AL-Qadisiya Journal

The issue of bullying through electronic means has become a concern to individuals and societies due to the spread of these digital technologies and are used by many people without regard to age and culture, and then it becomes negative when it is used for its wrong purpose. Social media, messaging platforms and mobile phones have become widespread in any place and time. Any individual, no matter how, can use it, and it may result in harm to others because of the behaviors that aim to frighten or provoke those targeted by it or discredit them, and further than that, this bullying may be affecting the woman and her family, such as using the personal image of a woman and manipulating her without her knowledge and awareness. And then this in itself is an undeniable harm that the woman feels, as well as this harm that extends to her family. Here it harms her, so it is necessary to search for civil liability resulting from this electronic bullying, the reality of the family

From a gender perspective, peacebuilding has emphasized the need for women to participate alongside men and their traditional tasks related to the home and family. In the past, peacebuilding operations were limited to the male component only without the role of women in participating in peacebuilding operations, but as a result of studies of peace and conflict, and the transcendent Voices pay attention to gender issues, and women’s ability to play roles similar to men’s, and can even make many contributions and results that exceed what men make in the field of peacebuilding, so the demand came to involve women in various fields related to peace, and despite the advantages and characteristics of women, their contribution to Building peace and security is weak and its roles are marginal at best, in addition to depriving it of decision-making that determines the future of its society

One of the problems facing the family is the issue of the death of one of the parents or the occurrence of a state of separation between them, which is of course a difficult matter for the children, especially the young ones, because they will find themselves facing great challenges, including the loss of one of the parents, which means loss. A negative impact, as a small or poor family has a long-term effect on the absence of a parent, as it tries to search for an alternative, and the alternative may be either a relative, neighbors, charities or nurseries, and all of these alternatives must find someone who coordinates with them. Within the family, it is difficult for some small families to carry out this coordination, which makes them less fortunate to benefit from the projects presented by those parties, and it negatively affects their lives, especially since the most important problems that may arise here are hesitating between the family of the deceased husband and the mother in the event of death. The father or between the wife’s family with the father in the event of the mother’s death, and the same may appear in the event of a division between the two parents, where the conflict will arise between the parents over the children and the negative effects it has on the children and even on society. It tries to simulate the social aspect within a legal framework by explaining the most important aspects of the remedies provided by the statutory legislator as solutions. The existing legislation has addressed all these problems, or is there a legislative deficiency that solutions must be developed.

The phenomenon of begging is a social phenomenon behind economic, social, political and ethical reasons. Employees, retirees, earners, and others. Beggars are predominantly from the lower classes of the social entity. Most of them come from popular environments, underdeveloped areas and poorly crowded dwellings with few rooms. It is noted that beggars hostile behavior towards the community resulting in aggressive criminal anti-social behavior such as theft and murder and terrorist operations against innocent people as a result of exploitation by the weak souls for a small amount of money, the current research objective:1.1.Know the main reasons that led to the emergence of the phenomenon of begging in children.2.2.Know the damage caused by begging and its effects on children, family and society.3.Develop plans and treatments for begging in children.After analyzing the results of previous studies descriptively and using the inductive method, the results showed the following:1.The majority of child beggars are school dropouts and illiterate2..The main causes of this phenomenon are poverty, unemployment, family disintegration, ignorance and lack of awareness among the family.3..It has also been shown that this phenomenon has increased after the US occupation of Iraq among displaced and displaced children.4.The begging has helped spread many crimes such as addiction, drug trafficking, theft, murder, terrorist operations and the loss of innocent souls for a small amount of money.

Through what has been discussed in the four axes of the study on the political role of women in light of a changing and accelerating year of events, the study reached a set of conclusions through which mechanisms can be developed to activate the role of women in political life, depending on a set of data at the international, regional and local levels. With reference to the experiences of certain countries in this field, especially in developed countries, the experience of participation in the Republic of Iraq under the 2005 constitution, and the governmental and societal efforts made to empower women in this field.The improvement of the political role of women in today's world starts from now with the necessity to exclude the feeling of complacency declared by the activities and institutions of women in certain countries in the event of a small gain in a specific field here or there in the absence of a clear work strategy that works to describe experiences and competencies and neutralize the partisan side. It guarantees greater participation by women without relying on the quota system despite the positive aspects it contains, and by mobilizing all the potential capabilities of women and activating them and transforming them into a community force that can be used in achieving the development and sustainable development of society and in all political, economic and social fields. This will not be achieved without giving women the distinct role in political life.

