Journal of University of Babylon

The current research aims to identify the impact of a proposed strategy based on the Scout orientation on developing visual thinking skills among second-grade intermediate students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher randomly chose Saif Al Jabri’s intermediate school for boys, and in the same way he chose section (A) to represent the experimental group which consisted of (45) students and section (B) to represent the control group which also consisted of (45) students. The researcher conducted a parity between students of the two groups of research in a set of variables.
After determining the subject to be taught (during the period of the experiment) represented in the geography topics to be taught to students of the second intermediate grade, the researcher formulated (74) behavioral goals, prepared instructional plans for the subjects of the subject that will be taught in the experiment, and presented examples of them to a committee of experts And specialists in the field of methods, psychology, measurement and evaluation to find out its validity and suitability for the research variables, and the researcher also prepared a questionnaire for visual thinking and made sure of its validity and reliability by himself after presenting it to experts and specialists in the field of teaching methods, psychology, measurement and evaluation.
The researcher studied the two research groups himself during the experimental period that lasted for (10) weeks, and after the completion of the experiment, he applied the post-achievement test to the students of the two groups, and we used statistical methods, namely: the T-test for two independent samples, the chi square, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Spearman Brown equation. And the power discrimination equation, the difficulty coefficient equation, and the equation for the effectiveness of the wrong alternative, and after analyzing the results statistically, he reached a conclusion that the proposed strategy based on the Scout trend was effective in developing visual thinking skills among students of the second intermediate grade by outperforming the experimental group students over the control group students in the test.

This study aims to identify the effect of using the (PQ4R) strategy in alleviating the difficulties of reading dyslexia among special education pupils. To achieve this goal, the researcher hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference at (05,0) level of significance between the average ranks of the difference between the pre and post tests for the experimental group that studied according to the (PQ4R) strategy and the control group that studied according to the usual method of relieving the difficulties of reading dyslexia. The research sample consists of (18) male and female pupils from the fourth grade of primary school (special education) of both sexes. The researcher designed a test to measure the reading difficulties of these pupils before and after the completion of the experiment. It contains (22) items closely related to the topics of their reading textbook. The face validity of the test was extracted by presenting it to a jury of experts to see their applicability, and then the researcher extracted consistency by the re-testing method, and the researcher prepared plans for the (PQ4R) strategy for the experimental group and plans for the usual method (for reading difficulties) for the control group. The researcher used the experimental design method that is called designing equivalent groups with two tests, one before the application of the experiment and the other after the application, and for the experimental and control groups, the researcher also rewarded the two groups in some variables, as for the statistical methods, the researcher used the Mann Whitney test and the chi square test and then the Yitz correction test and the equation (Keoder-Richardson-) 20) to analyze the results. These statistical methods were used as they are compatible with small samples.
The results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the pupils of the control group that studied according to the usual method and its superiority over the experimental group that was studied by the strategy (PQ4R) and in light of this, a number of recommendations and proposals were developed to complement the results of the study.

Cette étude examine certains obstacles et problèmes rencontrés par les institutions académiques de nos pays arabes en ce qui concerne la méthodologie de la traduction, à la fois orale et écrite, et les procédures traditionnelles suivies pour les enseigner, ainsi que le manque de compréhension de la traduction en tant que matière académique. L’étude aborde également le problème d’absence de coordination entre les secteurs publics représentés par l’institution universitaire et les instituts privés d’enseignement des langues ou de traduction. L'étude concluait que la traduction, en général dans nos pays arabes, manquait de coordination entre les secteurs public et privé pour développer la traduction et il n’y a pas de méthodologie claire de traductionà enseigner. La recherche a mis l'accent sur la résolution de ces obstacles en organisant des séminaires intensifs, des conférences, de manière à suivre le rythme du développement dans divers pays développés et à augmenter le nombre d'heures d'étude dans les universités pour cette matière importante.

Like any member of a society, the child enjoys legal protection, so it is not permissible to violate his physical integrity, property, or esteem, and other rights and freedoms established for all that are legally protected through criminalization provisions. Because of the child's lack of awareness at this stage, he is not able to provide for himself the requirements of life. The legislator, thus, has decided to allocate him some distinct forms of legal protection that are suitable for his early stages in life, whether from his family members themselves or others, is this protection sufficient? This is what is discussed in this study.

