ADAB AL-BASRAH

This paper will study the dialectical dimension of literary critical discourse in the Arabic renaissance era, especially as evidenced in the critical books of that era. The paper sheds light on the discourse and debates of two critical approaches, the traditional and the modernist, the relationship between them, their main features and their most important representatives. Subsequently, it focuses on the critical debates of both approaches, uncover some of the main arguments critics used in their discourse. Finally, it advocates the use of the dialectical theory, especially that of Chaim Perelman, in monitoring such a phenomenon in critical discourse.

This paper probes into the realm of morphology and translation. The aim of this descriptive qualitative paper is to examine the effect of the morphology of the semi-active participle adjectives upon the process and product of their translation into English. The analytical model used for the sake of analyzing the data is Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) functional grammar. Data for analysis are taken from al-Samarra'i (2007) and some Quranic verses. The findings showed that the morphology of these adjectives does play a significant role upon their rendering into English in that their case marking does entail meaning differences. It is concluded that forms and functions of these adjectives are highly influential and have a role in the representation of a given text via their meanings on the three metafunctions: the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual ones. It is recommended to give a good space for the teaching and learning of the morphological processes in the translation from Arabic into English.

Some people are subject, due to some external factors, to absence of consciousness with regards to issues related to the creation and the Creator. Some of them might be unconscious of monism, although that idea is deeply rooted in their unconscious awareness. Some people deny the existence of a Creator altogether, while others just do not accept monism, or behave as if they did not. Here comes the role of the Quranic language, with all its superiority over ordinary speech in terms of its argumentative tools and persuasive capabilities, to invoke that buried consciousness alive again and refute man’s counterarguments. This is what the verses of Creation have proved, using linguistic, logical and rhetorical tools based on the shared grounds among people. It makes an intensive use of grammatical and morpholigical tools of argumentation. The Quranic argumentation is characterized by being more persuasive and more open, using more effective pathos through the use of argument and counterarguments and by employing the gradual steps for persuasion.

Trainee interpreters at Departments of Translation, University of Basrah in Iraq commit significant errors that have a negative impact on the transference of speakers' messages. These errors have not yet been systematically and comprehensively examined. The present study tries to investigate this particular area. To assess the outputs, he study was based on an eclectic model that was based on two related frameworks, namely Riccardi's (1999) and Na'ja and Abu-Mighnim's (2012). This model helps to diagnose discontinuities in terms of meaning, disfluencies, and syntactic errors in the outputs of a randomly selected sample, which consists of twenty-four fourth-year students in Department of Translation, college of Arts, University of Basrah. They were invited to take a 3 and half minutes simultaneous interpreting test. The material of this test was two culturally-related political speeches with a delivery rate of around 145 words per minute (145 WPM). The errors in the outputs were quantitatively and qualitatively analysed. To check the validity of the analysis, an independent jury of specialized tutors was asked to evaluate the same outputs. The results obtained from the analysis and the jury's evaluation prove that the outputs were full of errors that impacted the transferred meaning. Neither the trainees nor their tutors were aware of these errors. Therefore, a revision of and an improvement for the followed training programmes should be carried on to improve the status quo of Iraqi trainee interpreters graduating from Departments of Translation.

Methodology for Writing about the history of literature is one of the biggest problems in Arabic culture. The present study investigates and discuss the biases that accompanied the writing of the history of Arab literature by orientalists and early Arabs to the present time in which these workbooks should be reconsidered.

