining some characteristics of soil. The human factor (bad administration of soil) and the Physical factors (represented by differences in surface slops, types of soil, climatic factors as well as water resources) affect the chemical characteristics of soil in the district. The study indicates the existence of spatial differences in soil characteristics and a due effect on agricultural production in Qurna by collecting and analyzing (16) samples of soil: (8) samples from planted areas (during the Summer and Winter seasons) in the northern and southern parts of the district, and (8) samples from non-planted areas in the same parts. The analyses revealed a variation in the concentration of chemical elements in the two parts as well as a variation in the concentration of chemical elements between planted and non-planted soils within the same part. The concentration of (EC) increases, while the organic content decreases when we move from north to south.
After determining the chemical characteristics of soil in the areas, the study investigates the effect of these characteristics upon agricultural production for the period between 2007- 2013, and the geographical distribution of crops. It is proved that the soil characteristics in the northern part has an evident effect on the spreading of extensive agriculture (Cultivation of grain) while agriculture in the southern part is limited to the horticultural crops and vegetables.

This study aims to assess the service provided in the Children Sections of the public libraries in the city of Basra. It also aims to shed light on the situation and availability of these sections, the kind and quality of the service they provide for children. It also investigates whether they are suitable for the intellectual level of children and the quality of Children books available. Moreover, it looks into the furniture and the qualifications of the available staff in their work with children.