This research investigates what the fictional characters take, as a model for natural and realistic human life, in terms of defensive or offensive techniques and strategies for the sake of preserving the self and its continuity in staying within a world dominated by the laws of nature that have been imbibed and printed by the human soul, so the human law is the law of nature and its morals, and in this world it controls Emotions and animalism precede the mind, so it preserves it in its entirety, or takes it as a ride for one purpose, which is victory, with what (reason) provides in terms of innovation and manufacture of power tools. Reason in the natural world and its morals do not rationalize that life and morals, but rather serve it as it is without effecting from its effect that marked life beyond Naturalism - in the sense of what came after it and not in the sense of what is behind it - is something mentioned.

This research seeks to establish an anti-patriarchal memory in the experience of contemporary poetic books, which means looking at memory outside the hierarchy that raises the status of the center and degrades the value of the margin, by establishing counter concepts that dig into the roots of that system, as Arab culture is drawn according to its patriarchal system of a desert nature, a monolithic thought that does not allow pluralism and difference, because it is a threat to its system, which made the concept of identity presented collectively, that is, the exclusion of self-identity.
What the books seek in terms of transcending this system is to build a thought that moves towards the future, and not to make it a mental structure that governs every time and place, because this stops the concept of time and deals with it as a fossilized structure in the past, in addition to the transcendent and inevitable values that the patriarchal system carries. Control the entirety of Arab culture. Our focus will be on Tarfa ibn al-Wardah by Qassem Haddad, and on Love by Muhammad Bennis .

This research deals with the methods of learning and teaching in the noble Prophet Muhammad’s Sunnah, which is considered one of the most important sources of Islamic legislation and has a great and sublime position as it is the second origin of legislation in Islam, after the Holy Qur’an. Islam’s culture, thought and creation are formed from the Sunnah of the Prophet, which God revealed to him (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace).
The noble Prophet’s Sunnah is full of educational methods to approximate concepts and clarify them to teach Shari’a rulings and matters of religion and the world at a time when ignorance was pervading the globe, and this research deals with a number of teaching methods that will clarify what is ambiguous and define what is unknown. The research dealt with several points, including the definition of search terms, the difference between learning and education, and the objectives of the educational process in the Prophet’s Sunnah, in addition to dealing with educational methods in the noble Prophet’s Sunnah.

The subconscious construct poses one of the major bases from which many diverse forms of psychological character instinct، emanated from its behavioral types، interacting with each other in its internal creation system worlds of alienation and imposed replacement according to the fantasies of character that erase the internal kept grieves that reside in the subconscious mind. The monodrama characters have embodied a variety of characters that are dominated by the subconscious construct in its turbulent behaviors that regress up to the psychological time. Hence، the study tries to answer the following question: What is the technique(s) of forming the monodrama subconscious construct in the Iraqi contemporary theatrical texts for the period of (2007-2020)?
The study is concerned with the concept of subconscious as it is an important element in building the subconscious construct on stage and it falls into two sections: the first is a theoretical introduction and the second is about monodrama and appearances of psychological character. The study analyses “Mujared Nifayat” of the Iraqi writer Qasim Matrood as a sample of the study which uses the descriptive approach. The main results of the study are:
1- The subconscious construct has dominated over behaviors of monodrama characters which are characterized with confused behaviors up to the duality of contrast and unmatched coordination as a result for addressing the conscience and torturing the self.
2- Reciprocating motion، resulted from contradicted memory، dominated the addressing narrations between I and the opposite.
3- Dominance of the place and its negativity has erased the conscious construct of monodrama character resulted from refusing the conceptual understanding in the components of self، subconscious mind and real alienation.

The study investigates the role of contextual factors in retrieving the intended meaning of the grammatical poetic example. It highlights the theme of relying on contextual suggestive thesauri that control the position of the witness who was adopted by grammarians and examining the pros and cons of martyrdom.

This research deals with the phenomenon of graffiti in schools in Babylon/ Iraq related to what is going on in the student’s mind in terms of linguistic and socio-linguistic aspect, with the aim of identifying the student’s ways of thinking and at the same time studying the tendencies and trends that accompany him in middle school. The phrases on the walls represent an exceptional form of expression, in which the political is mixed with the emotional, the religious and the absurd. The research included data that came from the classroom, halls and school corridors, as they express what is going on in the student’s thinking without restriction. The quality of the writing varies according to the location of the wall, the nature of the stage, and the age group of the student. The researcher dealt with (200) pictures of writings written by students in Babylon Governorate schools with a note of the place from which they were taken. And he classified them according to their subjects, and chose from them what was related to art education. The research found that most of the students ’writings were either praise, slander, or an expression of pent-up feelings or a talent for the student, offending school, or announcing something that is going on in the student’s psyche. One of the most important objectives of the research is to discover the role of art education in organizing the phenomenon of unorganized writing on walls and to identify the causes of this phenomenon.

