ADAB AL-BASRAH

The Arabic language is a standard language in its structures and grammatical formulas, and it normally develops in a similar way to that of the other linguistic systems. Tammam Hassan developed a new approach related to the grammatical heritage based on one of the modern linguistic lesson curricula. He was the author of the boldest comprehensive attempt to rearrange the linguistic ideas that have taken place after Sibwayh, and Abdel-Qaher Al-Jarjani. Hassan was one of the original sources of Arab heritage, in addition to this, he tended to be contemporary with the most important modern curricula.

This research investigates the characteristic phonological and morphological features of Basra dialect in comparison to other gilit dialects. The investigation is based on collecting qualitative data in addition to personal observations. Data on the dialect and its varieties were investigated through a questionnaire and interviews with informants. Results showed that the urban dialect of Basra ‘Basri’ is considered a prestigious variety to which most speakers living in Basra aim for; and that there are even those who aim at a more ‘prestigious’ variety than Basri, which is urban Baghdadi. Nevertheless, there are unavoidable practices which tend to trace these speakers back to their origin. Despite that many speakers try avoiding the rural features, there are still many features and words which are being used and very common among Basra city-centre due to the huge numbers immigrating to it. While elderly people tend to be the most preservers of dialect tradition and features of their original dialects, many speech features have been replaced and are starting to be extinct.

The aim of the research is to analyse the book "Al- Faraj Ba'd al-Shiddah"; by the judge Al-Mohsen Al-Tanouhi; to discover the systems of marginalization in the components of the Arabic culture. The components of the Arabic culture; such as ideas, beliefs, morals, traditions, etc., have a powerful influence that makes set it as a reliable reference for the behaviour of individuals when dealing with others. It is the influence of those references either by preference, or by demeaning and diminishing; different social centers could be formed. Then, marginalized social groups are formed. The present study tries to explain the news of the book "Al- Faraj Ba'd al-Shiddah". It is considered as a cultural representation of Arab reality that reveals how the cultural components have produced marginal patterns, and how these cultural patterns work in marginalizing different social groups, represented by women, people of knowledge, black people, slaves, and people of professions.

A considerable number of inscriptions on the facades of stone blocks were discovered in the north-eastern desert of Jordan, namely in wadi Al-Ḥashad area1. They were found by the Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia (OCIANA) Project team in 2019. The total number of these inscriptions is ten. From reading these inscriptions, it turns out that they are invocation ones in nature as they include many different requests for help and assistance from the deities of the time. Thus, these inscriptions shed more light on the aspects of the religious thoughts and beliefs prevailing during that era. According to the writing style of these inscriptions, it is noticed that one of them was written in Safaitic style; while the remaining others were written in Thamudic style2.

This research dealt with an important grammatical aspect, which is the method of the Obligation and its grammatical significance in the Holy Qur’an. It was devoted to analyse the verses of faith and disbelief. Thus, it started with an introduction in which the sentence structure and its two sections (request and non-request construction) were presented. In addition, the method of obligation, its definition, and its grammatical significance in the verses of faith and disbelief were clarified. Moreover, the study presented the method of the obligation which indicated two meanings in the Holy Quran: the first meaning is real and the other is metaphorical used for multiple purposes. The Qur’anic evidence about these meanings was explained.

Repetition in linguistic research performs multiple tasks, including the semantic dimension, the psychological dimension, the aesthetic dimension, the grammatical dimension as well as the artistic dimension. The research intends to investigate the effectiveness of repetition in the artistic structure of some of the texts of the poet Hazem Resheg which were picked from his three groups (Ma Rawah Al-Hudhud, Na’eat Al-Qasab, and Ahruf Mushabahatun Bel-Matar). The artistic repetition in these works included four patterns. The first is the repetition of the singular, the second the repetition of the sentence, the third the repetition of the adverb, and the fourth the repetition of prepositional phrase. This revealed the value of these structures technically, and their relationship to purpose and meaning.

The present research reveals the secret inner life of the Iraqi government during the time of former President Saddam Hussein. The secrets unveiled included; how the relations were between the poles of this system and the secrets that exist within those closed palaces which caused the president to be isolated from the people. The study also shed light on how the interaction was between the men of that system and their ways of life and an aspect of relations between them. The research indicated that family relations were not adequately sufficient to build a strong political system, or to achieve absolute loyalty to the official regime. Instead, the study clarified that democratic foundations were the best way to make the political process succeed, and that to continue ruling for a long time might cause the official government to lose their intellectual and creative potential, and turns them into rulers over people's necks. Additionally, they might conflict with each other over positions and winners. The weakness in the state starts from within because of the imbalance between the leaders. This imbalance could definitely lead to the goverment fall. Thus, it is the inner weakness rather than external interventions that have lead to the fall of the former government.

Arianus of Nicomedia was one of the few historians who recorded the events that the eastern countries went through during a period in which the Macedonian power emerged as a superpower alongside the Persian power. The scarcity of Arab sources dealing with this character and his military and scientific biography motivated the investigation of the character of Arianus, his works, and the source of his information. The research included two axes: the first axis dealt with the life of Arianus from his birth until his death, his education, the military and civil positions he held, and his access to the position of governor or consul in Cappadocia; while the second axis focused on his most important writings, especially historical ones, given their importance to the ancient history researcher who wished to study and write the history of the Roman Empire, particularly the Asian part.