Many books have recently been written to correct the general mistakes. In the modern age, there has been a tendency to activate the linguistic correction for which supporters were from different cultures and different references as well. Thos has led to to create a variation in both style of research writing and conduction. Although the old linguists had their own interest in reforming language and dealing with mistakes , the modern age linguists were known by many students as well as scientists who had their active contributions in this field, such as the Father Anstas Mary Al- Keremly ,Prof. Kamal Ibrahim , Dr. Mustafa Jawad, and. Asa’d Khalil Daghir ,Dr. Ibrahim Al-Samaraey ,Al-Sheikh Ibrahim Al- Yaziji and. Ibrahim Al- Wa’ely and Dr. Nima Raheem Al-Azawy. Critics have been divided into three groups: the first was known with severity in accepting evolution; the second group of modern critics have made their own way of tolerance satisfying the old critics; while the third and smaller group included a small group of scientists who mixed both of the styles: the normative severity in some works and the descriptive lenient direction. The modern linguistic criticism included the mistakes in morphology, syntax, linguistics and spelling; while the phonological linguistic criticism was concerned with replacing of letters or changing the vowel sounds.

This reseach is about the cultural patterns (race,religion,tribe, and authority) which constitue the artificial identity for loyal blacks through three methods: domination, removal, classification which depend upon racist traditions and criteria which dominated the society in the past. The artificial identity depends on the principle of racist discrimination for the black race which was characterized with the blemishine, the lack of mind, animal voilence and overkill sex. This false identity may try to monster the hamanist identity of the black in order to put it in an animal sex class to dominate and humiliate them. It was also an attempt to make them submit by slavary curbs as a rasult of concentration of bigotry culture of the white race and pure blood. If the black poet in the previous ages tried to justify this monstrous identity which was produced by brevity and good doing or covering its demerits by whiteness of noble morals and genevous doings or resistance, refusal and revolte against it. The the artificial identity of the loyal black poets impacted the political and cultural opinions during the transmission from Amawi to Abbasi age. The opinon strongly supported this artificial identity instead of justification, covering, resistance, and refusal, acception and recognition of this artificial identity was proved. AbuDulamah, the most famous loyal black poet, who admitted that his artificial identity was deformed. He mocked its principles like black colour, discoloring of the creation, bad orgin debased descent, animalism, lack of mind identity moral disintegration, trying to demolish the social values and the exist of his religions feelings and social coiterias and custamary, in this situation may be lack for religions identity in the society to belittle the Arabic identity which supervises language and religion. We may look for excuse to the poet in that way since this culture, was notability compelled on the black. The poet Abu Dulamah tried to impose and invest it through introducing it in a systemic of mockery way in order to be the step which lead to khalifas doors and make him the nearst to them (kings comedian). Accordingly, he earned money and presents which helped him to get freedom and edit his artificial identity from salvary and servant black loyals because of their artificial identity which was inferior to many kinds of torture (sample violence moral, bodily and physical violence). Because of the racist differentiation against them in Amawi and Abbsi ages, this social and command violence was the cultural sight which established animalist and beastiality identity and down his humanity.

The importance of this research stems from understanding and grasping the controversial problematic existing between the intellectual foundations of Marxist philosophy and the circumstances that contributed to its spread and development in the industrially backward Russian environment. It was not the highly developed capitalism and objective laws of the development of society, according to the view of Marx and Engels, a historical stage necessary for Russia to become at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in Europe. On the contrary, the conditions of capitalism which were developing very rapidly side by side with the ownership of bourgeois land, the life of the Russian workers and peasants, and the life of workers and peasants in the rest of the other nationalities, which were part of the formation of the Russian tsarist empire in turn, who formed a kind of proletariat Wretched; And the policy of oppression based on the principles of autocracy (absolutism) and national orthodoxy that the Russian tsars pursued towards these nationalities, especially after the murder of Tsar Alexander II and the coming to power of Alexander III, provided the fertile environment and ground for the growth of the seeds of the most progressive European revolutionary ideas, Communism, which were connecting the disappearance of national breaks and contradictions between peoples, and the hostility and hatred between nations in the heart of every nation, with the disappearance of class antagonism. And it "proclaims the comprehensive public interests independent of nationalism of the whole proletariat of the various nations." Russia, which was dominated by oppression and injustice, became at the forefront of the revolutionary movement in Europe, which indicated the persistence of Marxism, its productivity and its ability to adapt to the conditions of a country that was practically not a bourgeois country. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the research was divided into four main axes: First: The emergence of Marxist socialism and its spread in Europe; Second: the social and economic conditions under which the Marxist movement was born in Russia; Third: The politics of absolutism and its effect on the growth of the Marxist revolutionary movement in Russia; Fourth: the Russian intelligentsia and there relationship to Marxism. And conclusion

