Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
considers as the most common disorder
among women during reproductive age.
Its common features involve
hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation,
and weight gain. Till now, the
pathogenesis of PCOS stay unknown, and

there is evidence considered PCOS as a low-grade inflammatory disease. Polycystic ovarian
syndrome is associated with a variety of endocrine and metabolic disturbances.
The present study was designed to detect the role of (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism
(rs733618) with PCOS. A total of 60 PCOS patients and 30 healthy women, matching in
average age and body mass index (BMI), were enrolled in this study. Patients with PCOS
were attend to AL - Nahrain University High Institute for Infertility Assisted Reproductive
Technology, in Baghdad between Septembers to December/2018. Blood samples were
aspirated from both groups to detection (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism (rs733618) by tetra
primer amplification-refractory mutation system based on real time polymerase chain
reaction (ARMS-qPCR). The obtained results revealed normal genotyping for both groups.
The result of current study confirms that there is no role of (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism
(rs 733618) in PCOS.
Key words: polycystic ovary syndrome, tetra-primer amplification- refractory mutation
system (ARMS-qPCR), Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene
polymorphism.

Antibacterial activity of chloroform of T.
erecta flower extract was performed on
six-gram negative bacteria species
(Serratia marcescens, Acinobacter Spp.,
Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp.,
Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) and two-gram positive Bac-

teria (Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial study was
performed by ager well diffusion and disk diffusion methods. The extract shows good results
against examined bacteria and the results obtained by agar well diffusion method was better
than those obtained from disk diffusion method.
Key words: chloroform extract, agar well diffusion method, disk agar diffusion method

Topical drug administration is a mean by
which various types of dosage forms such
as ointments, creams, gels and emulgels
are applied at a specific site of the body
such as skin, ophthalmic, vagina and
various parts of gastrointestinal tract to

give either local or systemic effect. Nimesulide is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) which has good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.
In this study, eight formulations of nimesulide emulgel containing conventional emulsion
were prepared to investigate the effects of different variables on the physical appearance, pH,
spreadability, viscosity and in vitro drug release. These variables are the type of oil phase of
the emulsion (olive and coconut oil), type and concentration of emulsifying agent (span 80
and tween 80), type of gelling agent (carbopol934 and HPMCK15M), preservative and
penetration enhancer.
The results revealed that (F4) which consist of 2.5% HPMCK15M, 4% (combination of
span80 and tween80), 8% coconut oil and 1% nimesulide was an optimum formulation, since
it shows maximum drug release after 7 hrs in addition to excellent physical appearance.
Key words: Emulgel, nimesulide, carbopol934, HPMCK15M.

Objective: Metastatic spread of tumor
cells to distant organs is the leading cause
of mortality from cancer. Although
metastatic tumor spread can occur via a
different mechanism. lymphangiogenic
factors
recognized
were
vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–C and –D, which bind to a tyrosine kinase
receptor, VEGF receptor (R)–3. Binding affinities to VEGFR-2 receptor increase on the
lymphatic and blood endothelium therefore enables both growth factors to also exert
lymphangiogenic and angiogenic effects and increased incidence of lymph node metastasis.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the VEGF-C protein expression in cervical cancer cells
and lymph vessels and found the relationship of this marker with lymphangiogensis of Iraqi
cervical cancer samples.
Method: In this study, expression of VEGF-C was noticed in 55 cervical samples by Immuno-
histochemistry. 35 cases diagnosed as invasive cervical cancer in addition to 20 normal
samples consider as control. Immunohistochemistry was performed and the cytoplasm level
of VEGF-C was scored by the percentage of positive cells and intensity.
Results:
The present data evaluated the prognostic significance of VEGF-C to cervical cancer,
cytoplasm staining was seen in 29 cases (82.9 %) in cervical cancer tissues. Only 4 out of 35
cases (11.4 %) displayed cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue. There is significant difference of
VEGF-C staining in lymphatic vessels and cancer cells (χ2= 5.04, p = 0.023*) regarding to
positive expression (20/ 57.1%), (25/ 71.4 %) respectively and negative VEGF-C staining 15
(42.9%), 10 (28.6 %) respectively. High positive percentage of VEGF-C expression in
cytoplasm of malignant cases in score 2& 3 (25.7%, 45.7 %, P-value= 0.0392 *, 0.029*
respectively) as compared to normal cases (15%, 30% respectively). Demographic criteria of
patients revealed association with VEGF-C expression patterns. Differentiation Well +
moderately and histologic type Squamous carcinoma showed significantly associated with
VEGF-C (P=0.0071** & 0.0071** respectively). Positive VEGF-C staining in cancer cells
had more lymphatic vessel (17/68 %) as compared to negative cases (3/30 %) with Chi
Square 8.263, p value= 0.0061**. Also, positive VEGF-C staining had more lymph node
associated (9/36%) compared to negative cases (1/10 %) with Chi-Square 13.503, p value=
0.0001**.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was noticed in cervical
cancer cells and lymph vascular invasion indicating the important role of this marker as
prognostic factor for Iraqi cervical cancer. Additionally, these results suggested that VEGF-C
promoted cervical cancer metastasis using immunohistochemistry technique. Our findings
offer new vision into the role of VEGF-C in cervical cancer development and give potential
target for study the lymphangiogensis of tumor in Iraqi women.
Key words: VEGF-C marker, cervical cancer, IHC, cytoplasm expression, Lymph vascular,
lymph node

Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS)
are getting considerable interest in
delivering a drug at the correct position, at
the correct time, and in the correct
quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial,
and intelligent delivery with improving
patient compliance. These systems are

intended to meet body\'s biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the
rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous
drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a
complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as
osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of
erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are
favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat
rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper
focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring
pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system.
Key words: Pulsatile drug release, Chronotherapy, Circadian rhythm, Lag time.

Background: Acute heart failure is the
most common cause for hospitalization
and the third highest cause of hospital
readmission with nearly quarter of
patients being re hospitalized within 30
days after discharge. Implementation of
Clinical pharmacists in coordinated
inpatient care, discharge planning and outpatient care result in significant improvements in
adverse drug events reduction, medication adherence, quality of life and patient knowledge.
Objective: Evaluating pharmacist- based program for patients with moderate and sever acute
heart failure via improving summary discharge in reduction hospital readmission, enhancing
medications adherence and improve quality of life.
Patients and Methods: This prospective study was carried out under interventional
pharmacist- based program carried out on 50 patients whom completed this study, they were
randomly allocated to two groups, program group who are receiving program for assessment
and review starting from 30 minutes pre hospital discharge till 12 weeks. The control group
on usual care which include physician-based discharge summary, routine laboratory test
without pharmacist intervention (25 patients for each group).
Result: After 12 weeks of follow up among program patients in comparison with control
group, study findings revealed significant improvement in self-care heart failure index
domains (maintenance, management, confidence and total SCHFI score (P=0.001) in both
moderate heart failure (NYHAIII) and severe heart failure (NYHAIV) groups, also increase in
domains of belief medication questionnaire whether specific necessity and specific concern
domains (P=0.001) or decreased in general harm and general overuse (P=0.001) in both
moderate and severe heart failure. Moreover, increase in all domains of WHO quality of life
questionnaire (WHOQOL) (P=0.001) in both moderate and sever heart failure with
predominant improvement in moderate heart failure. Both serum brain natriuretic peptide
(P=0.001) and cardiac troponin I (P<0.01) level were decreased in patients with moderate and
severe HF and ejection fraction was improved (P=0.03) only among patients with severe HF
of program group.
Conclusion: Implementing pharmacist- based management program for patients with
moderate and severe acute heart failure via summary discharge markedly improve disease
awareness, medication adherence, reduced hospital readmission and total mortality at the end
line of study among intervention patients compared to the usual care.
Key words: Role, Intervention, Clinical pharmacist, Acute heart failure, Readmission

Background: The NBT consist from two
tetrazole molecules consider as the
oxidative substance. The quantitative
NBT test under standard conditions the
leucocyte readiness is brooded together
with NBT under standard conditions and
declining of the color quantitated after
extraction into pyridine is exceptionally
valuable in the analysis by Spectro-
photometry Entamoeba histolytica parasite induces apoptosis in host cells by for
step(first)adherence to the host cell surface, (second) contact-subordinate cell killing, (third)
start of phagocytosis so NBT used to determine percentage of phagocytosis for Entamoeba.
Methods: This study was performed on 80 male they were divided to 25 control subjects and
55 subjects were diagnosed to be infected by Entamoeba histolytica at urban and rural areas in
wassit province. Entamoeba histolytica and NBT were evaluated. Results: The results
showed a significant difference between the two groups (10.96±2.745) for control group and
19.63±3.617 in patients\' group with confidence interval (7.056-10.29). P.value P<0.001 ratio
minimum number was 7%, 13% for the control and patient groups. Conclusion: There were a
significant increase in phagocytic activity of polymorph neaucler neutrophils (PMNs) for
reduction of NBT stain
Key words: NBT, Entamoeba histolytica

