Diyala Journal of Human Research

The semiotic approach depends on deconstructing texts, decoding their symbols, diving into their depths, revealing the ambiguity that surrounds them, grasping the connotations, and revealing the structures of the text. It also allows the reader to produce new connotations through reading it, in addition to monitoring and clarifying the aesthetics of the texts.

The importance of the research is to determine the scope of the service for recreational services (parks, parks, five sports squares, youth centers) based on the equal standard of the Ministry of Planning, as this research shows the serviced and unserved parts of the city, as the research found that recreational services are not distributed fairly to all parts of the city, it was concentrated in the center of the city as residents of the neighborhoods of the outskirts of the city travel long distances to reach the recreational centers, There has also been an overlap in the scope of the impact of services, indicating the convergence of their spatial locations, and the presence of large parts of Baquba city that are out of service.

The research discusses the efforts of the Iraqi Scientific Assembly in the development of modern lexicography. It highlights significant contributions by the assembly through a seminar held in 1992. The research shows the assembly's efforts especially the linguistic material, which needs to be present in the modern linguistic lexicon. It elaborates on the assembly's stance on the presence of colloquial, foreign, and encyclopedic terms in the modern lexicon. The research also addresses the organizational method that the modern lexicon should follow, which is the alphabetical method similar to that used by Al-Zamakhshari in his "Asas al-Balagha". The research presents the main challenges encountered in conveying the lexicographic meaning of words. The conclusions of the study indicate that most of the assembly's adopted opinions align with the principles of modern lexicography. The research uncovers various perspectives on certain issues related to material of lexicon.

Language is described as a social phenomenon, defined by the geographical environment, which represents one of its pillars (colloquial dialects), which is an extension of the Eloquent Arabic language. The study of colloquial dialects has received great attention from modern scholars since the eighteenth century, as Arab scholars and orientalists had a major role in tracking the linguistic segments found in the local Arabic dialects and their relationship to the eloquent. The study of contemporary spoken dialects is one of the modern trends in linguistic research, as eloquence is the original constants of the language, represented by the Holy Qur'an. and the hadiths of the Prophet and the words of the infallible Imams (May Allah be Pleased on All of Them) and the words of the Arabs reliable eloquence, it is not possible for any student to study the spoken dialects without rooting them with the eloquent linguistic heritage. Through what have been said above, it is possible to study what is known as (the phenomenon of sediments in colloquial dialects and their response to the eloquent), and the subject of the research labeled with (linguistic sediments has settled what was colloquial and its origin is eloquent (a semantic study in the Iraqi dialect).
The researcher began study by mentioning the linguistic and terminological concept of the term (sediments and linguistic aggregates), and then moved to discuss about the position of modern scientists from the terms (linguistic sediments and linguistic aggregates), and about the impact of colloquial in the manufacture of linguistic lexicon. Then the researcher showed the most important sources of rooting colloquialisms in classical Arabic, and moved to study a range of words that were colloquial and its origin is eloquent semantic study arranged according to the alphabetical order, following the descriptive analytical approach required by the study. The study was concluded with some results

This research examined the role that population growth plays in the potential for sustainable development. Sustainable development is a need to expand people's choices by placing human beings at the centre of the development process, making its objective and its theme the protection of humanity for future and present generations. Sustainable development has become a method required by contemporary life. The theme of sustainable development has attracted considerable international and regional attention and has made sustained efforts in this direction. (Population growth rate, education expenditure, health expenditure) The results showed that Iraq's population was increasing and that there were clear failures in the service of education and health in Iraq and that current population growth rates posed a threat to the capacity and efficiency of those services.

The research proceeds from the idea of interaction between the levels of language, and the researcher chose the morphological and grammatical level to proceed from the vision that the two levels depend on each other, and the sample was in the research of inertia and derivation as two different and opposite structures whose impact can be followed in the dependencies, as the structure is a condition of these dependencies

This research is an attempt to understand the discourse of the body represented by its silent, non-verbal movements and gestures in Abu Nawas’s poetry, to monitor the physical movements in the poetry and to indicate their connotations and impact on the mind of the recipient. These movements are represented by non-verbal manifestations, signs and gestures resulting from the body, and may take place separately from speech or in a form. Accompanying it, body language is an apparent reflection of a person’s condition, and every gesture or movement can be a valuable basis for a feeling or feeling that the person feels at this moment.
The research was divided into four sections. In the first section, we dealt with the speech of the eye and its connotations, which are the most frequent connotations in Abu Nawas’s poetry. As for the second section, we studied the speech of the face and its expressions that indicate meanings that the poet intends to convey to the recipients. In the third section, we talked about the speech of the walking form, which is a physical form. They represent movements that contain apparent meanings. The fourth section is devoted to hand speech, which is also gestures and signs that indicate several meanings. The research concluded with a conclusion that contains the most prominent findings of the research.

