Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal

This study aimed to determine variations in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 15 individuals who were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following stroke, 5 individuals suffering from vascular dementia (VD) and 15 healthy normal control (NC) individuals who performed a working memory task. Conventional filters including notch and bandpass filters were utilised to remove noise from the EEG data. The proposed method comprises computing the estimates of the attention entropy (AttEn), bubble entropy (BubbEn) and symbolic dynamic entropy (SyDyEn) of univariate data sequence features. The long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning neural network was used to automatically classify dementia severity through noninvasive EEG-based recordings. The LSTM classification result with AttEn exceeds an average of 88.9% than BubbEn and SyDyEn, with classification results of 69.2% and 77.7%, respectively. The analysis of the brain EEG-based dementia severity dataset suggests that AttEn could potentially serve as a biomarker for detecting dementia severity. AttEn can capture relevant patterns and features in the EEG data and may be indicative of the severity of dementia with LSTM RNN to differentiate patients with VD, patients with MCI and NC individuals.

Prosthetics through the ankle joint are prescribed to patients with a Symes amputation after rehabilitation. Energy can be stored and discharged from the flexible parts, such as the foot, leg and joints of the prostheses. This work improves the prosthetics for amputation through the ankle joint by providing the prosthetics with a movable ankle joint. The most important achievement of the ankle joint is that it performs important walking movements, the most important being planter flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. A movable ankle joint was suggested and modelled in the SOLIDWORK program, and it was analysed using the finite element method to evaluate stresses and deformations. This model was used to improve a patient’s gait and reduce exertion. The suggested ankle joint was evaluated through several experimental tests, such as the ground reaction force (GRF) test, 6 min walking test and range of motion test. All the results indicate an improvement in gait parameters and patient adaptation to the suggested ankle-joint prosthetic. The GRF test showed the behaviour of the normal state approaches when using the suggested ankle-joint prosthetic. The results of the GRF test illustrate the percentage difference in the forces for the healthy limb from the suggested movable prosthetic and thetraditional one, with approximate values of 10.96% and 38.88%, respectively. Calculation revealed that the weight of the movable prosthetic with the suggested ankle joint was reduced by 32.69% compared with traditional prosthetic. In addition, a questionnaire was conducted to determine the extent of patient satisfaction when the moving prosthetic was used for a certain period. The questionnaire presented a considerable improvement in patient comfort and other aspects compared with the traditional prosthetic.

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC), which is responsible for water pollution, was investigated in an aqueous solution by using two types of nanoparticles (NPs) based on green synthesis of ZnO NPs and CuO NPs as photocatalysts. Eucalyptus plant extract was chosen as a good reductant and capping agent because of its cost-effectiveness, nontoxic characteristics and ease of usage. Different molar ratios of Cu:Zn (1:3, 1:6, 1:9 and 1:12) were prepared, and then these ratios were evaluated to select the effective ratio for removing TC. The 1:6 ratio demonstrated the best photocatalytic performance, degrading 72.15% of TC at the ZnO/CuO nanocomposite (NC) dose of 0.5 g/L, an initial concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 7, an agitation speed of 300 rpm, a temperature of 25 °C, UV intensities of 15 W/m2 and a contact time of 180 min. The synthesis of NCs was characterised using different analysis methods. CuO/ZnO characteristics were investigated using several analytical techniques, including FTIR, FESEM, EDAX, AFM, BET and zeta potential analysis. The NP’s structure, morphology, thermal behaviour, chemical composition and optical properties were analysed. The FESEM images verified that the (1:6) CuO/ZnO NPs calcined and not calcined, with sizes of 13.92 and 26.73 nm, respectively, were crystalline and spherical. The quantity of TC degradation by metal oxide NCs was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. This method is sustainable and environmentally benign because it synthesises both NPs from plant sources. These hybrid nanoparticles may be used to treat other pharmaceuticals that are hazardous to reduce pollution in water.

Alkalinity and hardness are crucial factors in water treatment procedures, such as electrocoagulation (EC) and traditional coagulation–flocculation. Two types of water were employed in this study to investigate the use of EC: river water and discarded reverse osmosis system water. With bipolar and monopolar aluminum electrodes, continuous flow tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the variations in alkalinity and hardness versus time. The examined factors were flow rate (600 and 1,000 L/h) and number of electrodes (2 and 4). Polarity reversal was also studied. The water passed through the plates in a zigzag pattern. Results showed that the hardness under all operating conditions decreased with time, and alkalinity exhibited an oscillating behaviour. The ideal hardness removal for treating river and concentrated water was obtained using four plates with polarity reversal and a flow rate of 1,000 L/h, which were equal to 37.5% and 33.3%, respectively.

