Journal of University of Babylon

Background and objectives: Recent studies suggest that high homocysteine levels are associated with an increased risk of fractures. Homocysteine levels are known to be influenced by vitamin B12, vitamin D3 and folic acid status. Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 are associated with risk of osteoporosis and bone loss. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether high plasma levels of homocysteine and low plasma levels of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 predicted a bad prognosis of bone health or not.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on (90) women whose ages were between (45–85 years old) in 2017–2018. Recorded information on T – score values were obtained from computerized DEXA machine at the Duhok Rheumatic disease and Rehabilitation center. Independent t – test by (SPSS version 23) program was used to estimate relationship and risk assessment among study parameters comparing to levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy).
Results: Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with skeletal abnormalities and osteoporosis. We tested whether levels of homocysteine and critical co-enzymes of homocysteine metabolism, such as vitamin B12, D3 and folate which are related to bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DEXA. The current data demonstrates that homocysteine is highly significant (P value < 0.01) with each of age, waist circumferences (C. W.), vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin D3 and T- score quartiles, also significant (P value < 0.05) with Body Mass Index (BMI), calcium (Ca+) and Total Body Fat percent (TBF %).
Conclusions: Homocysteine seems to be a predictor for development of osteoporosis among study population (elderly menopaused women in Duhok city). The present data suggest a major association between folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D3 and bone mineralization. Our data documented the hypothesis that homocysteine may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporotic fractures.

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Background: Entamoeba histolytica is one of the important protozoan parasite which infect human and cause amebiasis, this parasite is worldwide distributed parasite. Materials and Methods: This study carried out in parasitology Lab. In Science college of University of Duhok and all stool samples were collected from Duhok (42 Samples) and Erbil (35 Samples) hospital laboratory. All stool samples (77 Samples) were examined in laboratory by microscopic and serologic (ELISA) examination.
Results: By microscopic examination detected 11 positive persons which infection rate of Entamoeba spp.in Duhok city were 26.1% and in Erbil city detected 8 infected persons by Entamoeba spp.,with 22.8% infection rate, but in serological test detected 2 positive persons with infection rate of 4.7% in Duhok city and 2 positive persons with infection rate of 5.7% in Erbil city with Entamoeba histolytica parasite. The current study showed that the microscopic examination for detection of E. histolytica wasn’t exact and true method for diagnosis and the serological test (ELISA) is high sensitive to detection and differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba parasite.

Powder juices are widely used by the people in the study area because its low price compared to fresh juices. These powder juices may contain some radioactive materials. The study aimed to measure radioactivity concentrations of Radium and Uranium in the most used kinds of powder juice samples, selected from Iraq markets. CR-39 detector with sealed can technique, used to measure the radioactive elements concentrations. The radionuclides observed in the present work are, the estimated radon activity concentration range is between 57.146-151.129 Bq/m3 with a mean value of 107.62 Bq/m3. The radon concentration mean value is within of 100 Bq/m3 the limits of (WHO) World Health Organization reference level, below of (NRPB) UK National Radiation Protection Board, and below of 200 Bq/m3 the European Commission Recommendation Level. The annual effective dose of radon varied between 1.441-3.813 mSv/y, are within the (UNSCEAR) range 0.2-10 mSv/y. Radium contents were found to vary between 0.188-0.498 Bq/kg and a mean value of 0.354 Bq/kg. The radium effective annual dose ranged between 1.050-2.779 μSv/y. The concentrations of uranium are in the range between 0.150-0.398 ppm with men value of 0.283 ppm. The effective annual dose of uranium varied between 1.669-4.414 μSv/y. This work helped in identifying and measuring the specified activity of radionuclide present in powdered fruit juices consuming in Iraq and showed that these kinds of powder juice are safe for consumption.

The study was carried out in the fields of Livestock Research Division / Nineveh Research Department, using 756 (ROSS 308) birds, 1 day old, distributed on nine experimental treatments, 3 replicates / treatment, each containing 28 birds, the chicks were fed nine experimental starter and finisher diets depending the age of chicks to determine the effect of substituting Faba Bean Minor substitutes instead of soybeans and Barley soaked water instead of Maize on some broiler productive characteristics.The best results were obtained with a 25% FB minor which have no significant differences to control treatment in BW, WG and FI in most experimental periods, also there are no significant effect to 25% and 50% on (heart, liver, gizzard, pancreas, fat, chest and secondary part) weights and dressing%. BSW 25% had no significant differences with control treatment over experimental period for BW, FI only and for most experimental periods for WG and FCR, BSW 25% and 50% had no significant effect on (heart, liver, gizzard, pancreas, fat, chest and secondary part) weights, there are insignificant effect between control treatment and 25% BSW only in dressing%. We conclude from the present study the possibility of using FB minor as a substitute of soybeans and barley soaked water instead of yellow corn in low concentrations up to 25%.

