alrafidain of Law

Abstract /
That the most important objectives pursued by the Emirates space agency to achieve; is the development of human cadres, and support their educational activities in space in addition to attracting national talent for the UAE space sector, and development of the uses of space science and technology, and found this study in the contracts for the transfer of assistance It is possible to transfer technical knowledge and expertise from the party that informs the supplier (the recipient), which are contracts of an international nature, that play a distinct role in putting the technical knowledge into practice and training the users M Has acquired the expertise and skills for its application in the production process, yet it has no independent legal organization.
The study discussed the concept of technical assistance, its contracts, legal nature and legal provisions within the UAE space sector, and reached the need for legislative intervention to organize technology transfer contracts, including the contract of transfer of technical assistance, with legal provisions that deal with all issues that may arise. Emirates Space Agency for technical assistance or supply, especially as the Emirates Space Agency plans to prepare a space law for the UAE to regulate the space sector in the country.

Abstract
The criminal legislation aims to find the shortest and most effective ways to affect the persons involved in the crime. This is done through the separation of the legislative and the punitive. Therefore، we find that the Iraqi legislator has sought to find alternative ways to implement the short term punishment which may be more harmful The Iraqi legislator has allowed the court to apply the system closest to achieving deterrence and justice at the same time through the system of stopping the implementation of the penalty، which stipulated the application of several conditions is a real guarantee to activate the role of the judiciary in the reform of society and To maintain the security of criminal society.

Abstract
That the training is many familiar images in practice which is usually through the conclusion of the training contract, which is known as a contract whereby one of the parties undertakes to transfer theoretical experience and information in a particular field and to associate it with a practical application at a wage promised by the other party. A special image of the contracting contract for particular specificities related to the contract of training and distinguished from the contract of the contract. The most important of which is that the contract will give the trainer special obligations regarding the safety of the trainee and it is one of the legal obligations based on the principle of good faith. How much is the original in the training contract is that the coach should take care of the necessary exception, the coach may be committed to the completion of his work to achieve a result

ABSTRACT
Contract of tourist trip has been associated with the development of the tourism sector through interest in tourist regions whether natural , archaeological or religious , as well as the proliferation of resorts and tourist hotels . Hence emerged the role of tourism companies , traveling offices , and tourism agencies which provide services to tourists who require a safe and calm trip at a pre- agreed upon amount of money.
The relationship with tourist raises many problems relating to liability arising from imperfection of the obligations mentioned in the contract , on the one hand , on the other hand , internationality of a contract may be aroused because tourism is border-passing activity . If the contract has contaminated by a foreign element .

Abstract
The essence of the material attribution in criminal law is the addition of the result that the law criminalizes in the account of the person who is addressed by the punitive texts in preparation for their accountability. The idea of attribution in this sense is purely a purely legal idea. One person can not be held liable for a criminal consequence، That the person with the causality of material or membership، has varied definitions of the jurisprudence in the statement of material support according to the angle through which it is seen and ended up defining it as (the proportion of criminal behavior to a particular person، and the proportion of the criminal result to this behavior issued by that person). It is clear from this definition that the physical attribution has two primary forms: the single attribution; the second is the double attribution، and the single attribution requires the proportion of criminal behavior to a particular person، that is to say that the organic movement of a particular person was voluntary، In addition to the proportion of conduct to the perpetrator، it is necessary to assign the criminal result to the same behavior، which is expressed in the jurisprudence of the causal relationship. The verification of double attribution in the crime does not raise any difficulty if the conduct of the offender is the only factor that has led to the result، What other factors have contributed with I am concerned by some scholars، especially in Germany، to determine when the causality is established on the basis of which the material support in the case of interference other than the activity of the offender and formulated several theories، the most important of which ،The theory of the right reason، the theory of the direct cause، and the theory of equivalence of causes. The positions of criminal legislation and the judiciary، whether Iraqi or comparative، ranged from those of the jurisprudence.
As for the extent to which material support has been achieved between negative behavior and positive outcome، the jurisprudence differed and the positions of criminal legislation and the Iraqi and comparative judiciary differed. Some of them did not include provisions on the causal relationship in abstention. This means that it left the problem to the jurisprudence of the jurisprudence and the judiciary as in France and Egypt. The problem is expressed in explicit provisions، including the Italian Penal Code and the German Penal Code.
As for the position of the Iraqi legislator، it took a different approach. The Penal Code included a general provision in which the equality of affirmative action and abstention was recognized by defining it as "any act committed by law، whether positive or negative، such as letting and abstaining unless otherwise stated. Which means that he has admitted to abstaining from the same legal value recognized for positive conduct and as a cause of the criminal consequence، in accordance with the same criterion as the causal relationship between the positive act and the criminal consequence contained in article 29 of the Penal Code، Requirement for a crime If the law or agreement imposes a duty on a person and refrains from performing it with the intention of committing the crime that arose directly from this abstention.

Abstract
The extent to which a public official obeys illegal administrate decisions is one of the important topics .presidential authority is no longer absolute in modern systems. A subordinate ،s obedience to a superior is not absolute; and the duty of obedience no longer means stripping the superior off his personality، executing all decisions issued. The superior does not possess absolute powers. They are restricted by what is imposed by laws . the superior may go out of the legal umbrella and issue illegal decisions ، there by violating the mast important principle on which the modern state is based ، that is ، the principle of legality and putting the superior between two matters the sweetest of which is bitter. When receiving illegal administratrative decision، the superior either loses the principle of legality and commits to the obedience duty or loses the obedience duty and commits to the principle of legality . therefore ،the problem of obeying illegal administrative decisions raises a dispute among jurists ، leading to three theories (The theory of absolute obedience ، the theory of legality and the theory of middle) through which and through the Iraqi and the comparative legislators provide ، we arrive at the extent to which one can obey illegal administrative decisions . In the light of what is discussed we shall deal with the topic of (the extent to which illegal administrative decisions obedience) through dividing the study into three sections. The first section tackles the principle of legality and the subjection of administration to law. The second section is devoted to the superior،s attitude towards the illegal administrative decisions ، whereas the third section is concerned with the Iraqi and comparative legislators، attitude towards the obedience of superiors in illegal administrative decisions.