The Mythological Texts in Mesopotamia showed that the ancient Iraqi believers believed in the existence of unified power controlling and managing the universe, and establishing laws that control its movement. In fact, the beliefs in ancient Iraq were a reflection of the political situation in the majority of its scene which reached to us through the clay tablets and contribute greatly to the confusion that led to the rule of Mesopotamian religion as a pluralism. Accordingly, Mesopotamians believed in one God, and these many names and forms of God were only the divine beings that did not have the power by itself, but derived their strength from the Ann – Anu the almighty God. He was the first source of strength in the universe, and all these names were used in the same way. This was similar to the doctrine of religions of monotheism with angels. The angels ran the affairs of the universe by the order of God. To put it another way, these multiple names are only names of the one God according to manifestations of his creation and the single deity could not be surrounded except when fragmented according to manifestations and tasks.

The study of political personalities plays an important role in the field of historical studies. Studies as such provides information about the history of countries to which these personalities belong as well as the political positions and roles played by these personalities. Therefore, the character of Abdullah Ya’qoub Besharah was chosen as Kuwaiti Gulf Arabic apolitical figure whose principal role in the area issues was not adequately highlighted. The present research was an attempt to shed light on his life, political activity towards several issues in the Arabic region, particularly, the Palestinian issue. Abdallah ya’qoub Besharah took on an important role in the Palestinian issue during working in the Security Council in 1979. He had a distinguished activity in defending the Palestinian issue.

The urban growth and the increase in population numbers are greatly reflected in the traffic reality. Thus, this has resulted in increased pressure on internal roads leaving traffic jams that hinder the smooth movement of vehicles. This definitely has led to serious thinking about the need to find a combination of appropriate alternative solutions which could limit this problem. These solutions may launch the creation of an industry that was not apparent to many of the successive local governments. Therefore, this study aims at demonstrating the importance of this project, which would be one of the vital projects that would greatly contribute to solving the problem of traffic congestion experienced by users of this road, and this, in turn, would be reflected in all areas of the economic and social life in case that careful planning and effective coordination would be taken into deep consideration.

Health services occupy an important position due to their direct contact with human health, life, capabilities and productive capabilities. Since the human health is an indispensable necessity for the survival and continuity of human life, it is considered as a legitimate right of every person. Legitimacy is derived from the fact that the right of health service should be available so that people can satisfy their essentional life needs. Consequently, these needs can only be satisfied by the availability of various health services, which are hospitals, and specialized health centers. Al-Zubair is one of the main cities of Basra governorate, as it comes in the second place in terms of population size and its industrial, commercial and service domination. Its region has many oil fields, therefore the city has received great care from planning authorities by distributing health services in a manner commensurate with the population weight. Thus, this the research intends to highlight the spatial distribution of health services and knowing the numbers of their owners in Al-Zubair city. The study also defined the city regional boundaries according to specific methods and standards which included using the direct (inductive) method that gave the true regional boundaries for each health service in the City in 2020.

Somaliland is located in the Horn of Africa, in the northwest of the Republic of Somalia. It shares borders with the Gulf of Aden from the north, Federal Ethiopia from the south and southwest, Puntland Region in the Republic of Somalia from the east, and Djibouti from the northwest. Historically, Somaliland was declared protectorate in 1887 after signing the treaties between Great Britain and the various tribes of Somaliland. In 1960, the Protectorate became an independent sovereign state known as the "State of Somaliland". Five days after the declaration of the establishment of the state, Somaliland united with Somalia (the former Italian protectorate), and the union process resulted in the Republic of Somalia. The duration of the union had witnessed a kind of tension in the relations between the federal Somali Government and the people of Somaliland. This tension continued until the fall of the ruling regimen in 1991. One of the results of this collapse was Somaliland's announcement of its withdrawal from the union with Somalia and the restoration of its independence. The research drew several conclusions, including that the geographical location of Somaliland occupies a strategic importance stemming from the strategic importance of the Red Sea and the Bab Al-Mandab Strait, and this is what made it a region of competition and influence for regional and international countries in the Horn of Africa, and Somaliland has natural geographic components that can constitute the main economic resource on which the region’s national income depends, which motivated its politicians to declare secession from the Republic of Somalia.

The research aims at identifying some headings lists of the Arabic topics to know the number of topics specialized in information science and libraries in the Khazindar and Shaban Khalifeh lists. Topic headings and their complementary references were extracted and analyzed. The results indicated that the subject headings specialized in information science and libraries got a few percentages compared to the total number of subject headings in the Arabic topic headings lists. In addition, the standard Arabic topic headings list (by Shaban Abdul Aziz Khalifa) contained the highest number of subject headings specialized in information science and libraries, compared to the Arabic topic headings list (for Khazindar). The research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which includes; inviting the Iraqi libraries and information departments to adopt a project to establish a list of subject headers specialized in the science of libraries and information. It would be preferred to create an electronic list that is subject to constant updating and is in line with the development of these sciences.

Abu Bakr al-Razi was one of the philosophers who emphasized the role of reason in knowledge, ethics, politics and treatment of various psychiatric diseases. Al-Razi looked at morality from a mental angle on the one hand and from a medical and psychological angle on the other. In his explanation of the diseases that afflict the soul of stingy and envy and the lied and glutton and sadness exaggerated, and how to treat them through the mind, he practiced his role as a psychologist. He also clarified the morality exercise though which his role as a mental moral philosopher was highlighted. He confirmed that through reason human biography and understanding of moral issuses and knowledge (the harmful of the beneficial, good from ugly and good from evil, virtue of vice, the pleasure of pain,the importance of mental and moral pleasures ) could emphasized. He built his moral direction on the basis of reason. Al-Razi was one of those who emphasized the necessity of man’s philosophical biography by relying on reason and commitment to the right moral values. This was not only for those who wanted follow the philosophical biography ,but also for those who wanted to practice politics and assume power .Thus, Al-Razi linked morality to reason, and he also linked politics to reason. He invited scholars to activate the role of the mind and its stature in various areas of life.