Triterpenes are abundant group of natural
compounds with important structural
components of plant’s cell membranes.
Free triterpenes stabilize phospholipid
bilayers in plant cell membranes just as
cholesterol does in animal cell
membranes. Lupeol is a pentacyclic trite-
rpene reported to have important physiological and therapeutic effects in human health issues,
therefore its extraction from Calendula officinalis flowers and detection by GC-MS is of
significant importance.
Key words: Triterpenes, lupeol

New series of Nabumetone containing 5
arylidene-4-thiazolidinones pharmacophore
as in compounds 3(a-e) were designed and
synthesized by using nabumetone and
hydrazinethiocarboamide to synthesize
compound (1) (Schiff base), next step

compound (1) will react with chloroacetic acid and anhydrous sodium acetate in order to
synthesize compound (2) containing 4-thiazolidinone ring this compound will react with 4
benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of basic media such as piperidine to form
compounds 3(a-e). The structures of new intermediate and final synthesized compounds were
detected by determination of physical properties (melting points). The structure of synthesized
compounds has been confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance
(1H-NMR) spectroscopy and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy
the final synthesized compounds were also screened for their antibacterial and antifungal
activity.
Key words: Nabumetone, Schiff base, 4-thiazolidinone, 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinone,
antibacterial, antifungal activity.

Podocyte injury is a major factor in many
renal diseases leading to proteinuria that
causes the risk of developing kidney
deterioration. Glomerulosclerosis and
tubulointerstitial fibrosis are the main
histopathological feature as consequence
of inflammation and apoptosis a result of

long period of tubular protein load. Liraglutide an incretin hormone (GLP-1) analogue has
effective as glycemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes. In recent years, liraglutide appear
protected mechanism against inflammation and apoptosis for many tissues through GLP-1
receptor (GLP-1R) activation unrelated with glycemic control. 36 animal Wister rats used in
this experiment, first group include 12 rats set as control group received just the normal
saline, while second group include 24 rats induced podocyte injury by doxorubicin single
dose and third group treated either normal saline or liraglutide (200 µg /kg/day I.P) for 28
days. Histopathological study is used to assess the protected effect of liraglutide on podocyte
injury induced in male rats through three main histopathological changes (glomerulosclerosis,
tubular damage, inflammatory infiltration) by Hematoxylin and eosin staining. In this study
treatment group(C) with liraglutide appeared significant decreased (P< 0.05) in
glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial, and inflammatory infiltration after 28 day of treatment.
In conclusion, liraglutide is effective in reducing inflammation and apoptosis which associate
with chronic renal development as well as renoprotection by glycemic control which is
indirectly effect.
Key words: Glomerulosclerosis, liraglutide, podocyte injury, tubulointerstitial inflammation.

This work involves investigation and
evaluation of the factors that affect the
preparation and release of the model class
I drug (loxoprofen sodium) to optimize
the efficiency of its prepared nano
transfersomal dispersion to give rapid
onset of action (burst effect) within the

first 2 hours that can continue for further four hours. The work involved preparation of twenty
formulas of transfersomal dispersion by thin film method which were nano-sized by probe
sonication and characterized morphologically by Transmission electronic microscopic (TEM),
zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index (pdI), pH, physical appearance, entrapment
efficiency, viscosity, transmittance and in vitro drug release. The selected nano transfersomal
formula (SF16) showed pH (7.2), particle size (393 nm), pdI (0.259), zeta potential (-25),
entrapment efficiency (91%) and gave a 73% drug release within the first 2 hours of the in
vitro test and continued until it gave 86.35% drug release after 4 h. This work succeeded in
preparing optimized tansfersomal dispersion for loxoprofen sodium using different soya
lecithin / edge activator percent and different types of edge activator. The optimum formula
gave an immediate release of the model drug (loxoprofen sodium) and it was ready to be
incorporated in any suitable dosage form to give continuous drug release.
Key words: Transferosomes, loxoprofen sodium, soya lecithin, edge activators,
nanotechnology