The study examined the relationship between imports and some macroeconomic indicators (output, inflation and unemployment) in the Iraqi economy for the period 1988-2017. Importation plays an important role in influencing some macroeconomic indicators, because they have a role in determining the size of the output of the local economy, as well as contributing to the stability of the general price level, as well as indirectly affecting the labor market.
The research started from the premise that imports have an important role in stabilizing output, depending on the extent of their contribution to the revitalization of sectors of the national economy. They also play an important role in stabilizing inflation rates and influencing unemployment.
The importance of the research is to clarify the nature of the relationship between imports on the one hand and GDP, inflation and unemployment on the other hand in the Iraqi economy.
The research was based on the use of the inductive method by analyzing the evolution of data across the different time periods, extrapolating the economic reality, analyzing the economic phenomena and their development during the research period, and then deducing the resulting economic effects.
One important conclusion of the research is that imports have an important role to play in influencing output, depending on the size and purpose of their use, as well as their impact on inflation and unemployment. The impact of domestic demand on output depends on the extent to which locally produced goods and services contribute to meeting the additional demand. The size of the multiplier in the open economy is smaller than in the closed economy.
To illustrate the relationship between imports and macroeconomic indicators used in the research, economic measurement was used. The ARDL model was used.

The objective of the research is to identify the auditor's compliance with the duties and responsibilities assigned to him and the extent to which this affects the quality of the audit. The results showed that the high level of auditors' awareness of their responsibilities when auditing the accounts of the economic unit, which is mandated to audit their accounts, can contribute strongly to improve audit quality The study showed that the high level of awareness of banks in the sample of the study of the importance of transparency in the presentation of financial statements can contribute to show the results of the audit in a better quality if the data is not presented As well as auditors' compliance with auditing regulations and instructions, contribute significantly to improving the quality of audit, and it is possible to benefit from the auditor's sense of responsibility in exerting pressure on the various economic units in order to increase the transparency of their various accounts. This is demonstrated by the analysis of correlation and impact relationships

Background: Multiple Sclerosis is chronic autoimmune inflammatory demylinative disease of the central nervous system that affects usually young ages. Cytomegalovirus still controversy and have either protective role in induction of multiple sclerosis disease via molecular mimicry. The current study was designed to assess the sero-prevalence of anti-Cytomegalovirus IgG in multiple sclerosis patients; its impacts if any association of Cytomegalovirus with either disease initiation and or disease activity.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Rizgary teaching hospital Erbil /Iraq. Patients group enrolled comprised of 50 multiple sclerosis patients. The controls group comprised of 30 healthy persons with age and gender match. Anti-Cytomegalovirus IgG titer using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay test was assessed in Multiple Sclerosis patients.
Results: A total of 50 multiple sclerosis patients is enrolled in this study, 17 Patients (34 %) had Relapsing Remitting multiple sclerosis and 33 patients (66%) had secondary progressive pattern course. Common presenting symptoms were limb weakness, diplopia, visual obscuration, sensory impairment and ataxia. Results revealed a highly significant increase of anti-CMV IgG titer in MS patients compared with controls group; with higher titer in patients with more than 4-relapses that reflects disease activity.
Conclusions: Seropositivity of Cytomegalovirus was higher in Multiple Sclerosis patients than controls; therefore, it may have a possible role in Multiple Sclerosis pathogenesis but further studies are needed to prove this result.

Atherosclerosis remains one of the major causes of death and premature disability in developed countries. It is a chronic inflammatory disease which may cause obstructions of the coronary, cerebral and peripheral arteries. The goal of this study to establish association age, body mass index and smoking with severity of coronary artery disease. Seventy eight patients (39 males & 39 females) were studied. Seventy eight healthy volunteers match in age and sex were enrolled and accepted as a control group, their age range between (45-75 years). All patients were admitted to our hospital for elective coronary angiography with negative medical history (hypertension and diabetics mellitus).

Steganography science is one of the most popular field in security direction. In this paper an algorithm will be adopted to embed a compressed speech inside a gray image using discrete wavelet (Haar transformation). In the beginning the speech was compressed up to its half original size by applying (Daubechies) then convert the speech data from decimal code to binary code and embed it inside Haar coefficients of the cover _image using the Four sub bands (cA : Low Low,cH: High Low,cV:Low High,cD: High High) which got by applying the wavelet on the cover_ image. Measuring Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) to determine the accuracy of the stego_image with respect to the original image, MSE and the correlation factors were checked show that the proposed algorithm has positive effect in field of speech hiding.The proposed technique in this research turned out to be able to hide speech data (audio) in the cover image and then extract the hidden data with storage rate (1) bits per pixel. Hiding capacity can be achieved using this method proportionally depends on cover_image size. High frequency coefficients have also been shown to be better for data hiding in terms of perceptibility and intruders\' cannot be able to recognize the cover medium (stego_image) which included secret data.