This study investigated how fibre laser surface treatment affects stainless steel 316L’s microhardness and corrosion resistance. The laser parameters utilized in this investigation were four different readings of laser power applied at a constant frequency and scanning speed to stainless steel 316L specimens. A digital micro-Vickers hardness tester was used to measure the microhardness of the samples before and after laser treatment. The TAFEL cyclic potentiodynamic polarization technique was employed to study corrosion behaviour. The microstructure of the base metal and the effect of laser power were investigated using optical microscopy. The phases before and after laser treatment were identified through X-ray diffraction, and the cross section of the heat-affected zones and the molten pool’s depth were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Results revealed that laser treatment affected microstructural transitional phase alterations. Compared with the average microhardness of the base metal, the microhardness of the laser-treated specimens improved to 78.23% as the laser power increased. The increase in microhardness considerably enhanced corrosion resistance to 36.13% relative to that of the base metal.

The significant risks associated with the occurrence of mechanical cracks in engineering applications are investigated in this paper. In particular, the specific type of crack propagation that results from mixed mode loading (modes I and II), which spreads throughout most structures, and the conditions under which it can occur are presented. Following the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory, non-proportional loading on specimens of aluminium alloy was accomplished by applying constant tensile loads in conjunction with periodic shear loads. A theoretical equation for the dynamic crack growth rate was constructed using Griffiths law for mixed mode I/II of the dynamic crack growth. This equation considers the influence of dynamic crack propagation. Experimentally, a locally designed laboratory apparatus was modified to suit the nature of the applied loads on samples with edge pre-cracks and two types of samples of aluminium alloys (AA), 6061 and 5052, at the Uni-Standard System with an edge crack length of 5 mm at mid were used. A comparison of the types of alloys used to verify the validity of the results was performed. The results showed acceptable agreement in determining crack propagation rate when predicting the results of the theoretical and experimental analyses. The results in the sample showed 5052 (0.0006, 0.000633) mm/sec for the experimental and theoretical results, respectively. In contrast, the crack propagation rate amounted to 6061 (0.000183, 0.000222) mm/sec for the experimental and theoretical results, respectively. Hence, Sample 5052 started faster and propagated cracks faster than alloy 6061.

Individuals across different industries, including but not limited to agriculture, drones, pharmaceuticals and manufacturing, are increasingly using thermal cameras to achieve various safety and security goals. This widespread adoption is made possible by advancements in thermal imaging sensor technology. The current literature provides an in-depth exploration of thermography camera applications for detecting faults in sectors such as fire protection, manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, non-destructive testing and structural material industries. The current discussion builds on previous studies, emphasising the effectiveness of thermography cameras in distinguishing undetectable defects by the human eye. Various methods for defect detection, including temperature analysis and image processing algorithms, are thoroughly presented. The factors contributing to the effectiveness of thermography cameras are explored, along with their advantages over traditional inspection methods. The literature review highlights the diverse applications of thermography cameras in fault detection. The review highlights the remarkable transformation brought by thermal camera technology in mechanical system fault detection, leading to improved maintenance practices. These cameras can detect unseen irregularities, enable non-invasive testing and support hands-on system maintenance, making them indispensable tools for ensuring mechanical systems operate efficiently, reliably and safely. With the continuous advancement of technology, the integration of Industry 4.0 and IoT technologies will further enhance the capabilities of thermal cameras, ensuring elevated performance across different domains. In electrical systems, thermal cameras allow for the early identification of faults, enabling proactive maintenance to mitigate risks. Additionally, by assessing structural integrity, thermal cameras can detect thermal and insulation inefficiencies, leading to improved energy efficiency.

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has become a widely used technology for fabricating multicomponent thin films. In this research, nanomaterial Alfa-Al2O3 with a particle size of 30 ± 5 nm was deposited on the surface of AL-2618 alloy turbine blades. The microstructure, phase composition and the effects of a coating made from Alfa-Al2O3 nanomaterial were studied. PLD was employed to improve the mechanical performance of the aluminium alloy (AL-2618) used in turbocharger blades, primarily to reduce corrosion and erosion. To ensure high hardness and extended fatigue life, a 10 μm layer of aluminium dioxide was deposited on the surface of the aluminium alloy using PLD. The mechanical properties of the blade improved, as shown by hardness tests conducted on the samples. An energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy test was conducted before and after deposition. After depositing a nanolayer of Al2O3, the mechanical properties were enhanced. The hardness of the samples increased from 685 HLD to 781 HLD, and corrosion and erosion were reduced. The atomic percentage of oxygen deposited on the blade surface ranged from 0.6% to 0.8%, and the surface roughness (x) decreased from 49.5 µm to 22.8 µm because of the nanolayer applied via PLD.