This study aims to evaluate different
products of meloxicam Table; Five
meloxicam immediate-release generic
products (15 mg Tables) were compared
with the innovator, reference product,
(Mobic®, Boehringer) to find the
interchangeable product with the innovator
product.
Different physical tests were conducted including weight uniformity, thickness, diameter,
hardness, friability and disintegration test. In addition, prediction of in-vivo behavior was
assessed by measuring the dissolution profile of meloxicam for all the products. Similarity factor
(f2) was calculated to compare between the dissolution profile of the generic products with the
dissolution profile of innovator product.
The results revealed that all the studied products are complied with the British Pharmacopoeia
requirements. However, not all of them showed similar in-vitro profile to the brand product. Four
out of five generic products, included in this study, showed similarity in dissolution profile to the
brand one, which indicates possible bio-equivalency, with the advantages of money saving of
using such generic products. One generic product showed similarity factor less than 50, which
might give an indication that this generic product is not capable to be bioequivalent with the
brand (innovator) product.
Overall, this study can be considered an important applicable study that gives an indication about
the in-vivo performance of different products. In addition, the study demonstrates the
applicability of a simple in-vitro dissolution study as a surrogate way of assessing product
bioavailability instead of an expensive and complicated in-vivo bioequivalent study.
Key words: meloxicam, dissolution, similarity factor, bioequivalent, generic.

The synthesis of new selective COX-2
enzyme is an approach for obtaining
potent, anti-inflammatory drugs that
have fewer side effects. Ketoprofen has a
very low selectivity toward COX-2
enzyme and has a serious GIT side
effects because it induces gastric ulcer.
A new series of 4-thiazolidinones
bearing ketoprofen moiety was designed,
synthesized, and then evaluated as a
new inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Characterization and identification of the synthesized compounds were established by
determination of 1H-NMR spectra,13C-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectroscopy, and physical
properties.
These newly synthesized compounds have been evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory
efficiency and in silico selectivity toward COX-2 throughout molecular docking by using
GOLD.suite.v.5.6.2. All the tested. compounds via molecular. docking showed significant.
activities when compared. With ketoprofen and diclofenac as references drugs, the results
were consistent with the study of in in vivo acute. anti-inflammatory activity.
Also, ADME studies had been accomplished in order to predict the absorption sites,
bioavailability, topological polar surface Area (TPSA), and also drug-likeness. The ADME
results reported that. All the synthesized. compounds can be absorbed by the GIT.
Key words: ketoprofen, docking, ADME, GOLD, Lipinski rule.

The aim of this work is studying the effect
of different variables on the loading of
sulfasalazine on DEAE sephadex A 25 ion
exchange resin as a carrier for systemic
action. Different drug: resin complexes
(resinate) of different ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2,
1:4, 1:6) were prepared, dionized distilled
water used to prepare sulfasalazine solution, and their entrapment efficiency was estimated
through changing variable conditions including temperature of stirring, stirring time, stirring
speed, pH. The best complex was formed using 1:6 drug: resin ratio prepared at 50 ºC, stirring
speed 400 rpm for 120 minutes in deionized water (pH 7). The prepared complex gave 77.8%
drug release within 15 minute and continued up to 97.613% within 75 minute upon
exchanging the drug with ions of similar charge in the dissolution medium (phosphate buffer
pH 7.4).
Key words: DEAE sephadex A 25 ion exchange resin, sulfasalazine.

New two derivatives of 2- methyl
benzoimidazole were designed,
synthesized and evaluated as a potential
cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] inhibitors.
The synthesized compounds have been
recognized according to their spectral FT
IR, 1H-NMR data and physical pro-
perties. The newly synthesized compounds were investigated in vivo for their anti
inflammatory activities using egg-white stimulated paw edema method with respect to the
effect of propylene glycol 50%v/v [control group] and the ibuprofen [10mg/kg i.p.] was
selected as a reference ligand. New compounds showed a significantly higher in vivo anti
inflammatory activity compared with ibuprofen as a reference drug. COX-2 selectivity
evaluation through molecular docking via GOLD suite [v. 5.6.2.]. The new compounds via
molecular docking showed significant higher activities when compared with ibuprofen as
referenced drugs because of having hydrogen bonding interaction toward the key amino acids
within COX-2 structure and all these results were compatible with the study of in vivo acute
anti-inflammatory activities for tested compounds. ADME studies were performed to predict
absorption, bioavailability, topological polar surface area, and drug-likeness. The results of
ADME studies showed that all synthesized compounds absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract.

