Diyala Journal of Human Research

The research dealt with the uses of agricultural land in the countryside of Al-Muqdadiyah district center and the study of agricultural activity represented by horticultural crops, grain crops, fodder crops and vegetables, in addition to addressing animal production, which are livestock animals, namely sheep, cows, goats and buffaloes and their geographical distribution in the districts of the study area. The problem of the study was represented by the geographical distribution of agricultural land uses in the countryside of Al-Muqdadiyah district center. The study aimed to identify the reality of agricultural land uses in the countryside of Al-Muqdadiyah district center and its role in the development of economic activities in the study area

The research aims to identify the availability of e-learning skills among Arabic language teachers and their role in developing the educational process.
To achieve the research objective, the researcher followed the descriptive approach in the research procedures, using the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data, as it consisted of (25) paragraphs representing the skills and (3) alternatives were placed for each paragraph, which are: (yes, to some extent, no), and the validity and reliability of the research tool were verified, then it was applied to the research sample, which numbered (42) male and female teachers, with (22) male teachers and (20) female teachers in the schools affiliated with the Khalis Education Department, Diyala Governorate, for the academic year (2021/2022).
The study seeks to answer the following two questions:
1. What is the availability of e-learning skills among Arabic language teachers and their role in developing the educational process.
2. Are there statistically significant differences at the signific
3. ance level (0.05) between the averages of the teachers' responses attributed to the gender variable (male teachers, female teachers)?
By using the statistical methods appropriate to the research requirements, the researcher reached a set of results, including: The availability of e-learning skills was somewhat low, according to the responses of male and female Arabic language teachers, and it is below the required level, weakness in providing students with interactive electronic activities that serve the objectives of the subject, then he recommended several recommendations and suggestions.

This research deals with studying the demographic characteristics of the female workforce within the education sector in Baqubah District and according to the administrative units for the year 2023. The research aims to identify the size of the demographic characteristics of the female workforce within the education sector in Baqubah District, as well as to identify the numerical and relative distribution of the total workforce within the education sector in Baqubah District according to the administrative units for the year 2023. The research highlights the reality of female workforce participation and its characteristics within the education sector in Baqubah District in Diyala Governorate Education Directorate. It also focuses on revealing the status of female workforce in the education sector, which is one of the main pillars for providing educational services in schools within Diyala District.
At the end of the research, the study revealed a difference between males and females in the percentage of participation in the workforce within the education sector in Baqubah District, as the number of males working in the education sector reached (8906) males, and the number of females working in the education sector reached (12596) females. One of the important things that the research reached is that there is a large disparity in the distribution of the total workforce at the level of administrative units in Baqubah District. Finally, the research found that Baqubah district center came in first place with (10410) people, Al-Abara district came in second place with (4023) people, Bani Saad district came in third place with (2677) people, while Buhriz district came in fourth place with (2499) people, while Kanaan district came in last place with (1893) people.

The current study aimed to “analyze written expression according to grammatical concepts among fifth-grade middle school female students.” The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. To achieve the research objectives, the research sample consisted of (60) female students the researcher prepared the analysis card, and the researcher formulated the grammatical concepts paragraphs, and in its final form it became (20) paragraphs, and after verifying the validity and reliability of the tool. The researcher used the statistical package SPSS (SPSS) to analyze the data. The Pearson and Tippen correlation coefficient showed that the seventh paragraph ranked first with a weighted average of (2.933), and the eighth paragraph ranked twentieth with a weighted average of (1.816). The results showed that there was a clear weakness using Fifth year middle school students on grammatical concepts in written expression

