ADAB AL-BASRAH

انفتحت الرحلات بحكم طبيعتها الإثنوغرافية على الآخر، ونقلت للذوات صوره التي اختلفت من رحلة إلى أخرى، ومن رحالة إلى آخر، بسبب انتماءات الرحالة الدينية، والفكرية، والسياسية، وأسباب ارتحالهم، لذا كانت ميدانًا خصبًا للدراسات الصورولوجية المعنية بدراسة الآخر في الآثار الأدبية، وتحديد الأسس التي يبنى عليها مبدأ الغيرية، تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى قراءة صورة الآخر في الرحلة اليابانية، وتحديد المرتكزات التي ارتكز عليها الرحالة في أثناء رسمه لصورة الآخر، وأثر هذه المرتكزات في تشكيل ملامح الصورة.

The translation of humor is not an easy task to handle. It requires the translator to choose from many standards in order to successfully transform the humor from one language into another. In general, humor is of two kinds: universal humor and culture/language-bound humor. Universal humor is that which can be understood by all humans, no matter what culture they belong to. Cultural and language-bound humor; however, constitutes a rough mission for translators. For instance, interpreting a non-humorous cultural expression usually relies upon an explanation of it within the text itself or through footnotes. This solution often does not work with humor because humor relies on the element of surprise, subtle nuance, and/or the use of language-bound puns in order to deliver laughter-inducing effect. In short, over-explanation ultimately kills the joke.

Most studies investigating the pharyngeal consonant /ʕ/ found it to be voiced whether approximant or fricative. Few instances in some Arabic dialects, Iraqi being among them, were found to be voiceless and with those being related to stops only. Further investigations showed what seems to be an increase of voicelessness. Accordingly, acoustic and auditory analyses of the realisations of /ʕ/ were investigated in recordings of university-aged male Iraqi Arabic speakers from a number of Iraqi cities. Results showed /ʕ/ has more ‘voicelessness’ than voicing for all three manners of articulation. The sound is found to be characterised as a voiceless fricative, a voiceless approximant, or a voiceless stop. These voiceless productions were found in both initial and final word positions, but more prevalent in final position. Few productions were of voiced approximants; those were mostly found in initial position. /ʕ/ is also accompanied by glottal bursts, creak and aspiration. The age range of the speakers could explain the frequency of occurrence of the voicelessness of the sound which

Pioneer poets have made a great effort to develop the Arabic poem and to create a new form that reflects the needs of the modern era. These needs convinced the pioneers that the old form of the Arabic poem is limited to expressing it. They explored not only new forms to be more suitable for these needs, but also turned to the elements of drama and employed them in their poems to search for ways to express the optimal experience of poetic poetry.
We noticed many dramatic features in the poetry of the Iraqi pioneers. These poets employed many aspects of the conflict in life, depicting the social conflict and the political and economic conflict, as well as the struggle of man with himself and with society and the surrounding environment. Hence much of the storytelling and mythical poetry, which expresses their positions in life.
Therefore, this research highlights the extent to which the modern poem used different dramatic techniques, especially with regard to the dramatic conflict and its role in presenting the poet's vision and highlighting his artistic experience.

Romantic poetic configuration depends almost entirely on the element of nature, and the poets are the human beings who are fond of nature and seek to know its secrets to employ them in poetry. They see the purity of nature and its significance and consider nature the basic fountain of the poem at the level of form and content. Nature, natural manifestations, and images are considered to be the main topics that poets compete for from ancient times. They exploit them in their poems where the poems were full of various poetic images.
The experience of the Palestinian-Jordanian poet Nidhal Al-Qasim represents a clear romantic model through his tendency, in many of his poems, towards the romantic space with its various manifestations; and although his poetry embraces the national vision in expressing the essence of the Palestinian case as the mother topic of most Palestinian poets, he utilizes it in configuring his poetic policy whether on the level of representation of the Palestinian case with its national and humanitarian aspects, on the one hand, or in terms of the use of artistic images as an aesthetic aspect that cannot be neglected by the poet for the sake of his basic theme.

