Journal of International studies

Three concerted factors affected negatively the state of Mali both politically and security They played an important role in the state of political instability and the integration there: colonial legacy , weakness and fragility of the state , and the control of tribalism . The movement of Azawad has get benefit from these factors in its confrontation with the central government.
However , the direct reasons that led to the declaration of the state of Azawad represented , in addition to what have been mentioned above , in changing the Libyan political regime . It was a major reason behind escalating the claims of the movement to the extent of calling for secession and declaring the independence .
Supplying with human of Tuaregs to the north of Mali, the movement has been empowered clearly .
The military coup in Mali coincided with the fall of Gaddafi. This situation negatively a ffected the state of Mali in its dealing with the claims of the National Movement of Azawad.The latter got benefit from the instability, weakness of the state and the armed organizations spread across the African coast that empowered it.
Although the elimination of the nascent state by the French intervention, the question has not been solved yet. It will remain raised from time to time according to regional and International circumstances. The maldistribution of power would keep the problem. If there are no serious measures to settle it, the instability will remain the major feature of the state in Mali and threaten its existence.

The state of Israel had always said that she belongs to the Arabic homeland and since she said so she must submit to the rules that the other countries in the region submit to them, and among these are the rules of Ibn Khaldon in the rise and fall of the states . We shall discuss the main components of the theory starting from al Asabya – group spirit – and the group or the league holding this spirit – alausba -, the relationship between the asabya and the strength of the state , the generations the state goes through and the decay that leads to its wither and vanish . And then we shall apply all these on the state of Israel to foresee its future.

The political opposition is an important and fundamental part of any political system, but, its presence may narrows or expands according to the nature of the political systems. The democratic systems recognize the existence of political opposition, and believes in its role to function freely in the political arena. So, the opposition sometimes assume power through the ballot box and peaceful transition of power while the dictatorship do not allow the opposition, amd work to exclude marginalize, and possibly do away with it..
In the democratic struclure of Kurdiston Region, the opposition is indispsable necessity because a democratic system based on a sound basis is required. A system that acknowledges the existence of the opposition that evaluates the performanceof the institution of local government especially the three powers (legislativem, executive and judicial). As well as, it exercises a supervisory role to find out and correct mistakes, and more importamtly, to put forward alternatives. The urgent need for this kind of opposition of positive goals, and the lack of this kind of studies dealing with the opposition in Kurdistion Region-Iraq. Are reasons behind deciding to studay this topic. The research studies the role of opposition in an important are of the region (after 1991) and identifies some of the observations that can be benefited from them in political life.

The Iraqi culture is characterized as not suffering the creation, but also the super ego which refuse the other, and seek to seze his right to exist. So, there will be a system that represents one opinion, one culture, onerace, one sect, one caln… and etc. that makes the relationship among the Iraqi. Cultural assets as a struggle relation and a mutual reject to each other.
That\'s what is going on in the Iraqi arena where all the parties in a situationof mutual distrust. They seek to get their own interests at the expense of the public interest. It led the country to instability. In return, it makes the chanllenge of overcoming this problem so big. It needs frm the the intellectual elites to educate the official and unofficial institution of the socirty in a way that promotes the public interest , with the emphasis on the interests of each party in a way that contributes to achieving a balance between private and public interest .

The research deals with the studying and analysizing the role of oil in U.S. policy toward the Arab Gulf region, which has become the core of the American interests, due to its economic importance and geographical position. The United States had formulated policies and strategies toward the region at the beginning of the nineties of the last century. It was the most important stages, that the U.S. strongly involved in the reqion in order to secure its central role to dominate the region by direct military presence there..
The pursuit of the U.S. to dominate the major oil region. The foremost of its several targets it to achieve the goal of American hegemony on the world affairs through conirolling the vital energy resources (oil and gas). So, U.S. will enable to exrcise influence on the interational level. By force, the world can be contronled, the rest of the world be neutralized, the rising powers by hindered, so not to be have in contyrary way to American interests, and the role of these powers in the economy of 21th contery will be demar. It means that the Gulf reyion will have great attention in the perception of American strateg. This importance American hage many on the international arena in future.

The dispute over the Iraqi province of Kirkuk is one of the most important and complex issues in Iraqi politics. It is a longstanding problem, clearly manifested after the political change in 9/4/2003, The Kurdish Iraqi parties and their leader have sought to annex the province of Kirkuk to Kurdistan region. In contrast, there are Turkmen and Arabs popular political figures strongly opposed this idea.
So there is an urgent need to not find a unilateral solution to the dispute, but it must be a compromise that satisfies all parties involved. To solve this conflict in a peaceful, constitutional and consensual manner, a project idea of Kirkuk as a separate region must be chosen. It is a compromise that could bring together all the conflicting parties. It is unreasonable to keep the province in a dispute to no end..

Different alliances between countries emerge according to the type of relationship between these countries, the degree of rationality and understanding, the size of the risk and the common interests between them. As the international environment became very competitive and permanently changing in terms of the risks it faces, there is no permanent, but constantly changing alliances according to the variables of the international environment. This leads to the search for partners or allies to confront these risks, especially with regard to gaining new allies. These alliances are based on facing dangers and achieving common goals, and that this is one of the pillars of international relations and balance of power. However, what distinguishes the mechanism of alliances after September 11, 2001 is that alliances are based on interest, regardless of the ideological foundations and faith that brings the allied parties together the fact that the threat has become common.

Chinese / Japanese relations have become of the most important strategic relations at the current stage, they are described as a strategic because of their negative or positive impact on the overall local interactions within China and Japan or the regional and international interactions, and also because of their characteristics that distinguish them from others in terms of apathy and coldness, tension and accusations on the political and diplomatic sides Sometimes, and economic dependability and high pragmatism in dealing with the economic and commercial interests at other times.
These characteristics that distinguish this relationship, economic and commercial aspects of itespecially, were relatively unaffected by neither historical or current problems and differences between the two countries, the decision-makers on both sides realized the importance of separating the political and media sides- with all their strains- as much as possible from the economic side for the fact that the dispute in political changes, whether historical or strategiccan not cause the collapse of the economic constants, which are the foundation of the strategic relations between Chinaand Japanese.