ADAB AL-BASRAH

This research deals with the use of vowels and its effect on phonetic harmony in the speeches of the Arabs and their precepts in the pre-lslamic era. We studied the three vowels (Aleph, Alawah and Ya), and concluded that the use of these vowels enabled the Arabs to create phonetic harmony and to lesson the heravy sounds and make them well received by the ear.

Friedrich Schleiermacher’s 1813 essay On the Different Methods of Translating is repeatedly reread by many translation scholars. In that essay, Schleiermacher introduces his translation theory and his methods of moving the author towards the reader or moving the TT reader towards the author. Schleiermacher is credited as the founder of this translation method though he is not the first one to discuss it; he presents it with ample elaboration, and his essay is seen as one of the longest letters written at that time. The purpose of this paper is to analysing On the Different Methods of Translating, showing how Schleiermacher approached his theory, how that theory affects modern translation theory, the criteria he introduces to follow his preferred method, his hermeneutical view of translation, and how some of Schleiermacher’s ideas are bent to suit certain modern contexts. Other conclusions bring to light unrevealed ideas of Schleiermacher such as his instructions to translators to handle the difficulties in certain text types, and his clarification of the two types of comprehension which translators have to choose to render.

Ibn Fadlan\'s treatise is regarded as one of the most famous Arab travel books which is written in the beginning of the fourth century AH, because it dealt with the reaslity of the author’s life, including people, cities, different ways of living, different social relations and methods of government. In this paper we will try to address some customs and traditions in marriage, death, food, drink and clothing, as well as the majesty of the Sultan and his ceremonies, of people and tribes that the Arabs and the world knew nothing about. We ask God to help us in this effort, and that the readers receive it with the acceptance, and forgive us the shortcomings and God behind the intent.

The poet Khalid Al-Faraj is one of the most important poets in contemporary Kuwaiti poetry. He is the most prominent poet calling for renewal , driving it out of the abhorrent circle of imitation of old Arabic poetry through renewal in his vocabulary to fit the era in which we live, far from addressing homes, the madrigal introduction and mentioning the forgotten portrayals. Though his interest in ancient traditional themes he dealt with social and humanitarian problems which concerns Kuwait and the Arab world . He also dealt with the problem of water, education and the liberation of Palestine in an artful manner that serves both the Kuwaiti and Arab poems.

The novel by El-Bisher is frought with images which depicted aspects of the milestones of the modern renaissance in the Saudi society within 1960s and 1970s in order to represent on the beginnings of the cultural and social transformations which followed different paths of developments. It touched on details of the social life .
The novel depicted the reality in a poetic language and revealed that there is a promising literary talent in the area which does not pay much attention to the feminine element and which addresses the problems of society especially the emotional ones . This novel presented a real vision that was and still has its own conditions . It has, also, shown the change action by highlighting `bad or evil ` to be a lesson and studied that might be overridden in order to build a society on right bases which depend on changing peoples’opinions towards women and traditions .

Similar to the controversial issues in Arabic grammar which have been fueled by the spirit of competition among scholars to explain the grammatical phenomena, it is also found that rhetoricians have addressed these issues except that they did not take much attention and interest. This is because rhetoric did not deal with exactly what grammar has dealt with, such as the position of the word which appeared to be more consistent in the Arabic sentence. Besides, grammarians adopted the factor theory which attempted to give an acceptable explanation, to some extent, of the locational system of the sentence. Rhetoric, on the other hand, focused on meaning which was so hard to set or fix especially in the Quranic text being open to multiple readings. If we consider rhetoric as a brooder or a carrier of the Quranic text, we can feel the serious problem of the rhetorical controversies. Our task here is to investigate the most significant phenomena which have been dealt with during the eras of rhetorical composition, and then to categorize them according to groups to collect the subjective motives of the issues. This paper is intended to be an introduction to a later academic work that deals with all aspects of the topic, when time is right, because it is one of the most important rhetorical subjects which has been overlooked on behalf of other subjects.

This research is a step in studying the contemporary Islamic poetry, analyze and evaluate it, on the levels of its artistic features represented by the semantic diversity, as well as the effect of the holy Qur'an on the poets words selection and their uses of connotations that are mentioned in the holy Qur'an . We also found symbolism in its different types and kinds: linguistic, religious, historical, natural, spatial and Sufi (mystic).
The contemporary Islamic poets were unique in establishing the rhythmic structure for their poems that are characterized by their suggestive language and with run-on rhyms according to Islamic vision within the text semantic area. The Islamic poet referred to other different elements that support the musical aspect to express his feelings and emotions such as repetition, antithesis, alliteration and so on. Most the contemporary Islamic poets had followed the meters in their traditional and blank forms.This research is concluded with a brief discussion of the Islamic epics art in the modern age, referring to some of the critics opinions.

Some scholars deny the existence of Arabic literary criticism in the early periods. This might be true in terms of theories, methods and approaches. In this paper we try to trace aspects of literary criticism in the early periods of Islamic literature.

The main focus of this study is the political and cultural situations during the reign of Prince Al-Monthir Bin Muhammad (273-275H./886-888A.D), whose era represents an important station in the history of the Umayyad Emirate in Al-Andalus. His short reign almost dwarfs the general characteristics of the country at that time. In this era, the country experienced a political and geographical fragmentation: by rebel movements in Toledo, the Upper March, the West and the South of Al-Andalus; with encouragement and support of Christian Kingdoms. Despite the qualities of power, strength and firmness of Al-Monthir, his short reign did not enable him to achieve remarkable achievements in pushing these dangers away, so most of his efforts went in vain, then he paid his life as a price. Some believe that if his regime lasted long enough, he would have been able to create a big change in the features of the political map in Al-Andalus. Troubled political conditions did not prevent the emergence of many of his cultural exploits, especially with regards to his ministers, governors, judges and the religious architecture, literature and poetry during his reign.

From the beginning of philosophical enquiry, philosophers have been preoccupied with the study of the Self. Philosophers adopted different conceptions of the Self, starting with the Greek philosophers (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) and the theological conceptions (The Bible and the Holy Quran), to the medieval and modern times with (Thomas Acquinas, Descartes, Kant and Hobbes) as well as the Islamic philosophers like Avecene, Ghazali and Badwi. In this paper we survey these different treatments of the issue in order to shed light on how philosophers looked at the Self in the different ages.