Abstract : The aim of the research was to identify (the effect of Smith's strategy on the acquisition of scientific concepts among fourth-grade science students in physics and their lateral thinking). The experimental design with two groups was adopted for this purpose. The research sample consisted of (52) students from the (fourth-grade science) secondary school affiliated with the Directorate of Education / Diyala, represented by (Ibn Al-Farid Secondary School for Boys) for the academic year (2023-2024) AD. They were distributed into the two sections, Section A, B, as Section A had (26) students and Section B had (26) students. Later, random selection was carried out, so Section A represented the control group, which was taught in the usual (followed) method, while Section B represented the experimental group, which was taught using the Smith model. Based on that, A test was built to acquire the scientific concepts of the subject based on its scientific content. It contained (48) objective multiple-choice paragraphs. A lateral thinking test was also built consisting of (20) objective paragraphs. Their validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were verified. After that, the two groups were rewarded in each of (the students’ previous achievement, their chronological age calculated in months, and the Otis Lennon Mental Ability Test). By using the T-test, the final statistical results for both the test of acquiring scientific concepts and lateral thinking were that there is a statistically significant difference between the final scores of students studying with the Smith model (the experimental group) and those studying with the usual method (the control group) in favor of the experimental group in the test of acquiring scientific concepts in physics. There is a statistically significant difference between the scores of students studying the Smith strategy (the experimental group) and students studying with the usual method (the control group) in favor of the experimental group in the test of lateral thinking. Based on the results of the research, the researcher had an opinion that it is necessary to adopt this strategy in teaching physics. It can be included in the study curricula followed for teaching methods in educational colleges.

The Renaissance and Freedom Party had an impact in Iran during the period 1961- 1963. Iran has witnessed during that period important developments represented by the appearance of the American role in the Iranian arena, and the presenting by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of a series of reform programs from 1960, under the guidance of the United States of America, which believed that the situation inside Iran was pushing towards a revolution or a popular explosion against the Shah. The role of the Renaissance and Freedom Party, which parted from the Second National Front, appeared to reveal the Shah's intentions of those reform programs and supported the religious establishment to oppose those programs. The religious establishment was active and the signs of its entry into the political arena in Iran appeared clearly at the beginning of 1961, and the Renaissance and Freedom Party played an important and active role in bringing ideas closer between the educated youth and the Religious Men.

The importance of William al-Suri lies in the fact that he was not among the Historians who were ignorant of the history of the Islamic countries in the Middle Ages. He was not among the Historians who visited the Islamic countries and did not know the historical geography of those countries. He was born and lived in Jerusalem, and this matter made him one of the most important Historians of the Middle Ages, as tools of historical writing were available to him while it was not available to others. He had many documents at his disposal, which made him distinctive in historical writing due to his assumption of many positions, including supervisor of the Diwan of Letters in the court of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, as well as his familiarity with many Islamic sources, and an eyewitness to the era, all of these things contributed to the formation of his image of Saladin, as he provided us with information about him and his campaigns and his recovery of some Islamic cities from the Crusaders, this is what motivated us to choose this topic and study it.

The Yemeni issue is considered one of the most important matters that Egyptian foreign policy focused on during the rule of President Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Egyptian leadership gave it great importance, seeing it as a true test of the intentions for which Egypt was engaging and leading the intense conflict at that time on several fronts. These included the conflict with monarchical reactionary forces in the region, represented by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; the colonial struggle represented by Britain and the United States of America; as well as the internal conflict within Yemen represented by tribal leaders and forces supporting the monarchy. Additionally, there was the internal Egyptian front, where the Yemeni issue posed a challenge to the Egyptian leadership’s capabilities in managing the matter politically, militarily, and financially. This situation put the intentions and slogans openly declared by the Egyptian leadership to the test.
The research topic addresses Egypt's stance on Yemen as reported in the Iraqi newspaper Al-Jumhuriya from 1963 to 1968. It focuses on significant events, including Egypt’s support for the newly established Yemeni republic on military, political, and economic levels, the conflict Egypt faced against forces opposing its activities, and the efforts made by various parties to resolve the Yemeni issue.