The study aims to explore the effectiveness of the educational design for study assignments supported by the SafeAssign tool via the Blackboard platform in developing database creation skills for human resource management and enhancing information literacy, in addition to exploring students' attitudes towards plagiarism. The study sample consisted of 46 female students enrolled in the Human Resources Diploma, who were divided into two equal groups: experimental (studied using the educational design for assignments of the Human Resources Information Systems course) and control (studied the course using traditional methods). The study followed descriptive, analytical, developmental research, and experimental methodologies. The study tools included a product evaluation card for human resource management database creation skills (25 items), an online information literacy test for university students (32 items), and an attitude scale towards plagiarism (36 items). The study was applied in the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year at the college. The results showed statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental and control group students in the post-application of the evaluation card, the information literacy skills test, and the plagiarism attitude scale, with the differences favoring the experimental group. The study recommends designing advanced educational programs targeting the enhancement of students' technical skills in database construction, offering workshops, and interactive training courses to improve their deep understanding of concepts and their application in practical projects. Based on the results, it is recommended to adopt the proposed educational design model to combat plagiarism, especially in assignment performance, and to use electronic verification systems and anti-plagiarism software to monitor and identify copied or suspicious works.

The research aims to identify the reality of the distribution of primary educational services in the city of Khanaqin for the academic year (2023-2024), and to demonstrate the extent of its adequacy in evaluating primary educational services for the population at the neighborhood level of the city, and whether this service reaches the population smoothly and well, due to its importance in creating... A conscious and educated generation of the city’s people, based on the local standards set by the Iraqi Ministry of Planning for this service, as the city of Khanaqin suffers from a clear defect in the size and distribution of primary education services, and this results from weak planning visions and the absence of future plans that take into account the size of the population. The city, as the research relied on data available from the Ministry of Education, the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, the Khanaqin Education Division, and the Educational Statistics Division for the academic year (2020-2023), where the demographic characteristics and population growth were identified, and then the importance of educational services was addressed and the primary education stage was addressed. The geographical distribution of primary schools in the city of Khanaqin, the geographical distribution of teachers and the people, measuring the level of efficiency of primary education services in the city, knowing the density index through a set of standards followed and studying it in detail, knowing the pupil’s share of the school, the teacher, the class, and the school area, and finally arriving conclusions and recommendations

Al-Masudi is a Muslim historian born in Baghdad during the Abbasid era, when the city of Baghdad was one of the greatest centers of knowledge in the world. He traveled from place to place in search of knowledge until he finally settled in Fustat.
He was distinguished by a remarkable methodology that relied on observation and questioning, and his approach was characterized by scientific precision. His travels greatly influenced him, and he remained distant from political currents, becoming free in his historical criticism to the extent that he criticized the contemporary Abbasid caliphs.
He addressed many philosophical issues and was distinguished by a historical mindset and a great historical sense. One of the most prominent scientific aspects of his methodology is the law he adopted in critiquing news. He accepts two types of news in history: the first is what is mentioned about things whose existence has been established through tangible evidence, and the second is news that has reached the level of unquestionable certainty

liltaghayur almunakhii tathir mubashir fi tarbiat nahl wa'iintaj aleasal fi muhafazat dyala min khilal tathirih fi naweiat almahasil alati tuetabar masdaran ghidhayiyana lilnahla, wayahdif albahth maerifat tathir tanaqus kamiyaat alaimatar mae ziadat alairtifae fi darajat alhararat wamadaa tathirih ealaa suluk alnahl wakadhalik ealaa naweiat almahasil alnabatiat kmaan wnweaan, watawasal albahth alaa alnatayij altaali ainkhifad eadad almanahil mimaa 'adaa ala ainkhifad kamiyaat al'iintaj aleasal adh balagh (226644) kaghm fi sanat 2013 , watanaqus hadha al'iintaj wabale (113860) kaghm fi sanat 2023 , wan hadha alainkhifad fi al'iintaj ja' natijat altaghayur almunakhii wasiadat zahirat aljafaf fi muhafazat dyala mimaa jaealaha biyatan ghayr mushajieat litarbiat nahl aleasla