The issues of the term and concept remains the primary keys to access the fields of knowledge and its horizons. Hence, it was necessary for every discipline to determine the meanings of its terms and concepts precisely. Otherwise, we will be trapped in vicious circles of misunderstanding, away from the fundamentals of the theory.
Therefore, this research attempts to study the term (discourse) in many fields of our ancient Arabic heritage, by considering it a term used in many fields of knowledge in our Arab heritage, and a term used by scholars with lot of confusion. So it became a word loaded with different meanings and terminology, so much so that some researchers consider it a synonyms and symmetrical, which is not so.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the correct understanding of the term " discourse " in linguistic, religious and literary contexts as a dynamic and linguistic entity. Contemporary epistemological contexts reflect the meaning of this term in several systems connected to social and political, economic, cultural and other fields, to the most recent theories of (Discourse analysis).

The study dealt with one of the reasons for the controversy of the Islamic sects, the linguistic aspect. The single word, as is known in the Arabic language, may carry more than one meaning, as well as in the grammar may bear the word more than an Arab face, or that one formula has several linguistic functions and multiple indications.
Language is the means of delivering the Holy Quran to us. The Almighty has made it in the Arabic language to understand that it is in the preserved panel that the language was not, and it was not possible for many things, or for two things: It is not permissible to have anything except one face.

The sectarian affiliation of individuals during the Abbasi period contributed to the creation of an ideological-doctrinal focus among the sons of the same sect, this pivotal transfer of belonging and adopted intellectual doctrinal stage of religious practice to the stage of intolerance and competition, and then the struggle between the sons of the various Islamic sects, which is in many cases was not far from the influence of authoritarianism, which led to the emergence of sectarian strife has had serious effects on various aspects of religious life, political, administrative, social and economic in Baghdad.

The Iranian society witnessed a deterioration of political, economic and social conditions, which led to the various social groups protesting and demonstrating against the Shah's regime, demanding for their rights. However, the Shah rejected these demands, resulting in clashes between the two parties. These events ended with the overthrow of the Shah regime and the establishment of the republican system in Iran in 1979. This paper explores the importance of these events and their effects on Iran and the region in particular, and the world in general, and how that was reflected in Western media, including the Journal of International Politics .

Studying the Personality of Oubaid Allah Bin Al – Hur Al – Ja'fi revealed that he was a tramp and there were many reasons behind his being so, one of which was that he was not treated as free man through he was a nobleman .
Some references stated that he was a brave man and one of the masters in Kufa where he was born and grew up . He settled there during caliph Othman Bin Affan's era. When Othman was Killed , OubaidAllah departed to the Levant and , against his will , he sought asylum to Mu'awia . He said " Allah Knows that I don't like to see Othman dead " . It is also said that he witnessed Saffeen war with Mu'awia and stayed with him till the murder of Ali Bin Abi Talib .
The main reason of selecting this topic for researching is the prominent role played by OubaidAllah Bin Al – Hur Al – Ja'fi in the Political life in the Ummaid State .

The first signs of architecture appeared in the Northern Mesopotamia ten thousand years BC. After the end of the Pleistocene when the inhabitants in the Northern Mesopotamia left their huts and started to live in small communities – the first villages and simply populated localities. In these communities their inhabitants made the first attempts to practice agriculture besides traditional hunting and gathering products of nature. The village Zawi-Jimi near the cave of Shanidar demonstrated the first example of residential buildings – oval-planned houses made from the materials from the environment.
The present research gives an insight into the first architecture of the villages of Zawi-Jimi, Mlefaat etc. These villages are believed to be the first settled communities, as well as inhabitants’ first attempts to develop a planning structure of residential houses in the Northern Mesopotamia.

This study deals with the analysis of the problem of poverty and its future after the victory over the entity calling the terrorist, because of the impact of this problem and the influence on the policy of the State to achieve security and stability in the future. There are several reasons for increasing poverty in Iraq, the most important security situation and the control of terrorism in large areas after 2014. The decline in oil prices, financial and administrative corruption, as well as population growth and environmental degradation are all reasons for poverty. Poverty has had political, economic and social effects, the most important of which are violence in several regions, increasing demands for reform, high unemployment, illiteracy and crime, Due to spread of poverty and the rate of deprivation, Iraq has been classified as a medium development in the human development index for several years. The State has developed a number of policies aimed at reducing poverty, but they did not work very efficiently, which must develop new strategies to achieve economic and social development reduces the Poverty rate, and guarantees for their implementation after the security stability that will be achieved throughout the country.