The research sheds light on the most important issues and incidents witnessed by the Kingdom of (Hijaz, Najd and its dependencies) and the Kingdom of Yemen during the period 1925-1932 AD. The research focused on explaining the follow-ups of the Iraqi Parliament and its position on those incidents, especially border problems and the movement of tribes, the Hijazi-Najdi war and the Wahhabi attacks on Iraq, and British intervention in the Arab region.
The political relations between Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Yemen were, for the most part, unstable, and witnessed periods of friendly harmony and others dominated by disagreement and fighting. Most of these problems were the result of border demarcation, attacks by Wahhabi Najdi tribes on some areas of Iraq, and the movement of tribes between Iraq and the Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd. However, the researcher pointed out the success of the Iraqi and Hejazi Najdi governments in calming the intensity of these problems and dealing with them wisely and under the supervision of King Faisal I of Iraq, King of Hejaz and Sultan of Najd Ibn Saud, and culminated in the conclusion of bilateral treaties and the exchange of diplomatic representation. These relations enjoyed the support of the Iraqi Parliament, which sought to include the Kingdom of Yemen in these treaties and resolve the Saudi-Yemeni differences away from the method of threats and war.
In addition, Britain dealt with the incidents and issues of the Arab region according to its colonial interests, and did not make real efforts to contain those incidents and conflicts, especially between the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd, and the Kingdom of Yemen, and left the final say in that to the military power of the two countries, which was present much more clearly than the diplomatic and peaceful power at that time.

The research aims to identify after teaching history the strategy of the information gap in the acquisition of historical concepts and the development of cognitive preference among fourth grade literary students, the researcher used experimental design with partial control and the pre- and post-test, either the research community may consist of (5256) students The research sample (64) student The research was applied in a preparatory school in Basmat for girls and the researcher chose Division (B) to represent the experimental group that is taught according to the information gap strategy, and Division (A) represented the control group that is taught in the way The number of female students reached (64) students (32) students in each division. The two groups were rewarded in a number of variables, the researcher prepared the two research tools to test the acquisition of historical concepts and the scale of cognitive preference, and the truthfulness and stability of the two tools were verified using the (T-test) test to process the data, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the information gap strategy in the test of acquiring historical concepts and cognitive preference in the post-test.
Conclusions: In light of the results of the research, the researcher concluded the following:
1- Teaching according to the information gap strategy Raising the level of acquisition of historical concepts for students by building knowledge for themselves according to the steps of the strategy.
2- Teaching according to the information gap strategy gives students cognitive patterns.
In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommends the following: -
1- Teaching students how to think and use cognitive patterns makes it a daily habit to take advantage of the huge amount of information in the face of daily situations.
2- Including various activities and exercises in history at the secondary stage can help develop cognitive patterns and correct cognitive growth among students.
The researcher also suggests the following:
1- Conducting a study to find out the impact of the information gap strategy at the levels of study and other subjects and on both sexes.
2- Conducting a study to find out the impact of the information gap strategy on achievement and the development of metacognitive thinking skills among undergraduate students.

This article addresses "repetition" in the interpretation of the Noble Qur'an by Ibn Furak, considering it one of the most important linguistic methods that has been extensively and clearly studied by scholars, both in the past and in contemporary times. The article sheds light on the biography of Ibn Furak, including his name, lineage, life, upbringing, and death. It also highlights Ibn Furak's method of repetition, explaining its concept both linguistically and terminologically, and demonstrates his attention to identifying the words and phrases in which repetition occurs. The article further clarifies the reasons behind this repetition in his exposition and interpretation of Qur'anic verses and explains the types of repetition found in his interpretation (Interpretation of the Noble Qur'an).

Before Islam, Arabic was accustomed to invasion and war between members of one tribe, or between members of multiple tribes, and these wars had their causes, including: revenge, protecting the fever, war over pasture, war over places of water, or when they were protecting someone who was being pursued by others, and these could be long. Wars may end quickly, even though these people are from the same nation, which is Arab. But that bad deed that Islam rejected spread among them, and then the customs, traditions, and customs of rational people and people of good opinion. The research was studied in the form of points and paragraphs, which included these days (wars) over the letters of the dictionary; That is, on the letters of the alphabet, which are: (The Day of Triangle, the Day of Razm, the Day of Salatah, the Day of Suran, the Day of Arqub, the Day of Attachment, the Day of Ghamra, the Day of Fayq, the Day of Qadid, the Day of Kadid, the Day of Kud, the Day of Dune, the Day of Murjibah, and the Day of Maghawarah, A Virgin Meadow Day), with a short introduction and conclusion that included the most prominent findings of the study, and a list of sources and references.