The study examines the relationship between four styles in dealing with marital conflict (verbal anger, positive style, avoidance, and submission) and the risk of divorce among Saudi wives married to a Saudis and living in (Mecca, Jeddah, Taif) (n= 432). The study aims to reveal the nature of the correlation between each style and the risk of divorce and each style predictability of this risk and identify the most frequently used style. Moreover, the study examined the relationship between the use of each style and spouses' education, length of marriage, number of children, polygamy, and wife's being in her first marriage. The study utilized correlational methodology. ''Marital conflict dealing styles" and "Divorce Risk" scales were administered to the participants. Both scales have been developed by the current researcher. Results show the Positive Style was the most frequently used style in dealing with marital conflict, followed by Avoidance, Submission, and Verbal Anger. The risk of divorce was markedly low. While a significant positive correlation was found between Verbal Anger, Submission, and Avoidance and divorce risk, Positive Style was negatively correlated with divorce risk at a significant level. All styles were significantly capable of predicting divorce risk. There were significant differences in using the styles related to most demographic variables.

The main aim of preparing this scientific research is to spot light on the subject of the grammatical rumination in Arabic heritage (the sources of Al-Radi’s explanation on the Kafiya of Ibn Al-Hajib as an example), and the problem of the study appears from following up Al-Radi's resourses on the Kafiya of Ibn Al-Hajib, and trying to balance between his new opinion and the opinions that he adopted, and knowing wether this information was his or was it someone else’s that he adopted without indicating; This is done by observing the sayings of the earlist grammarians to the era of al-Radi, and showing the importance of this study, which spots light on two basic levels of study. The first level: showing the aspects of the grammatical rumination in the Arabic heritage in general, and the second level: researching the origins of some grammatical sources in Al-Radi's expalation on the Kafiya in particular and to show the images of the grammatical rumination on the one hand, and to reveal the places of its use in the grammatical issues that Al-Radi dealt with on the other hand. However, the researcher devoted this study exclusively within the framework of the circle of rumination, and dealt with the places of its use in another study.
This study contained an introduction, two sections, a conclusion and results, then footnotes, sources and references. The first section dealt with: the concept of rumination and its aspects in Arabic heritage, and the second section dealt with the sources of Al- Radhi about Ibn al-Hajib’s Kafiya in some grammatical concepts

The study aims to explain the concept of indirect speech acts in the modern pragmatic lesson and distinguish between them and direct speech acts, then highlight their manifestations in fundamentalist research through their discussion of the duality of status and use as a basic criterion in differentiating between the real and metaphorical meanings of the command and prohibition forms as an objective equivalent to the duality of speech acts. Direct and indirect in the pragmatic lesson. The study also examined the justifications for resorting to indirect speech acts in the two fields, and proposed an innovative classification of indirect speech acts similar to Searle's classification of direct speech acts

The study aims to identify the most important human activities that contribute to the pollution of river water in Iraq, “the Shatt al-Kufa as an example,” and to measure the levels of pollutant concentrations, considering that this increasing type of pollution has become important in recent times due to the importance of fresh water and maintaining the nature and quality of water.
Measurements were carried out on samples of water coming out of the wastewater recycling station and dumped in the Shatt al-Kufa within the study area, to determine the level of water pollution resulting from various economic activities. The recorded levels were compared with some standards, and it was found that they were higher than the healthy level in some of them and in others within the permissible limit.
A field survey of river water pollution in the study area, “Shatt al-Kufa,” showed that there are economic activities that have negatively affected the quality of water recycled in wastewater purification plants in the study area, such as health, agricultural, and industrial activity. The extent and severity of these hotspots may increase in the future if The water of these activities was not separated and treated near the activity itself through the establishment of special stations for hospitals and factories. As for agricultural activity, lined channels must be made for the sewer water to prevent it from being thrown into the river direct