First of all, it must be said that there are many texts in international conventions and charters of international organizations that refer to receiving complaints by individuals about violations of their rights, including the child in particular. Including resorting to the Human Rights Committee, the Economic and Social Council and other issues, but in addition to these mechanisms, there are other regional mechanisms that receive such type of complaints, the most important of which are related to European conventions dealing with human rights in general and children’s rights in particular. The European Convention of 1950 has a major role in this field, and this role outweighs the role of any other convention or organization in this field.The European Commission for Human Rights has a major role in exercising control over the implementation of the Convention, as any state party to this agreement has the right to file a complaint against another state party. Also, this agreement, which is considered one of the most prestigious agreements, was granted to the victim to submit a complaint directly and through the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe against any state party to the agreement that violated his rights regardless of the complainant's nationality. But in 1994 the 11th Protocol to the Convention was issued, according to which a new court replaced the European Commission for Human Rights and the development that took place here is that the victim has the right to submit a complaint directly to the court. However, submitting a complaint is not absolute. Rather, a number of conditions must be fulfilled. If they are fulfilled by the aggrieved party, he has the right to submit a complaint to the court. These conditions are exhausting the internal means of appeal, and that the complaint is submitted within a period of 6 months from the date of the issuance of the internal decision. The complainant's identity is known, not unknown, otherwise this complaint will be neglected.As for the American Convention of 1969, it gave care to the child and represented this through the establishment of the American Institute for Child Protection, but the protection it accorded to the child is not the same as the protection it accorded to human rights, and this means that the American agreement considered the rights of the child among the rights of individuals in general.This agreement established a human rights monitoring committee to which complaints are submitted, and in turn, it monitors and examines these violations. As for the American court, it is the body that individuals have the right to resort to to challenge the decisions of the committee.As for the African countries, they issued the African Charter on Human Rights in 1981, whereby a commission for the protection of human rights was established. This committee examines complaints, whether from states or individuals, but the charter gave priority to the settlement of the dispute amicably between the claimant state and the respondent state within a period of 6 months If the dispute is not settled, the matter is left to the committee. And that he had exhausted the internal means of appeal. As for the 1983 Arab Charter on the Rights of the Child, it did not provide any real protection for the child, and that it came in a directive form, not mandatory.From all of the above, it can be said that the European Convention is the most concerned with human rights in general and the rights of the child in particular, and made him the right to use the advantage of submitting a complaint directly, and this feature was not available in any regional agreement, and if it indicates something, it indicates the importance Human rights and rights in European countries.

Childhood is considered a very sensitive stage in the life of the individual, as he is going through psychological, social and environmental conditions that may be the cause of his deviation and departure from the right path and correct behavior and make him a delinquent juvenile this phenomenon that has escalated in recent times in a manner that called the alarm due to its negative aspects on the system Moral values on the one hand, and on the family and society on the other hand. Whereas the delinquent juvenile is a weak human creature of a special nature, he must be treated in a treatment commensurate with his age group, away from the traditional procedures that do not care in which the requirements of his age and personality are taken into account. The matter that the Algerian legislator consecrated through Law 12/15 related to the protection of the child, which carried with it a set of guarantees and mechanisms that are considered as a legal fence to protect juveniles in general.We have tried, through this research paper, to address the most important judicial and social mechanisms that came in the provisions of the Child Protection Law and their effectiveness in devoting adequate protection to delinquent children. The study concluded that the Algerian legislator with this law has taken an important step in the field of ensuring a fair trial and promoting effective protection for the child. The delinquent, especially in the pursuit of refining, reforming and correcting behavior instead of punishing him.

The phenomenon of minors' work has become widespread in the light of different societies, which called on states to organize them through international rules stipulated in the state's work conventions and charters so that those rules are a basis for protection for them, and the international community has obligated the countries joining these conventions to take all legal measures through Its internal legislation to protect minors, regulate their work, and prevent any exploitation, and the Iraqi legislator has organized that protection through the constitution and legal texts contained in the Iraqi Labor Law No. 37 of 2015 in force, which stipulates the determination of the minimum employment threshold for the worker, the medical examination and the prevention of night work for children as well For many other rights compatible with international means that organize the work of young people and provide them with the necessary protection.