Key words: 2-methyl benzoimidazole, 4-thiazolidinone, Anti-inflammatory activity, ADME,
GOLD

Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardio
toxicity is one of the important limiting
factors for the clinical use of this drug, the
exact mechanism underlying the
cardiotoxicity is still under debate and
different experimental protocols were
used. Lipidomics technology was used in
this study to investigate the underlying
the cardiotoxicity is still under debate and different experimental protocols were used.
Lipidomics technology was used in this study to investigate the underlying mechanism of
cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. Lipidomics refers to the complete analysis of lipid profile of
a cell or organism based on the principles and tools of analytical chemistry particularly mass
spectrometry. This study was designed to investigate cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin
using lipidomics technology.
Method: Twelve adult male rats divided randomly into two groups, each group comprising of
six rats. 1: Control group (single dose (1ml) saline intraperitoneally); 2: DOX group (20 mg/
kg single dose intraperitoneally). After anesthesia, the myocardial tissue harvested and stored
in liquid nitrogen, then the metabolites will be extracted from left ventricle of the heart tissue,
derivatized using boron trifluride-methanol 10% and then the metabolites identified using GC
MS.
Results: The results showed that treatment with DOX produced significant (P<0.05) increase
in the level of acetic acid, cholesterol, myristic acid, and stearic acid. Whereas the level of
arachidonic acid, linolic acid, pentadecanoic acid, oleic acid and ricinoleic acid, decreased
significantly (P<0.05) in DOX group. Lauric acid, palmitic acid, and methylcyclohexane, were
found to be increased in DOX group.
Conclusion: This study showed that DOX induced cardiotoxicity can be identified by
lipidomics technique by measuring lipid biomarkers of cardiotoxicity in heart tissue which
include the saturated fatty acids (stearic acid, acetic acid and palmitic acid), unsaturated fatty
acids (arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid) as well as cholesterol.
Key words: Lipidomics, doxorubicin, cardiotoxicity.

Background and aim
Deficiency of vitamin D is known as a
health problem all over the world and a
recognized clinical complication of beta
thalassemia patients. Vitamin D acts as a
hormone at the nuclear receptor rendering
it a beneficial medication for a number of
diseases. It is believed that vitamin D

is important in the modulation of the inflammation system by regulating the formation of
inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin
D supplementation on the red cell indices and cytokines levels in patients with beta thalassemia
major, in an open label randomized clinical trial.
Patients and Methods: this study performed an open-label randomized clinical trial in patients
with beta thalassemia major. Forty-six patients completed the eight weeks clinical trial and were
allocated to administer oral vitamin D3 supplement of 100,000 IU every two weeks as an add
on treatment. During the study, hematological indices, serum iron, ferritin, vitamin D, calcium
and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, interleukin-2 and interleukin-10) were evaluated
before (at baseline) and after vitamin D supplementation for 8 weeks.
Results: Vitamin D3 supplements significantly decreases interleukin-6 levels and elevates the
serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IL-10, it also significantly reduced serum
ferritin level, but it did not alter the hematological indices.
Conclusion:
Our results suggest that administration of vitamin D has a potential anti-inflammatory role in
beta thalassemia patients and reduces serum ferritin levels, which may reduce the burdens of
iron overload in thalassemia patients.

Key words: Beta thalassemia major, vitamin D3, inflammation and interleukin

Solubility can be defined as the amount of
solute dissolved in a solvent at certain
conditions to yield a single-phase system.
Solubility of active pharmaceutical
ingredients is considered the main
parameter to get the most desired drug
concentration in general circulation
in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Poor aqueous solubility considered the main
problem occurs in the formulation progress of new chemical entities; in addition to the standard
improvement; solubility is the main dispute for formulation scientists. The drug must appear as
solution at the site of absorption in order to be absorbed. Many physical or chemical
modification techniques are used to improve the solubility of low aqueous soluble drugs, in
addition to other techniques such as particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation,
solid dispersion, use of surfactant and complexation. The selection of the solubility
improvement methods depends on drug characteristics, location of absorption and the features
of the administered dosage form.

