ADAB AL-BASRAH

The text is a book titled "The Philology of Antonyms", which I edited. It is a unique lexicon of a kind and an effort which complemented the Arabic dictionary ‘Al Qmoos Al Muheet’. The author intended to collect the recorded antonyms in his dictionary following the same methodology in the order of the linguistic material. Its uniqueness is due to the fact that the writer separated the terminology which was renounced by linguists to make a reliable linguistic dictionary. Probably, what made him write it is that he found in the Arabic dictionary ‘Al Qmoos Al Muheet’ many antonyms either narrated by the Arabs or confirmed in the Koran and Sunnah that have two different meanings. For example, the word assumption in Arabic “Aldhan” has two meanings: “Shak” (doubt) and “Yaqeen” (certainty); “Wara’a”: “Khalf” ((behind ) and “A’mam” (in front of); the word “Raja” desire for “A’mal” (hope) and “Khawf” (fear). These vocalizations and other examples of the meaning and their antonym are of regular occurrence in Arabs’ speech. As we found this classification in the philology of antonyms, we put it in its destination and with the help of Allah we made this book which is specialized with words of same structure and different meanings.

This work investigates the general politeness strategies (henceforth GSP), as proposed by Leech (2014), used in the Iraqi tribal disputes, in particular, the southern region. It shows that these strategies help resolve serious cases, resulted from murder, armed assault or honour issues, among tribes. This paper is based on the information obtained from 15 interviews held with 15 tribal leaders and spokesmen from different tribes. These participants were later asked to choose clauses of maxims in a questionnaire devised by the researcher that judge the potential compatibility of the 10 maxims under the umbrella of the GSP. Further, their ticks helped decide the degree of effectiveness of each maxim in attenuating the face of the afflicted party. The results of this study show that all the 10 maxims are applied and widely used in the Iraqi tribal contexts; though the degree of effect is different. The findings also entail that the positive politeness strategies overwhelmed the negative ones which do not correspond with Leech’s study subject as a result of traditional, cultural, and attitudinal differences between the Iraqi and European societies. This, in turn, ensures that the Iraqi tribal context is an object-oriented community rather than being speaker-oriented one.

The paper addresses the representation of the other in the novel in the Arab Gulf in the public and geographical space of the Self. The ideological space emerges from the referential differentiation between the Self and the Other. The spatial reference of the Other is what shapes the ideological space due to its cultural connotations that differentiate it from the Self. That Other might be ideological, religious, historical, or cultural, and it might be marginal or dissidemt. In other words, the identity of the Other determines the Self’s relation to it. We have identified the Other from the perspective of poetic discourse. This concept has provided us with tools to analyse the geographical space and its socil and ideological determinants of the relation between the Self and the Other.

Conversational Implicature theory attempts to uncover the hidden implicit meanings, other than the explicit ones. It sometimes entails the violation of Grice’s four maxims. The research addresses this issue in the old linguists’ argumentation about linguistic issues. These arguments are rich in examples of implicature, and it shows how both sides understand what the other side is saying in that particular context.

The study attempts to explore the structural aspects that Bakr Bin Wael poets used in their war propaganda, by either using the negative content or propaganda hierarchies or ambiguities or the use of multiple grammatical functions or using the uncommon word order in Arabic, as well as the use of deixies or provoking the readrer using different grammatical interpretations.

Kuwait is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and played an important role in the Lebanese issue. It expressed its position on all the events of Lebanon during the period 1982-1989, condemning the 1982 Israili aggression and calling for the immediate withdrawal from Lebanon. It also demanded the Lebanese people to unite and stop fighting between their communities. Kuwait also supported all national reconciliation conferences held in different cities. The research was divided into two parts: first, Kuwait's position on the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and secondly on the Kuwaiti position on the Lebanese civil war.

The Oslo Agreement is the agreement signed between the PLO and Israil on Monday 13 September 1993. The Oslo Agreement was formally signed in Washington. It was signed, on the Palestinian side, by Mahmoud Abbas, Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and member of the Fatah Central Committee, who pursued these secret negotiations himself. It was signed by Shimon Peres, the foreign minister, and signed by US Secretary of State Warren Krestover and the Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev, as their countries were committed to the Middle East peace process and were signed at a grand ceremony in the presence of the president. Bill Clinton, and the presence of Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, aired to various parts of the world. The Declaration of Principles contains seventeen articles, four annexes, an agreed record, and three letters, two of which are mutual official recognition between Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat.
The position of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) came as a rejection of the settlement projects based on its charter, which stated: ((The initiatives and the so-called peaceful solutions and international conferences to resolve the Palestinian issue are incompatible with the doctrine of Hamas The negligence in any part of Palestine is a violation of part of religion) That these conferences do not achieve the demands and does not restore rights, and what is the kind of people who control the people of disbelief in the land of Muslims, and described international initiatives and conferences as a waste of time. Based on the above, the refusal of the Islamic Resistance Movement, the participation of the PLO in the Madrid Conference and then the signing of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement in 1993.

The Cordoba revolution can be considered as the most significant event in the beginning of the fifth Hejra century in the Andalusia national history. It is the starting point of the dividing and re-dividing the people into religious sub-classes fighting one another for tribal or individual interests away from the Andalusia identity that used to keep them unified there for many centuries. This research studies in detail all the direct and indirect causes and effects of that revolution

Most of the Chronicles about the campaign of Alexander the Great on the ancient Near East and Babylonia, relied on the records of historians and travellers who lived after his death, the likes of ( Herodotus) and (Arrian of Nicomedia ), and may not refer to the earliest documentation of the campaign contained in the texts . And by that I mean the ancient Iraqi cuneiform scripts, known as the Babylonian Chronicles, authored by the Chaldean priests, which included the daily astronomical records and several interesting events, such as the levels of Euphrates River, weather, food prices, and related incidents of Babylon and its temples. Of course, political events would have a great share, since astrological phenomena are not absent from important political changes, as a kind of signal by the gods, obtained by the astronomer who knows its secrets, including what will appear in the records of the subject.

The city of Faw suffered from the effects of wars, especially the Iran-Iraq war in the eighties of the twentieth century, which resulted in the destruction of the city and the migration of its population, and after the end of the war in 1988, there were attempts to redraw it through the development of a basic design and a comprehensive use of all urban land, This design is devoted to each use of specific space and certain benefits are subject to local standards on the part of the state and on the other, and this shows that the study of land uses in the city and the interest of many urban studies because it gives a clear picture of the nature of the planning philosophy that created these uses and influenced the nature of the organic interaction of these uses. The research is divided into three main parts: the first is the historical dimension of the city of Faw. The second reviewed the clarification of natural characteristics and human variables. The third deals with the reality of the uses of land in the city for the year 2018.