The study presents the most important characteristics that distinguish the Holy Qur’an from other texts. The study selects some verses of the Holy Qur’an that show its characteristics; they are chosen according to its sections with reference to the most important explanations mentioned by the interpreters in those verses. The study concludes that the most important characteristic that distinguishes the Holy Qur’an from all other texts and enables it to dominate them is its keeping pace with the aspirations of humanity and its developments over time until the Hour of Resurrection.

Multiplicity in Arabic dictionaries is a term that is intended to mean richness and identification. This study relates to the richness of the grammatical cases of the word and it is not related to identification, because we are after the large number of grammatical cases in the parsing of a word.
The grammatical case is a change that takes place at the end of the word and transposes it between the syntactic features that a word takes such as nominative, accusative, genitive and jussive cases, according to the position of the grammarians, and the Fatha of the Hamza is given to the people of the desert, our study relates to the first meaning, which is an application of grammatical rules, and we have nothing to do with the other meaning. The syntactic plurality occurred as a result of multiple reasons that had a prominent role in the singular possibility of more than one grammatical aspect, some of them are related to advance, delay and multiplicity of the meaning of the composition, and some are related to the functions of the word, stopping and starting.

The study emphasizes the importance of cognitive self-complaining as one of the causes of mild or moderate cognitive impairment, but its inclusion is still controversial, and many studies have not used self-cognitive complacency when diagnosing moderate cognitive impairment, and there is no ideal way to identify or demonstrate self-cognitive complaining. While there are no less than (20) questionnaires to identify and measure moderate cognitive impairment. This problem led to uncertainty about the relevance of self-reported cognitive complaining and the existence of a question mark about the use of self-reported cognitive complaining to define mild cognitive impairment. This study deals with high school students in order to measure their own level of cognitive distress and the differences in self-cognitive complaint among secondary school students according to the variables of gender (male - female) for the benefit of male students and specialization (scientific-literary) by means of a questionnaire that adopted the Marseille scale and others. . It was concluded that the members of the current study population who represent secondary school students in Babel governorate, whether they are male or female, have a self-cognitive complaint, with statistically significant differences in the degrees of self-cognitive complaint among secondary school students according to the gender variable (males - females) There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members for self-cognitive complaint according to the variable of specialization (scientific-literary), and there are no statistically significant differences in the self-cognitive complaint of secondary school students due to the effect of the interaction between the gender variable (male - Females) and variable specialization (scientific - literary).

This study deals with the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in supporting the Palestinian cause. The Iranian people have realized the extent of persecution in the Palestinian issue for many years, to emotionally rush to deal with it from the window of the Islamic brotherhood that authorized them to support and interact with the developments of its events until it became a major reason that pushed the Iranians to confront the Shah’s regime, which Strategically linked to the usurper Zionist entity. The study aims to achieve a number of objectives, including the definition of the extent of Iranian popular sympathy on the Palestinian issue and the strength of its relationship with the support provided to the Palestinian people, and the most prominent and important procedural means taken by the Islamic Republic in supporting the Palestinian people and supporting their legitimate and just struggle, in addition to identifying the reflection of the impact of the support it provided The Islamic Republic is based on its position as an effective regional power in the conflict with the Israeli entity, and at the same time as a pivotal state in the projects of the axis of resistance.

This study attempts to apply one of the important modern critical highlights that accompanied the postmodern period which is the proposition presented by the famous linguist, Charles Sanders Pearce (1839-1914), in his division of the sign (Icon), which is one of the most prominent contemporary linguistic epistemological visions. The study attempts to disclose the features of the iconic scholarly project in the critiques of the traditionalists, and the extent of their possession of organized and productive critical knowledge that enables them to approach the ancient critical texts according to what was produced by the modern scholarly lesson. The study also deals with a leading critic in the ancient Arab criticism in the fifth century AH, namely Abdul-Qaher al-Jarjani. The study has found many texts based on moving images that attract the reader's mind and stimulate him to contemplate, contemplate, and research in order to find out the deep meanings and connotations of the text, and these texts can be identified with the idea of the iconic sign and the features of the work in it among contemporaries. The study has also found more than one text and a witness in the texts of Al-Jarjani, in which he tries to detail the speech in places about metaphor, develop a theory of systems, divide meanings and others that contain images worth contemplation and contemplation to reveal their underlying meanings to reach the desired meaning.