The research attempted to restore the historical traditions unique to Abdullah bin Anis who was one of the battalions of assassinations carried out by Muslims. The aim behind this study is to identify the sincerity and authenticity of their events depending on discussing using the analytical method in studying these traditions and linking their events by looking at the historical sources that focused on this news by interrogating and comparing them with each other in order to reach the truth. Although the man was unique in mentioning these traditions, the motivation to study them drives us to know how close they were to the truth. This study revealed that many events were magnified, the magnification was in favor of the narrator as he tried to show himself the courageous hero in the assassination battalion. More importantly, in addition to their having many contradictions, the traditions were overwhelmed by an imaginary narration

In fact the countries need a secret service to contribute to directing their foreign policy in accordance with the methods and procedures required by the necessity of defending their interests. These motives have encouraged successive American administrations, especially since the First World War and to this day to develop the process of obtaining information. A spy whose mission is to uncover competitors' plans and reorient them politically and economically at first, but later included various fields and aspects, including social and cultural, and became an effective tool in uncovering secrets through a network of agents, citing the pretext of preventing and stopping any counting of the potential on national security. This study sheds light on the process of the emergence of this body and the stages of its formation, and what are the necessities that prompted successive US administrations to support it but secretly, where the stages of its development were not by chance as some understand it. The United States was always in need of information gathering, and this was an obsession inherited by decision-makers in US policy, and away from US concerns and geographical isolation. It was very willing to know what is happening in the outside world and harnessing its interests through methods and means to ensure the success of its policy in dealing with those countries. Thus, the adaptation of this secret apparatus to the stages of political developments imposed by the international arena was analysed; and when the issue of expelling the country and avoiding its interests and national security of wars and disasters falls on the US administration, which is directly responsible for achieving security and economic welfare, had to search for a special mechanism in the collection and analysis of positions and harnessing them to serve their interests.

One of the most prominent developmental impacts of industrial cities within the spatial space is industrial development. The impact of the industrial cities also reflect the comprehensive development and infrastructure development, and also contributes to absorbing the surplus of manpower in underdeveloped regions by providing job opportunities and, then, reducing the risks of unemployment, as well as creating revenue generated of the taxes that are hoped to be imposed on similar imported goods and the provision of foreign currency as a result of dispensing with the import of goods that will be produced locally. This will lead to supporting the national economy. As for the industrial cities under construction represented by four cities, and the proposed industrial cities are under initial approvals and amount to four industrial cities, while the planned industrial cities reached three cities. The establishment of industrial cities in Iraq enjoys great economic feasibility but faces some political, security and economic challenges that are possible to overcom it if the concerned authorities worked seriously in order to provide an appropriate industrial investment climate in the country.

Ports are one of the most important transportation and economic patterns that are important in the life of developed societies, especially as they work to connect all economic and production links with the aim of providing service to society. Therefore, studying the transportation of oil derivatives (gasoline, gas oil, kerosene) in Iraq is one of the important things. The present study iinvestigates the transfer of oil derivatives in terms of importance, size, quantity and value. A number of results were found by studying the geographical data affecting the transport operations, such as the geographical location, population, income, production and domestic consumption of oil derivatives, from the presence of great importance to the marine geographic location of Basra Governorate by the continuous transfer operations Oil derivatives and the existence of a mathematical relationship and a correlation between the quantities of oil derivatives transported through oil ports and docks, and the oil terminals and docks have a major role in transporting oil derivatives despite the presence of many problems they face.