Key words: Bioavailability, chemical modification, physical modification, poorly soluble
drug

The assessment of drug permeation
into/across the skin is traditionally
accomplished using Franz diffusion cells
with subsequent analysis by conventional
chromatographic methods such as HPLC
and more recently using advanced
imaging techniques. In this context, time

of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) offers distinctive advantages in
mapping drugs within skin with high sensitivity and chemical specificity without the need for
fluorescent tags or radiolabels. The work in this paper uses the combination of conventional
and advanced methods to evaluate imiquimod permeation into the skin. This approach provides
complementary and detailed information regarding the permeated mass, the permeation depth
and the spatial distribution and localisation of drugs within skin.
Imiquimod is an immune modulator drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of superficial
basal cell carcinoma (BCC) but not the nodular lesions. As other studies have reported that
Aldara™ cream (imiquimod 5% w/w) has some limitations in the treatment of nodular BCC
lesions due to the cream’s inability to deliver imiquimod into the deeper more invasive nodular
lesions, an enhancement of imiquimod permeation is thought to be useful to overcome these
limitations. Therefore, an attempt to improve delivery of imiquimod into the deeper skin layers
using microemulsions was investigated.
Imiquimod microemulsions were formulated and characterised in our previous work are now
tested for skin permeation enhancement. However, the assessment of imiquimod permeation
from the formulated microemulsions using HPLC and ToF-SIMS demonstrated a limited ability
of the microemulsions to improve delivery of imiquimod over Aldara™ cream. This was
attributed to the poor release of imiquimod from the microemulsion formulas due to the high
affinity of imiquimod for the oil phase and the encapsulation of the oil droplets by the S/Co-S
mixture. This is thought to be, the first time that ToF-SIMS has been used to assess permeation
of imiquimod from a microemulsion dosage form.
Key words: Imiquimod, HPLC, Microemulsions, Skin permeation, ToF-SIMS.

There are more than 340 million new
cases of sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) occurred annually throughout the
world, the highest incidence is in people
of developing countries. Pelvic
inflammation, sterility, ectopic
pregnancy, morbidity and mortality of
newborns, and genital carcinoma have
been assumed to be related to STIs.
Sexually transmitted diseases have various clinical symptoms while 70% gonococcal or non
gonococcal urethritis in males and genital tract infections in females are asymptomatic, both
symptomatic and asymptomatic infections may cause severe complications, previous studies
revealed that wide range of pathogens recognized as a causative agents of urethritis in males
and genital tract infections in females, such as Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus.
More epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate the significant role of organisms other
than the recognized genital pathogens in vaginal syndromes.
In summary we conclude that sexually transmitted diseases may increase reproductive
morbidity rate causing difficulties in conception especially the infection with T. vaginalis and
herpes simplex viruses, so concentrating on different methods in diagnosis is required. In
addition, the cost and time of the test should be taken in consideration.
Key words: Sexually transmitted diseases, Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex virus

This work includes Synthesis of new
series of sulfa drugs derived from
sulfamethoxazole containing substituted
Imidazolidine moiety. These compounds
expected to have antibacterial activity,
due to their Imidazolidine moiety This
work includes synthesis of some new
Schiff bases (II1-5) by condensation of sulfamethoxazole drug(I) with some aldehydes (1-5)
(benzaldehyde, p-chloro benzaldehyde, p-nitro benzaldehyde, p-hyroxy benzaldehyde and p-N,
N-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde). These Schiff bases were found to react with glycine, to
prepared new imidazolidine derivatives (III1-5). The prepared compounds were characterized
by physical properties, FT-IR and of the 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The preliminary study of
antibacterial activity of final compounds has considered by well diffusion method. The tested
compounds displayed effect against gram negative bacteria:( Acinetobacter species and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pyougenes and
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria), which compared to DMSO as control, and good activity
compared to sulfamethoxazole as standard.
Key words: Sulfamethoxazole, Schiff bases, Imidazolidine, Antibacterial Activity.

Artemisia abrotanum L. is recently
introduced plant in Iraq, in this study we
conducted GS/MS for detection of terpene
that are group of constituents abundant in
this species qualitatively and quantatively.
We used hexane extract for the detection
depending on the like dissolve like proce-

dure of extraction since they are mostly nonpolar compounds, they dissolve in nonpolar solvent like
hexane thus the extraction procedure is conducted with this solvent. New compound was detected with
hexane extract that wasn\\'t present in previous studies.
Key words: terpenes, essential oil