Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal

Tea residue is used for preparing activated carbon (AC) which is used as an adsorbent to remove Ciprofloxacin (CIP) from synthetic contaminated water. This study investigates the physicochemical properties and adsorption efficiency of the prepared activated carbon. The activated carbon was prepared via two steps: Activation step using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) followed by carbonization at a temperature of 450 °C. Different factors were investigated to show their effects on the adsorption efficiency of (CIP). These factors were initial concentration of (CIP), pH, Absorption time, and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption efficiency was 94.4% which was obtained when pH=8.75, contact time =454 min, adsorbent dosage =0.194 g/ 25 ml, and initial concentration of 200 ppm. The prepared activated carbon was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The prepared activated carbon was found to have a specific surface area of 774 m2/g. It was found that the Langmuir model well fit the adsorption isotherm of (CIP) on the prepared activated carbon. The produced activated carbon can adsorb Ciprofloxacin, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 256.41 mg g-1. A pseudo-second-order reaction model is effective at describing the kinetics of adsorption. The examination of adsorption thermodynamics reveals that the process of CIP adsorption on TAC is characterized by being both endothermic and spontaneous.

Raw water must meet specific physical, chemical, and biological requirements to be suitable for drinking. There are various techniques available for treating wastewater, and aside from conventional methods that involve chemicals, electrocoagulation is an efficient and advanced approach. Electrocoagulation has proven effective in treating many pollutants, including bacteria, viruses, iron, fluoride, sulfate, boron, hardness, and turbidity. Total suspended solids, organic and inorganic materials, chemical oxygen demand COD, biochemical oxygen demand BOD, and color. It finds extensive application in treating different types of water and wastewater due to its exceptional ability to remove diverse contaminants. Recently, electrocoagulation has garnered significant attention due to its remarkable efficiency in treating various pollutants. This article provides a thorough analysis of contemporary literature that is committed to using electrocoagulation in a variety of water treatment methods, with a focus on the different variables affecting the process performance, such as electrical current, electrode type, electrode configuration, initial pH, electrode distance, NaCl concentration, initial concentration of pollutants, operating temperature and electrolysis time.

Foot and ankle movements are essential in various activities like walking, running, and balance, where the mechanics of these movements are affected by the muscles around the ankle joint [1,2]. In this study, the correlations between isometric ankle torque and muscle activity of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) in the course of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion was investigated. Eight healthy participants were enrolled for the study, where the ankle torque and surface Electromyography (sEMG) of the main flexors were measured and analyzed. The results showed that ankle torque is higher in plantarflexion than dorsiflexion. In addition, the TA has greater muscle activity during dorsiflexion, while the GAS presents higher activity through plantarflexion. Additional investigation using power spectrum density analysis of the recorded sEMG was conducted and it shows the influence of fast twitching muscles on the isometric ankle torque. The outcomes of this work have the potential for developing and assessing new rehabilitation strategies.

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the material of choice for denture bases due to its ease of production and repairability, biocompatibility, and exceptional aesthetic appeal. However, the shortcomings of polymer materials, like inadequate mechanical and physical properties. The goal of recent study was to assess transverse strength and wettability of PMMA when mixing with zirconia and polymerized PMMA particles [ZP] as fillers with a different percentage. Sixty PMMA samples were split into three groups based on the percentage by weight of ZP filler added to each: group C: Control group, 20 samples without ZP filler (0%wt.ZP); group A: 20 samples with 2%wt. ZP; and group B: 20 samples with 4%wt. ZP. Flexural strength and wettability tests were used to evaluate all samples. ZP powder had prepared and blended by weight with PMMA powder in two distinct amounts, 2% and 4% [1.2µm and 30%ZrO, 0.69µm and 70% p-PMMA had selected according to pilot study]. To polymerize the specimens, the usual heat-curing procedure was used using a water bath, for both transvers flexural strength and wettability tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyse data, and the results were considered statistically significant when the P-value was less than 0.05. The results showed that adding 2% ZP powder to PMMA significantly increased transverse strength, whereas adding 4% ZP powder significantly decreased transverse strength. The wettability improved dramatically between the 2% and 4% concentrations. The mixture of zirconia and polymerized PMMA particles utilized as dental filler at 2% and 4% wt increased wettability with increasing concentration, while increasing transverse strength ranged from increased to decreased.