Violence against women in all its forms and manifestations, has become a widely rampant phenomenon. It has become a social issue that largely falls within criminal phenomena, which requires the adoption of a capable legal action to minimize and eradicate it. More relatedly, verbal offence against women is considered one of the basic elements of the criminal phenomenon, where it constitutes the initial phase of offence that causes moral harm to woman’s moral character. This offence might also develop into a physical offence to woman’s body which cause loss of her life, just as when impugning woman’s honor and reputation, an act that falls under the concept of defamation. In light of the development of this phenomena, it’s due to legally handle to these verbal offensive phenomena to ensure a criminal protection for the woman’s moral character and social status inside Iraqi society. Given the seriousness of this phenomena, we decided conduct this research to discuss the criminalization of verbal offence against women. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section tackles the criminalization of verbal offence that harms woman’s honor and moral character. The second section deals with criminalizing the verbal misconducts that breach woman’s public decency

The logic of the dynamics of democratic transition tends to confront the obstacles that impede the balanced and simultaneous processes of comprehensive societal modernization, the most prominent of these processes is the full recognition of women's entitlement to formal political participation on the basis of effectiveness and potential in strategic decision-making within democratic institutions.The analytical highlighting of the actor-woman and agency is not based on integrating the gender approach into public policies as a record of attendance, but rather by linking the strength of this inclusion to structural conditions and the inclusion of a set of developmental, social and economic components. While the legal and procedural measures in the Kingdom support women’s rights and equality with men in many areas, especially the strengthening of their political presence, the problem at hand is the extent of the importance of the legal center and its procedural ability to change the reality of women’s political participation in a way that reflects positively on the democratic and development process in the state, if we recall Challenges facing Moroccan women in activating their political role, based on the reality of their fragile political participation. The goal is to search for possible approaches that avoid the pitfalls and negative consequences that have occurred from pushing women to enter politics, without a real treatment of the structural and social problems that underlie male dominance, regardless of the official orientation supporting this participation and the importance of legal and procedural legitimacy in strengthening the gender approach.

The inheritance system in Islamic law is one of the divine regulations that God Almighty has assigned to a legitimate share, and there is no room for contradicting it through the Holy Qur’an. And once we find that women take more than the share of the male according to specific capabilities set by God Almighty and God knows them only, and therefore we decided to discuss this matter to clarify the divine rulings that God Almighty assigned to women and give them all the rights that were deprived of them in pre-Islamic eras

Children are the joy and adornment of the world, as in the Almighty’s saying (money and children are the adornment of the life of the world), and they are the hope of the peoples because they are men of tomorrow and upon them the nations to adopt their renaissance, so they need more care, protection and attention at all levels, as the child according to Iraqi legislation is everyone who does not He completes the eighteenth, as they have all the civil rights related to custody, paternity, alimony, care, education and education, and in order to protect these rights many internal laws were issued and many international treaties were concluded, to guarantee the rights of the child and ensure a decent life for them, and it was as a result of the intensification of wars between countries that Children were exposed to tragedy, destruction, displacement, and deviation in their behavior, which prompted the international community to save childhood from the devastating effects, and given that children are unable to claim to protect themselves and that the current era is based on materialities in dealing with human beings, the situation of children has witnessed a setback To protect them, due to the frequent wars between countries, which made children more vulnerable to killing and displacement, and in order to provide protection for this vulnerable segment, we clarified what is meant by the child and focus on his most important rights. Civil protection for children in the Iraqi and Egyptian legislations, the family’s role in protecting its children, and how homelessness can be dealt with after its occurrence

In this research we dealt with the study of the issue of kinship, which constitutes the axis around which the family system revolves. Any defect in the base on which this entity is built raises many social problemsIt may reach a level of seriousness , as the matter sometimes amounts to the use of legal or scientific means to prove kinship, and the latter must be clearly stated in order to give its fruits, and the most important of which is the genetic footprint In addition to clarifying the crimes related to kinship, we found that there is an expansion in the images of the physical element of some crimes, and this will be reflected positively in terms of the extension of the prescribed protection cover. In addition to referring to some regulations related to the topic of research and stating the position of the Iraqi legislator on them, which are adoption, foundlings and artificial insemination.