This research focuses on the musical composition in the poetry of Al-Kharnaq Bint Badr, to reveal the poetic seas that the poet employed in her poetry collection. The importance of meter lies in the connotations and revelations that emanate from it, and the poet is the muse whose emotions search for a rhythmic embodiment that suits them.
Her movements and reasons varied in a striking variety, with the diversity of poetic flows that are subject to a psychological rhythm that is consistent with her poetic experience, and this rhythm is a harmonious, repetitive metrical unit of meter, whether these meter are consistent in meter or different. Thus, meter became a tool through which the poet was able to express her feelings through her experience. Tense, thus enabling the meter to gain its aesthetic value in its ability to create the general rhythm of the poem.
In addition to the exquisite arts that the poet employed, she contained within her a musical energy that combined with the music of the external text to embody the psychological state of the poet and convey it to the recipient

This research is an attempt to explain the sociology of poetic discourse in the poetry of Abdel-Wahhab Al-Bayati according to the sociological approach, which works to link literature to society and measure the quality of the writer in it by the extent to which he faithfully portrays the concerns of his society and class. Thus, he takes the poet Abdel-Wahhab Al-Bayati as a model for studying the relationship between sociology and literature. Because it is one of the most important pillars of the realist school .
Al-Bayati’s poetry deals with social issues represented by poverty, ignorance, injustice and backwardness, in addition to his interest in sadness, the village and the city, as well as political issues represented by revolution, freedom, justice and equality. And other issues, although romantic realism is the doctrine closest to it and the easiest to address, as we find the poet’s soul full of anxiety, rebellion, and vague longings .
The research was divided into two sections. In the first section, we dealt with the relationship of sociology to literature and society. As for the second section, we studied the sociological analysis of social and political issues in Al-Bayati’s poetry. The research concluded with a conclusion containing the most prominent results of the research .

The current research aims to identify (the effectiveness of employing pivotal thinking skills in achieving and developing reflective thinking among first-year intermediate students in social studies) and to verify the research objective. The researcher formulated the appropriate null hypotheses For the objectives of the research and to verify this, the researcher chose an experimental design, which is the design of two equal groups with a pre-test and a post-test. The researcher determined equivalence between the students of the two research groups in several variables The number of students in Section (A) was (38) students, the number of students in Section (B) was (40) students, and thus the number of creativity research is (78) students. After determining the scientific material, the researcher formulated behavioral objectives for the first three chapters of the prescribed content, the number of which reached (86) behavioral objectives According to the levels of Bloom's classification, the researcher prepared teaching plans for the experimental group equally, in a manner consistent with the central thinking strategy of the experimental group and the traditional method of the control group. As for the two research tools, they were a test that measures academic achievement in the subject of social studies, and it consists of (30) A multiple choice item and a measure of reflective thinking, which consisted of (20) test items. The validity, reliability, and psychometric properties of each of the two tests were verified, and the test was applied at the end of the experiment. In light of these results, the researcher reached the conclusions, recommendations, The results appeared as follows:
1.There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students who are studying social studies according to pivotal thinking skills and the average scores of the control group students who are studying the same subject according to the normal method in the post-achievement test.
2.There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students who study social studies according to pivotal thinking skills and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method in the reflective thinking scale.
3.There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students who study social studies according to pivotal thinking skills in the pre- and post-applications of the reflective thinking scale.
4.- There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the control group students who study social studies according to the usual method in the pre- and post-applications of the reflective thinking scale. In light of these results, the researcher reached the conclusions, recommendations and proposals mentioned in the fourth chapt

Political geography centers its studies on a nation’s natural and human elements, considering natural disasters as critical challenges that strike at the heart of a state by disrupting one of its fundamental components—its natural resources and landscape. These disasters also have profound impacts on the human aspect through the casualties they cause among the population. The severity of such disasters is amplified by their unpredictable nature, varying intensity, and the fact that they often fall outside the scope of typical risk calculations, making them a substantial threat to a state's stability. This study aims to shed light on the human and material losses resulting from the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria, examining key damages to infrastructure, housing, and the decline in economic activities resulting from these seismic events