The pneumatic circuits have the benefit of having a low energy consumption and not polluting the air. Therefore, pneumatic installations are utilized in a variety of technological disciplines. The demands of industrial dynamics call for quick responses and minimal setup periods. Pneumatic equipment has to be adaptable and undergo ongoing production cycle changes to meet customer demands for flexibility. quick responses and minimal setup periods. Pneumatic equipment must be adaptable and undergo ongoing production cycle changes to meet customer demands for flexibility. This approach is often accomplished by completely rebuilding the system. The control system is part of it. It is easier to adjust to the new job cycle when the control system is included. By using the Karnaugh mapping technique, these problems can be solved. The technique enables circuit control with a (PLC). This study\'s goal is to minimize startup times by identifying the collection of ideal logical equations. Any pneumatic circuit may be electrically or pneumatically controlled according to the equation. This approach ease creates the process of creating sequence control scheme, whether the scheme uses electro-pneumatic systems or pure pneumatic control. This approach may guarantee both the intended sequential cycle and the least amount of command variables needed to run the control circuit.This research demonstrates how to build a pneumatic control system for the coiling machine\'s six cylinders using Karnaugh Maps. The logical equations are generated in a simplified form using the stated principles, and they are easy to use both pneumatically and electro-pneumatically. To implement the technique, pneumatic/electro-pneumatic circuit simulation software is used (Automation Studio and Fluid Sim). Also, the technique includes Ladder Diagram Language transformation.

In recent years, robotic systems have been widely used in different applications, and this has motivated researchers to develop different control methods. A model-free, intelligent, robust control method for a nonlinear robotic manipulator system is proposed in this work. This paper presents a novel solution for the major drawbacks of the sliding mode control scheme, which are chattering. Prior knowledge is needed about the dynamic model of the controlled system and the upper bound of uncertainty. In this paper, a fuzzy-like PD controller with SMC (FLPDSM) is proposed. The fuzzy-like PD controller was designed according to fuzzy rules and membership functions based on the nominal model of the robot manipulator. A robust control term was added to the control signal to compensate for the system uncertainty, and external disturbances are compensated by adding an auxiliary robust term to the SMC control law. Two methods for designing robust control terms are proposed. The first proposed method assumes that the upper bound of system uncertainty is known although it cannot be exactly determined due to external disturbances and uncertainty. Hence, a second method was proposed that assumes this bound to be unknown, and an adaptive gain based on Lyapunov theory was used to derive the adaptation law. The Lyapunov second method was used to ensure the stability of the closed loop system. Performance tests on the proposed methods were implemented through simulation studies for the two-link robotic manipulator, and the test results were compared with the standard SMC to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. A good trajectory tracking with a high robustness against parameter variations and external disturbances was observed under the presented control scheme.

Buildings account for 40% of energy usage worldwide. The physical characteristics of the building, the effectiveness of the heating and cooling systems, the inhabitants\' activities, and the sustainability of the building are just a few of the many factors that influence a building\'s energy consumption. It is quite challenging to estimate the energy requirements of a structure. Estimating the building\'s energy demand is vital to increase sustainability and develop sustainable energy sources to lower carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. The energy used in the lecture hall at the University of Baghdad (UOB), located in Baghdad, Iraq\'s Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, is explained in this study. The weather data and the building construction information were collected for a specific period and put into a specific data set. That data was used to find the value of energy consumption in the building using artificial intelligence and data analysis. A Python library called Scikit-learn is used to implement machine learning algorithms. In particular, the Multi-layer Perceptron regressor (MLPRegressor) algorithm was used to predict the consumption. The importance of this work lies in predicting the amount of energy consumed. The outcomes of this work can be used to predict the energy consumed by any building before it is built. The used methodology shows the ability to predict energy performance in educational buildings using previous results and train the model on them, and prediction accuracy depends on the amount of data available for the training in artificial intelligence (AI) steps to give the highest accuracy. The prediction was checked using root-mean-square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) and we arrived at 0.16 and 0.97 for RMSE and R², respectively.

The cap-sealing assembling machine is vital in various packaging industrial sectors, particularly the oil sector. The conventional control system of such machines suffers from many demerits, e.g. low productivity, high pro-duction cost, high rejection rate, and requires frequent maintenance. Therefore, the current research aims to de-velop a new control system (N.C.S) based on a programmable logic controller and human-machine interface sys-tem (PLSC&HMI). Hence, a fully automated cap-sealing assembling machine can be achieved. The machine is used to produce cap seals for engine oil containers. The performance of the new control system machine is eval-uated and compared with the conventional control system (C.C.S) to examine the system feasibility and reliabil-ity. The aspects that are subjected to evaluation are the daily working hours (hrs.), glue consumption (Kg), and rejection rate (%). The independent t-test is conducted to deliver a fair comparison and approve the effectiveness of the proposed control system. The obtained findings give the significant development of the proposed control system based on the dependent t-test result. The working hours are reduced to 31.15 hours, and maintenance du-rations are lowered to the minimum. Also, the N.C.CS reduces the rejection by increasing the accuracy of the fin-ished cap sealed from 88.3 to 99.42 % and consumed glues from 11.5 kg to 7.11 kg.