The research tackles the hydrological changes for Tigris river in Iraq which is considered as an important water source. So, it is recommended as an evaluation for both time and place and figure out periods of drought and flood to guarantee the different use of the water. The study has worked out the characteristics of the quantity for the period from 1988 to 2001 in comprising to the period from 2000 to 2017 in order to know to what extent the changes of the discharge characteristics have occurred yearly ,seasonal, and monthly. On this, the study tries to know comparison with the income average for the south of Baghdad which about 16.75 billion cubic meters for the period 2002 to 2017. Consequently, this needs serious efforts to be invested accordingly.

The proliferation of universities is considered as an obvious feature in our contemporary life, and this rapid growth in universities, in terms of number and size, and the complexity of their internal composition is paralleled by the decline and retreat in individual and social awareness, which includes the risk of eliminating the cause of its existence, If we miss that broad understanding of the task of universities. Therefore, Whitehead was chosen due to the success he achieved as a university professor and dean of the faculty, strongly support his vision and overall planning for the ideal university, including cadet students motivated by professors who carry the burden of university education lightly and energetically, where the students are being preoccupied by subject in particular and general knowledge. There is the governing board where it fully adopts the truth of the university and its philosophy in education. This combination of idealism and realistic awareness of the practical difficulties involved in the using of these ideals is one of the most valuable features of his research, as well as the adoption of clear and distinct ideas from his versatile experience. Perhaps it is true to say that his philosophy of education did not only manifest his epistemology, but his attempt to answer the question of how metaphysics can proceed to the discovery of the “what is there” or his attempt to establish a full-fledged nature of reality. Whiteheads therefore made an attempt to reveal the general ideas, the overall characteristics or the general characteristics of actual beings.
We must always mention his doctrine, which he proclaimed and died for. It is that the fate of mental civilization, in the whole world, is the deposit to a large extent, in the hands of universities, which are entrusted with the accumulation of mental capital of the whole world .

This research revealed a philosophical and analytical question on two opposite sides: the existence in itself and being with others. The aim of the present study is to restore duty either to oneself or to others or to reconcile between them. Accordingly our linguistic and idiomatic study formed as a preliminary concept to define it as a matter related to the divine self, and what we have followed in terms of religious and philosophical roots, whether Greek or Islamic until it constituted a fundamental issue in the beliefs and ideas of the speakers and philosophers of Islam. What its influences and figures were shown during the transfer and translation to other religions, including Judaism, and it became part of their intellectual and doctrinal heritage, as it appeared on the tongue of their most famous philosophers and legislators, Musa bin Maimon, who used the rational approach in analyzing the issue of duty Existence to rid it of inherited traditions.

The virus is one of the most important obstacles facing users of computers and information networks. It represents the most important challenge for students of the information and libraries department. This is because of the holidays and destruction in files, databases and programs in their devices and site penetration with increasing the speed of spreading viruses, both in type and content. This enhances the difficulties that accompany students in getting rid of them through treatment via a set of means, programs, research and studies on the importance of information awareness and its role in avoiding obstacles and overcoming them through learning and education in the curriculum if qualifying courses in a computer literacy project or information technology. The survey method was used to collect the research sample in the applied side. The descriptive approach of the theoretical committees was manipulated. It is a case study. The sample included a homogeneous class, which is the fourth stage students in the Department of Information and Libraries for the academic year 2018-2010, where (35) questionnaires were retrieved (25) of which were valid for analysis. A scale was established to prove a function, which is the percentage in a scale (yes or no), and it was calculated according to the frequency of the whole / part in 100. The researcher also reached the most important results. Most students use office sites and a specialist in the thematic area. The percentage ranged between 24% -28%, and this is between students' lack of sources of information of scientific value in the field of scientific research, and most students see that they need to learn the scientific application in how to understand viruses. And its types and methods of challenges and treatment, the percentage (63.157%) needed education. As for the most important recommendations Providing information systems, databases and modern and advanced devices that help reduce errors and help to develop the educational process smoothly, especially in the field of information and communications technology.