This research deals with the consensus according to Al-Ibnasi in his book Al-Durra Al-Madhi fi Sharh Al-Alfiyyah, as one of the principles of grammatical reasoning, upon whichh grammarians rely and approve judgments In all their grammatical Issues. The research shows the concept of consensus linguistically and terminologically, and Al-Ibnasi’s position on It and his methods of reasoning by it, referring to It with different words that all Indicate it. On the meaning of consensus, Including: consensus – unanimously – according to everyone – with agreement – they agreed – agreement – many grammarians – the majority of Basra scholars – the majority – and there is no disagreement. All of these words indicate the meaning of consensus, in addition to his transferring consensus from the grammarians who preceded him, and he was not satisfied with just transfer. But he rejected some of what they agreed upon.

The aim of the current research is to identify the causes of dropout and the role of social, economic and educational factors which leads for the students to drop out of preparatory education. However, to reveal the difference in the attitudes of the members of the research sample about the reasons leading to leakage in accord to different variables such as (gender, specialization, type of school and teaching experience). The research relied on the descriptive survey methodology. Nevertheless, the research sample was randomly selected around (230) between teachers and schools distributed over eighteen schools of preparatory education in the city of Erbil. The questionnaire form was used to collect Information from the members of the research sample and the data obtained was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 24. Overall, the research reached many results of the most important: is economic factors causing leakage from the point of view of the members of the research sample, is the weakness in the economic level of the family. Among the strongest social factors causing this phenomenon is the accompaniment of bad companions and the large number of family problems and disputes. The repetition of the student for an academic year more than once was one of the strongest educational factors causing dropout and the research also found that there is a difference in the attitudes of the research sample members on the social factors leading to dropout. According to the gender variable, with no difference in their attitudes towards the economic, social and educational factors leading to dropout according to the variables of specialization such as the type of school and teaching experience. One of the most important recommendations of the research on those interested in education and education issues is the preparation of effective plans and programs that can reduce the phenomenon of dropout or Reduce their

The current research aims to identify (The effect of a guidance program based on social skills on developing the communicative competence among high school students) The researcher used the (experimental method) as the research community included middle school students for morning study, numbering (13) schools in the Mansouriya district affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The number of students in these government schools reached (1915), and the experimental research sample consisted of (20) students distributed intentionally into two groups (experimental and control), with (10) students in each group. The researcher built the communicative competence scale according to Hymes’ theory. The sample for building the communicative competence scale consisted of (400) middle school students from the Mansouriya. The scale consisted of (30) paragraphs in the initial form. After presenting the scale to a group of arbitrators and specialists in education and psychology, they recommended amending (4) paragraphs of the scale, thus achieving apparent validity, as the scale in its final form consisted of (30) paragraphs, It achieved an agreement of more than 80% and the validity of the construction was verified by some statistical indicators. it was found in two ways: the test-retest method, which reached (0.88), and the Cronbach's coefficient, which reached (0.85). Accordingly, the researcher designed a guidance program using the social skills method according to Bandura’s social learning theory. The guidance program using the social skills method was applied to develop communicative competence after the researcher verified the validity of the program when presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators. The program consisted of (12) sessions, two sessions per week. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Finally, the results showed that the guidance program had an impact on developing the communication competence of the members of the experimental group, and the researcher came up with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions according to the research results.

The information available about the birth of al-‘Abdarī remains scarce, as does our precise knowledge regarding his death. However, al-‘Abdarī stands as a vivid example, offering us a live depiction of the cities he passed through, including their political, economic, social, and architectural aspects, as well as insights into their rulers, scholars, and religious figures. Al-‘Abdarī provides an account of the Islamic monuments in Egypt, highlighting their architectural structures and the social life surrounding them, as well as the attention they received from Egyptian rulers. These sites attracted people who visited them to seek blessings and make offerings .