The research aims to analyze the impact of climate change, which included the elements (solar radiation, actual brightness, normal, maximum and minimum temperatures, highest wind speed, evaporation, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, rainfall) in changing agricultural crops and its implications in Diyala Governorate, and the extent of the impact of the change. In the area, yield, and production of agricultural crops (field, vegetables, and fruit trees), we relied on data from six climate stations (Khalis, Khanaqin, Tuz Khor Mato, Baghdad, Badra, and Aziziyah) for the period (1994-2021), where two crops were witnessed. (Wheat and barley) was a positive change due to government support for this crop in terms of high-quality seeds, fertilizers, etc. As for the two crops (yellow corn and sesame), there was a negative change. This decrease was due to competition from vegetable crops, as there was an expansion in the area of vegetable crops (winter and summer). ) in the governorate, while the rate of change in the number of fruit trees and their production was mostly negative, as it is due to several reasons, the most important of which is the cessation of support and care operations by the state after the year (2003) for the agricultural sector in general, and the impact of climate change factors such as high temperatures, evaporation, and water scarcity. Which the governorate has been exposed to over the past years, which has had a negative impact on fruit production in the governorate.

The city forms a special climatic region that represents a reflection of the activities of the various residents and the mutual Influence between various natural, human and architectural factors, especially urban land uses, as well as the composition of the city represented by cement buildings and asphalt roads and their impact on the characteristics of climatic elements. The research deals with the analysis of the climatic characteristics of the city of Muqdadiya during the period (2000) - 2020) based on NASA data, as It was found that the lowest temperature recorded during the study period ranged between 1.8 – 25.3 in the months of January and July, respectively, and the highest temperature recorded ranged between Between 21.2 - 49.6 for the same two months In a row, and the wind speed ranged between 2.9 – 4.4 m/t. The northwesterly winds constituted (71.8%) and are the dominant ones in the region, and the relative humidity reached (17%) as the lowest rate In July. (60.8%) as the highest rate In January

The aim of the research to detect land degradation in the AI-Miqdadiyah region using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) And Land Degradation Index (LDI) For three time 2023,2008,1994, periods it was found that there is a significant impact of the (NDVI) And( LDI) indicators .As the vegetation cover decreases , soil degradation increases indicating a strong positive relationship with an impact ratio if (0.57) for mild degradation (0.93) for moderate degradation and (0.75) for severe degradation . However, the relationship becomes negative in cases extreme degradation

Al-Mout Castle has received considerable attention from historians and researchers due to the news and historical events it contained. However, the scientific and intellectual aspects still require many studies. Therefore, the focus of this study was on it, encompassing within its walls various aspects of thought and sciences represented by beliefs and philosophical studies that characterized the castle. Most of their thoughts and beliefs had a philosophical inclination, in addition to an interest in history, literature, medicine, and engineering. The castle had a specific pattern of thought and sciences. Al-Hasan Al-Sabbah sought to be a servant to the nature of its movement and the priorities of its thought, which remained continuous from its establishment until its destruction by the Mongols. The problem facing the researcher was the loss of a lot of information, in addition to the secrecy of much of it. Therefore, studies about it require a lot of attention and meticulous research.

This research focused on clarifying the pioneering role that the press played in interpreting historical facts, analyzing them, verifying their credibility, and presenting them to the public. Al-Nour newspaper was one of those newspapers that gained wide popularity among its readers. Because its curriculum contained smooth style and accuracy in conveying information.
Since the publication of its first issue on October 12, 1968, Al-Nour newspaper has reflected many positions regarding political, social, and economic events. It has shed light on the Kurdish revolutionary movements during Ottoman control and explained the results produced by those movements that cast a shadow on the Kurdish arena. The movements of Badr Khan and Ubaidullah Al-Nahri were among the first. The movements in Kurdistan that aimed to unify the Kurdish emirates under national leadership, get rid of Ottoman control over their lands, and establish popular alliances under the name of confederation, but these alliances were not destined to succeed in achieving the goal they were seeking