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The current research aims at identifying the extent to which a sample of members of teaching staff in the Faculty of Basic Education / Mustansiriyah University used the modern education technology in their teaching and the extent of their actual use of the variables (academic qualification, academic qualification, specialization and years of experience) Consisting of (10) paragraphs, and was applied to a sample of (96) teaching member during the second semester 2016/2017; The study reached the following results:
• The use of education technology was below the required level in the employment of the use of modern teaching technology in university teaching.
• There are statistically significant differences in the use of educational technology due to the variable of academic qualification، specialization and years of experience.
• There are no statistically significant differences in the use of educational technology due to the variable of scientific qualification.
The statistical processing of the research was done using the statistical program (spss), where the frequencies, percentages, arithmetic averages and standard deviations were used, as well as (Willcoxon test).

Background: Infertility is defined as a failure of achieve a pregnancy after one year and more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. The exposure of reproductive system to heavy metals has also been associated with male infertility. A large number of metals are toxicants to the reproductive system and are suspected to be endocrine system disruptors.
Patients and methods: This study performed at the high institute of infertility diagnosis and assisted reproductive technologies in Al-Nahrain University and the Poisoning consultation center / specialized surgeries hospital in the Medical city in period from November 2018 to April 2019. Number of 150 men were enrolled in this study divided into two groups, the patient and the normal control groups. The infertile group included 100 men aged 20-50 years who they have abnormal seminal fluid analysis parameters. The second group included 50 healthy fertile men who have at least two children without any previous history of systemic diseases as a control group. Heavy metals and testosterone concentrations were estimated for all the study groups. Aim of current study are evaluation of some heavy metals concentrations, in serum and whole blood of groups. Assessment of testosterone hormone in serum of infertile men and healthy controls and study the correlation between this hormone and trace elements which were estimated among cases.
Results: The heavy metals Cu, Pb and Cd showed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in the serum and blood of infertile men (159.77±8.49 µg/dl, 24.18±4.30µg/dl, 0.31±0.10 µg/dl) respectively when compared with their concentrations in healthy control men (125.14±10.12 µg/dl, 15.74±2.69 µg/dl, 0.16±0.03 µg/dl) respectively. The mean levels of Zn showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) in the serum of infertile men (70.82±9.48 µg/dl) compared to its mean level in the healthy control group (95.70±11.41 µg/dl). Serum testosterone hormone in infertile men (185.40±61.92 ng/ml) showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) as compared with those of healthy men (450.35±131.27 ng/ml). Serum copper level was negatively correlated with serum testosterone level among infertile men.
Conclusions: this study concluded that some heavy metals were shown to be an indicators for men infertility. Serum copper level was negatively correlated with serum Testosterone level among infertile men .This result can hypothesize that excess copper acts as a hormonal disrupter. The remaining heavy metals did not show significant correlation with the selected hormones.

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Proposed a new colour-texture feature extraction method is presented for Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). In this method, Colour-GLCM (C-GLCM) is extracted from each colour channel, and then computes the average of each column of GLCM matrix for each channel. In this case, we will get a feature vector include colour and texture features at the same time to achieve the objectives of any CBIR system which are; decrease the Feature Vector (FV) dimensions which consequently reduces retrieval time, and also increase the retrieval accuracy. To perform the evaluation of the proposed CBIR system, 4000 test images have been used as query images including 500 original images were selected randomly from image database of Iraqi National Museum of Modern Art, then applying seven image transformations on each original image resulting 3500 transformations image sued as query image. The proposed C-GLCM algorithm has led to improve and increase the retrieval accuracy (93.63%) comparing with GLCM that extraction from whole gray image (87.88%) and comparing

In our study, we prove some chaotic properties of the shift map σ on the symbol space ∑_2 and apply the topological conjugacy property of the shift map on the horseshoe map.

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The urinary tract infection attributed to the use of an indwelling urinary catheter is one of the most common infections acquired by patients in health care facilities. Catheter-acquired urinary infection is the source for about 20% of episodes of health-care acquired bacteremia in acute care facilities, and over 50% in long term care facilities. The most important interventions to prevent bacteriuria and infection are to limit indwelling catheter use and, when catheter use is necessary, to discontinue the catheter as soon as clinically feasible.
Aim of Study: The aim of this research is to study the urinary tract infection after catheterization and to characterize the various types of microorganisms that are associated with this process. Recommendations concerning the type of treatment and the appropriate ways of catheterization, that help in minimizing urinary tract infection and its complications.
Conclusions : about 74% of these 65 patients for whom the urinary catheterization is used developed urinary tract infections from different kinds of bacteria ,the most common types are Klebsiella pneumoniae (49.23%), also Escherichia coli (13.84%) , Proteus spp. (4.61%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3..07%), staphylococcus aureus (4.61%), β- hemolytic streptococci (1.53%) and Staphylococcus albus (1.53%).