The current research aimed to identify academic boredom among students of the internal departments, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers built the scale of academic boredom according to the theory of Bekron, and the scale consisted of three areas (emotional component, cognitive component, motivational component), and each component (12) position The scale was presented to a group of specialists and experienced in the field of educational and psychological sciences, measurement, evaluation and psychological counseling, and its characteristics were verified, as the sample of statistical analysis reached (450) female students of the University of Diyala to study The sample of the application reached (150) students from the students of the internal departments, selected in a simple random way, and the results of the research showed that the members of the research sample have academic boredom according to the hypothetical mean, and in light of the results the researchers made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to evaluate the environmental assessment of hospital incinerators in Diyala Governorate and determine the extent of their contribution to increasing the proportion of some gases in the air of the governorate. (7) incinerators in hospitals in Diyala Governorate were studied in order to measure gases of elements emitted from the smoke of medical incinerators during the process of burning medical waste. Gas measurement (CO, CO2, NO2, Cd, Pd, CH4, TSS, H2S) The study showed that the concentration of (CH4, NO2) gas for all hospital incinerators in the study area was (0), while the concentration of (CO2) gas was within the permissible environmental limits. Thus, the air of Diyala Governorate was in the low-pollution category, while the concentration of (CO2) gas was outside the limits. The permissible environmental limits are within the category of severe pollution, while the concentration of H2S gas is within the permissible environmental limits, except for site (6), where it is outside the permissible environmental limits and thus falls within the severe pollution category As for the element lead, the results of the measurement showed that site (7,6,5,3) came within the permissible environmental limits and is thus in the category of low pollution, while site (4,2,1) only came outside the permissible limits and is within the category. Highly polluted. As for cadmium, the concentrations at site (7,6,5,3) came within the permissible environmental limits and thus fall within the category of low pollution. As for site (4,2,1), they came outside the permissible limits and thus fall within the category. Severe pollution.

The current study aims to explore intellectual recovery and the significance of statistical differences according to the variable of gender (male-female) among educational counselors. It also aims to examine self-assessed wisdom and the significance of statistical differences according to the variable of gender (male-female) among educational counselors. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a scale for intellectual recovery based on Rosco's theory (Rosco, 2009:7). The scale consists of 12 items, and its face validity and reliability were confirmed using the test-retest method, yielding a value of 0.86. Additionally, a scale for self-assessed wisdom was adopted according to Webster's theory (Webster, 2007), consisting of 38 items. The face validity and reliability of this scale were also confirmed using the test-retest method, with a value of 0.88. The scales were reviewed by a panel of experts, and the study sample consisted of 400 participants. The data were analyzed using statistical methods, including the t-test for a single sample, the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the statistical package SPSS. The study's findings indicated that there is intellectual recovery among educational counselors, with no statistically significant differences. Additionally, the counselors possess self-assessed wisdom, with statistically significant differences according to the gender variable (male-female) favoring males. Moreover, there was no correlation between the two variables. The study concluded with a number of suggestions and recommendations

The research aims to study the variation of land prices in Baqubah city, as the researcher relied on the field study by distributing a questionnaire form and the sample number was (1487) according to the number of families for each neighborhood, and a questionnaire was also approved and distributed to real estate offices with a number of (79) according to the number of residents for each neighborhood, and the average price per square meter in the city ranged (3,250,000) dinars/square meter for commercial use, which is the highest, and in second place for health use (2,900,000) dinars/square meter, and third for educational use (2,840,000) dinars/square meter, and fourth for recreational use (1,835,000) dinars/square meter, and fifth for industrial use (1,670,000) dinars/square meter, and the lowest price for residential use (1,081,000) dinars/square meter, and the reasons for the rise in prices varied, including the administrative factor of the city, which made it a commercial center as well, in addition to the change in land uses in the important streets of some neighborhoods in the city.