After the end of World War II, Britain wanted to maintain its influence in Iraq, but the development of leftist parties in Iraq and the expansion of their base among the educated youth class, represented by college and higher institute students, and the penetration of the Communist Party among the general class, aroused Britain’s anger at the expansion of the base of those parties with The leftist party that sees the Soviet Union as a model and a savior for it. Britain felt that its conflict with the Soviet Union had begun in Iraq. Britain wanted to attack those parties that glorified the Soviet experience in Iraq. Britain’s decision was to interfere in the Iraqi government’s policy on internal, external, and national issues And nationalism by directing the policy of the Iraqi government. The British ambassador instructed the government to use a policy of intimidation against parties opposing British policy, arresting their leaders in prisons, closing their press, and closing those parties. With all these strict measures, the influence supporting the Soviet Union increased. The intervention of the British ambassador in Iraq was You tried to form governments in order to restrain the revolting masses, but these measures were of no use. Britain sensed the seriousness of its position in Iraq

Inimitable rhetoric stands out as a distinct branch within Arabic rhetoric. It focuses on the language of the Qur’an, analyzing its linguistic arts and methods to prove the impossibility of presenting anything similar to the Qur’an. This study, titled “A Study of the Concept of Eloquence and Its Function from the Perspectives of Rhetoricians and the Scholars of Qur’anic Inimitability,” aims to explore the roles and effects of Quranic rhetoric on the establishment of Arabic rhetoric during its formative stage. Additionally, the research delves into analyzing the rhetoric found in literature discussing the miracles of the Qur’an, emphasizing understanding the employed rhetorical strategies to explore their significance and influence on the development of Arabic rhetoric. The study also investigates early books on Qur’anic miracles from the fourth and fifth centuries of the Hijrah and beyond, contributing to a broader understanding of Qur’anic rhetoric’s enduring impact on the Arabic language. Using an inductive and analytical approach, the study incorporates evaluation and criticism based on rhetorical concepts. Notably, it finds that an unusual lexicon is not necessarily viewed negatively. It can enhance linguistic beauty, with certain unfamiliar words contributing positively to the aesthetic of language when conveying meaning through a distinctive form in speech.

This research is one of the studies that begin an aspect of the ambiguous of Arabic poetry before the Islam era, and this research includes the noble and authentic Arab values that our communities have become in necessity of reviving and strengthening, highlighting its aesthetic principles, and the aspects of its artistic and literary creativity, reconsider this poetry’s status in our souls, as well as about focus on many of its aspects and creative events, especially in the poetry of Almufathaliat, with its historical, literary and artistic significance, and all of this depends on the choosing of these poems on others.
It is important to mention that such studies prove that the pre-Islamic Arabs’ sophistication in morals and elegance in dealing with others, and in return refute the many slanders that characterized the people of this period, their roughness, rudeness and cruelty treatments.

It is clear that the sweet-scented Islamic call was based on the jihad of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) and his righteous companions of Muhajaren and Ansar who struggled themselves and with all they possessed for the sake of Allah.
The Islamic message was carried and broadcasted among the people, They became the ideal that every Muslim believer jealous on his religion, and became the focus of pride and glory of Muslims and role model for them in over ages and there is no doubt that the best and most pure ages in Islam is the Era of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) and his Rightly-Guided (May Allah Be Pleased upon Them) and those who came after them from their sons of companions (May Allah Be Pleased upon Them) and followers. In their era rules of Islam were established the, and spread the Islamic message in all parts of the world wide east and west with their jihad and patience, and spread justice and goodness throughout the earth, and the establishment of the state Therefore, the contributions of the sons of the Companions in those companies and invasions had a great and wide impact on Islamic history, the spread of Islam and the building of the state of Islamic institutions. So, they achieved in a short period of history what entire nations could not achieve in hundreds of years. This achievement is a summit for future generations to know their history, perhaps this will sharpen something of the motivation and follow the example of those distinguished companions and their sons. The study was divided into two sections: the first section discussed (the concept of the Companions as a language and terminology and mentioned the Qur’anic Verses of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) and his companions and their justice (May Allah Be Pleased With Them) and the second section discussed (models of contributions of the Sons of the Companions (May Allah Be Pleased upon Them) in the Saraya (Brigades) and missions and invasions

This paper attempts to explore the phenomenon of plurilngualism in the Iraqi novel, It is concerned with the intersection of the narrative language with different local dialects, from one environment to another, It also attempts to explain the relationship between the phenomenon of plurilngualism and ethnography through the ethnographic study of different societies and cultures through linguistic communication and social interaction between them.