Taxable income is unsafe for the organization, as well as for the whole society. The writing uncovers that there is have to look at the viability of the auditing standard set of principles. They likewise alluded to the part of bookkeeping principles in lessening the impact of taxable income. The reason for this study is to discover the relationship between auditing standard components and the record of asking gauges of expert bookkeepers. It pointed likewise to discover the relationship between bookkeeping models and assessable salary. The writing was assessed and broke down. Likewise, a structure was created. Ethical requirements, professional skepticism, professional judgment, sufficient, appropriate audit evidence and audit risk. Were the free variables of this study. Accounting standards and taxable income wage were the reliant variables. The information about the study were gathered from 170 professional accountants in iraq. Information examination was led utilizing SPSS. Numerous breaks down were performed. The discoveries demonstrated that the most imperative indicators of accounting standards are professional auditing took after by ethical requirements, professional skepticism, professional judgment, and sufficient appropriate audit evidence and audit risk. The accounting standards have an exceptionally negative impact on the taxable income. The study has given reasonable and hypothetical proposal to leaders and specialists.

In this paper, we use cubic b-spline to construct an approximating polynomial to agree with
calculating the control points of the integro cubic b-spline function for solving fractional differ-ential equations for various values, two examples are considered to demonstrate and illustrate the applicability of the method, and to compare the compact results with other known methods, con-vergence analysis for fractional derivatives of the method is considered.

30 years old, unmarried girl with above knee amputation of right lower limbs since 1998 as radical treatment for Osteosarcoma of upper tibia with no systemic or local recurrence after oncological treatment until now.

Data is the main asset of the modern companies and their businesses. Typically, it is stored in the data-base. Every database system has to be capable of responding to information requests from users, which is queries of the process. Encryption mechanisms are required, which give the capability to the query over the encrypted data-base and permit the optimization of data encryption and decryption. However, applying encryption algorithms on Encrypted database then challenge arises that the efficiency of the system degrades on deploying encryption algorithm on the runtime. Therefore, this paper presents most of the recent works that have been conducted on the query preprocessing of encrypted database and analyzes them to clarify the performance analysis, based on different performance metrics in each related work.

Femoral hernia is usually of a small size. It is more common in females than males and presents in a strangulation. It is considered a huge (Voluminous) if it exceeds a volume of a fist.Herewith, A 54-year-old thin man presents with an irreducible but non-strangulated huge right femoral hernia. Diagnosis was confirmed by history and physical examination. Preoperative laboratory and chest x-ray were normal. Open mesh repair was done with uneventful postoperative course. The patient was well after 18 months of operation without recurrence.

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In this paper we find decomposition matrices for the spin characters S ̅_27 modulo 11 by using method of (r,r ̅ )-inducing.

Through the presentation of [1] in his research about Neutrosophic set theory as well as through his definition of Neutrosophic points . We have shown that it doesn’t make its sets through the union which defined by the researcher . so we need to define Neutrosophic point which achieved principle that the set represents its union points by definition an union which serve this principle as well as integration of Neutrosophic point in the Neutrosophic topological spaces and defined (interior, exterior, boundary limit and closure) points.

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The utilizing of Nd: YAG laser (wave length-1064 nm) in the pulsed laser-deposition-PLD for placing diamond-like carbon DLC-film on glass substratum at the normal temperature of room. The composition and morphology of the surface for the atomic force microscopy (AFM), synthesized film and Fourier transform infrared FTIR-spectra for DLC utilized to know the presence of bonding were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-SEM and energy dispersive x-ray -EDX. Deposited DLC-film has a compact structure of dense grains, and the film contained irregular shape particles (clusters) of DLC. FTIR-spectra confirmed that the DLC-film contains carbon atoms with sp3-hybridization.Were investigated in optical properties with the results concerning the transmittance, absorption coefficient-(α), optical energy-gap, reflectance-R, extinction coefficient-k and refractive index-n.

Pure CdO thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition technique , films has Fe doping at ratio (0, 2,4,6,8)% to study effect of Fe doping on structural ,electrical properties of prepared films, structural properties has studies by (XRD),(AFM), electrical properties has such a direct electrical conductivity and Hall effect. XRD results showed that all prepared films has polycrystalline structural cubic type and higher crystal at plane (111) with decrease in grain size with doping increase. AFM results showed that the films has good smooth and homogeneous surface and decrease average roughness with doping increase, electrical results showed that electrical conductivity increasing with doping decreasing with two values of activation energy, Hall effect measurements showed that all prepared films has electrical conductivity n-type and increasing in carrier concentration number with doping increasing.

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