Security and peace are two concepts closely related to women’s rights, especially in the past two decades. In October 2000, the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 was issued regarding women and armed conflicts, where it was based on the role that women can play in building peace and achieving security, both on the The national or international level, especially since women are the most affected during wars and armed conflicts, and some jurisprudential opinions began to make their way to international legislation and the rules of international humanitarian law regarding the protection of non-combatants and civilians in general and women in particular. The Geneva Convention of 1949 and its annex to the Second Geneva Protocol in 1977 to the necessity of protecting women against any assault, physical violence or humiliation of all kinds, and therefore the importance of the topic lies in knowing the role of Resolution 1325 in protecting women’s rights, not to mention the need to know how the role of women in maintaining international peac

Women have historically generated a sense of their rights and the need to claim them, which are inseparable human rights and represent the protection of society as a whole, and therefore women's interest in society, its preservation and protection is a protection of its values and social norms. International organizations have played an important role in drawing up these legislative foundations and establishing the necessary protection mechanisms for them. Most state constitutions have recognized and established their rules, including the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, which provided for many rights women, whether political, social and cultural. However, positive laws have varied in activating these rights in practice and their suitability for international conventions on human rights in general and women's rights in particular, and the importance of the study is reflected in the research of the most important rights enjoyed by women and their fundamental freedoms and the statement of international and national protection mechanisms for these rights and ways or means of achieving them through supervision and control The problem of the study relates to the study of the extent to which the Iraqi legislator is committed to harmonizing the national legal rules related to the protection of women's rights in terms of the content and mechanisms of the national judiciary in holding accountable violations of those rules by international conventions that Iraq has adhered to through ratification, as well as the impact of social and economic factors in influencing the Iraqi legislator in the legislation of legal rules on the protection of women. In international conventions and Iraqi laws and mechanisms to achieve legal protection for them The study was divided into two researches that speak in the first research on women's rights and their characteristics in Iraqi legislation and international law, which is branched out into two demands that we discuss the first requirement what women's rights and characteristics are, and in the second requirement legal protection of women's rights between Iraqi legislation and international law, the second is about ways to protect women's rights between Iraqi legislation and international law, which is branched out into two demands: national means to protect women's rights, the second is international means to protect women's rights, and then we get rid of a number of Conclusions and proposals at the conclusion of the research.

The international interest in the protection of working women has increased over time, as this development has resulted in positive sins that cannot be overlooked, the most important of which was the issuance of many general and specialized human rights organizations, relating to women or work and all related rights, and several conferences were held, which emphasized the prohibition of all forms of discrimination against women, including the employment and trend adopted by international labour organizations, where agreements have been issued, including on the rights of workers as a whole, including principles. directly on the rights of working women in particular, The fact that Iraq is a party to these organizations and the provisions issued by the State at the legislative level has adopted several provisions to protect working women, both at the constitutional level and at the level of subsidiary laws and regulations, particularly those relating to one aspect of this category, such as the labour law and the public employment law.And that's by making commitments ,it is the responsibility of employers to establish special rules aimed at providing protection for working women, and therefore ,Protecting her and helping her reconcile her work with her family responsibilities

Nationality is of great importance for both the individual and the state, as it is the criterion by which the national and the foreign are differentiated, as patriots have rights greater than the rights of foreigners or stateless persons. Therefore, the importance of nationality for the child, especially the child of unknown parentage, emerges.The case of unknown parentage is a social condition that occurs as a result of special circumstances in which the human spirit has been absent among some, so society and the state had to show humanity towards by granting him the nationality of the country in which he was found or on its territory to protect him from loss and displacement, by granting him nationality and enjoying the rights granted and stemming from the nationality bond The right to education and other rights necessary for the enjoyment of a decent life.To clarify the extent to which Iraqi legislation protects the child of unknown parentage in terms of granting him the Iraqi nationality, we dealt with explaining the concept of the child of unknown parentage in the first section, while the second topic dealt with the position of the Iraqi legislator regarding the nationality of the child of unknown parentage.And we found that the child of unknown parentage is every child who is found out, outcast, or lost, whose father or mother does not know. And that the child of unknown parentage who finds him in Iraq, Iraqi nationality shall be granted to him on the basis of the right of the region, regardless of his reaching the age of majority. As for the nature of the nationality that a child of unknown parentage obtains, it is an original nationality because it is acquired by force of law and from birth due to birth on Iraqi lands>

The study of legal protection for women is of great importance at the legal level، due to the increase in the phenomenon of domestic violence recently، which requires addressing this phenomenon by specialists and monitoring effective solutions at the legal and social levels. With an explanation of the shortcomings and weaknesses that she faced، and the nature of the research necessitated dividing it into two demands، the first demand dealt with the legal protection of women from domestic violence in the international and regional framework، as we divided the requirement into two branches، the first dedicated to the legal protection of women from domestic violence in the international framework، and the second one devoted to protection The legal protection for women from domestic violence in the regional context، and we dealt in the second with the legal protection of women in the internal law، which we divided into two branches، the first branch criminal protection for women، and the second section was devoted to other aspects of protection for women، and we ended with a conclusion that includes the findings and recommendations.