The study dealt with the Balak Basin, located in the Erbil Governorate in northern Iraq, where seasonal rainfall prevails in the region, as the region is within the mountainous regions, the rain of which is sometimes sufficient to generate surface runoff, where precipitation is in the form of sudden storms that work to generate surface runoff. There are many ways to estimate The volume of surface runoff, including the Snyder model, based on spatial analysis tools for remote sensing data and geographic information systems, for the purpose of extracting information about natural resources, based on satellite data (LandsatOLI 8) dated 4/15/2023, and the (Arc Map) program. 10.7). The study of hydrological characteristics is of great importance in assessing the water situation in the region as it is the main resource and a reflection of the climatic, geological and geomorphic conditions and identifying torrential risks by extracting several elements: concentration time (TC), deceleration time (Lag Time), base time of torrents (Tb), duration of gradual rise in flow. Flood flow Tm (hr), duration of gradual decrease in torrent flow (Td), estimation of torrent flow duration, torrent flow speed, ideal time period for rainfall on drainage basins (Tr), flow volume.

The current research aims to learn the impact of my proposed treatment program through a humorous approach to reducing the psychological distress of older people in state homes. The researcher used the experimental search method. To achieve the research goal, the researcher built the Psychological Distress Scale as a measurement tool for older people, which was built according to theory (Berlin 1960-2014). The current research is limited to older males in State Houses (Baghdad, Babylon, Karbala and Najaf) and 2023
The scale, in its final form, consisting of 20 elements, was applied to a search sample consisting of 200 elderly people in state homes using a simple random method. The researcher used the Statistical Analysis Program (SPSS) for humanities and social sciences to process research data

The research deals with the position of the United Arab Emirates from the Iranian revolution in 1979, and this position was characterized by a special situation, because it was close to the scene of events, and the UAE-Iranian relations had a special character, with regard to the issues and differences between them, the most important of which is the issue of the three islands (Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb), which was controlled by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi since 1971, so the political decision had to be careful and accurate of that internal Iranian conflict, including It welcomed the success of the revolution and the departure of the Shah and tried to establish strong and good relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the departure of the Shah and the establishment of the new government created great ambiguity about the future of relations between the two parties and the resolution of the issue of the islands because the new government in Iran adhered to it, which led to the concern of The United Arab Emirates, which continued to demand the restoration of its sovereignty over these islands, and with the increase of Iranian adherence to them with the passage of time, which negatively affected the relations between the two parties and led to a change in the Emirati position towards the revolutionary government.

Historical narratives that have not been previously highlighted, to the best of our knowledge, despite the difficulties in defining the nature of society due to the lack of sources, analyses, periodicals, and references, precisely reveal many unclear historical events. For this reason, many researchers have been interested in studying Arab history in various eras and Islamic fields, recognizing the significant importance of history in revealing aspects of Islamic civilization. It is notable that most of these studies have focused on economic, cultural, political, and literary aspects. Hence, this modest study delves into the social aspects, which have received relatively less attention, through the lens of one of the giants of Arabic Islamic literature, specifically focusing on Al-Abshihi's book "Al Mustatraf fi kul Fan Mustazraf ". The book classifies literary and historical works and through this study, an important aspect of social life is examined, which is understanding the foods and social drinks of princes, leaders, and rulers through Al-Abshihi'sbook until the end of the Mamluk era, including the types of food and preparations consumed by the general public.

The aim of the current research is to identify:
-1 Reasons for the reluctance of women (teachers) to assume senior leadership positions.
-2 Statistically significant differences in the reasons for the reluctance of women (teachers) to assume senior leadership positions according to the variable of degree (Master’s - Doctorate) and academic title (Assistant Professor - Professor).
The researcher built a measure of the reluctance of women (female teachers) to assume senior leadership positions, which consists of (30) items, and after confirming its psychometric properties, it was applied to a sample of (200) female teachers from Diyala University colleges. After analyzing the data and processing it statistically, the results of the research indicated The reasons for reluctance to assume senior leadership positions are primarily administrative reasons, followed by social and psychological reasons. The study made some recommendations and proposed a number of solutions to activate the role of women in assuming senior leadership positions within institutions of higher education and scientific research