In contrast with masculine matters women have traditionally been seen as objects. The foundation of modern feminist philosophy was the categorization of women as "other". As a contemporary movement, feminism seeks to challenge these established categories and giving those who are perceived as "objects" the opportunity to be classified as "subjects." According to Lacan.J, mankind is an example of a patriarchal society in which women's role as the subordinate other is unchangeable. There are no explanations for femininity outside of the conceptual hierarchy of masculine domination

Language is regarded as the principal means of transmitting, enacting, and reproducing meaning that is considered as a mental framework carried either explicitly or implicitly. The problem of this study lies, in specific cases, in the difficulty in determining the type of the material action process because the two different entities share the same process i.e. some grammatical and semantic interventions are involved. For instance in the seal fell down, one cannot recognize the Actor seal as animate or inanimate which eventually affects the type of material action process. This paper displays how processes are functioned to produce meaning in the light of functional grammar. The linguistic model adopted is An Introduction to Functional Grammar proposed by Michael Halliday (1985). The paper aims at: (1) Clarifying the significance of transitivity in identifying processes. (2) Discovering the categories of processes in political discourse. (3) Presenting a theoretical background of the term processes for their domineering use in interpreting the hidden meaning. This study has concluded that (1) Transitivity is a tool for understanding our experiences in terms of participants, process configurations, and external circumstances. (2) Verbalization processes are very similar to material action processes, only differing in the fact that they describe a verbal action.

This paper examines the complicated relationship between freedom and constraint in Shahrnush Parsipur's Women Without Men (1989). It employs a feminist literary theoretical framework, with a specific focus on gender, power, and agency, to analyze how the novel juxtaposes these opposing forces. Additionally, a postcolonial lens is applied to explore the text's engagement with historical and cultural oppression. Through a close reading of the narrative, this paper examines how Parsipur constructs a paradoxical world for her female protagonists in 1950s Iran and how she challenges traditional patriarchal narratives while engaging with issues of sexuality, desire, and female pleasure within a restrictive cultural context. By focusing on the experiences of five women from diverse backgrounds, the novel offers a multi-layered portrayal of the complexities surrounding societal norms, personal desires, and the pursuit of autonomy within a patriarchal context. The research methodology is qualitative, allowing for a nuanced analysis of the textual intricacies that shed light on the tensions between liberation and confinement. The opening sections of the novel emphasize the pervasive nature of laws governing female mobility, implicitly drawing attention to the patriarchal structures underlying these restrictions. Through the characters' experiences, the paper reveals the consequences of transgressing these boundaries, highlighting the punitive measures imposed by male guardians and the withdrawal of protection as forms of social control. The space beyond these legal constraints is infused with desire, symbolizing each character's unique relationship to a patriarchal order that defines their mobility based on their sexual and marital status. Ultimately, Women Without Men implies that true liberation surpasses political frameworks. Parsipur's bold narrative and feminist undertones challenge the prevailing norms, offering a poignant commentary on the female experience within a patriarchal society. The novel's exploration of the paradox between freedom and constraint offers a rich terrain for literary analysis and socio-political reflection.

Many people believe they cannot learn a foreign language because they have a mental block against it. It is assumed that the leading cause of this unfortunate phenomenon is self-efficacy (henceforth SE) which is an essential variable in facilitating classroom learning and improving learners' language skills. On this basis, a high level of self-efficacy can cause enduring positive effects for EFL students and create a feeling of interest, enjoyment, and happiness to engage in foreign language learning. Student engagement (henceforth E) is the essential process of language development in the context of EFL learning.
As such, this research attempts to contribute meaningfully to students and teachers in determining and solving their problems in classroom activity by determining the correlation between students' self-efficacy and engagement. The problem of this research is that despite the growing recognition of the importance of self-efficacy, a clear understanding of its relationship with engagement in university EFL programs still needs to be discovered. Thus, the current research aims at: 1- specifying the level of correlation between students' self-efficacy and their engagement in a FLL context, 2- determining the role of university grade of EFL students' as far as the correlation between self-efficacy and engagement inside the class is concerned.
Based on these aims, this research hypothesises that 1- EFL University students' self-efficacy is significantly correlated to their engagement, 2- university grade of EFL students have a significant role as far as the degree of correlation between their self-efficacy and engagement is concerned.
To test the preceding hypotheses and bring about the aims, two close-ended questionnaires are adapted. The first one is a Questionnaire on English Self-Efficacy by Wang and Bai (2017) and the second one is a Student Engagement in Schools Questionnaire by Hart et al. (2011) for the four dimensions of engagement, which are: affective, behavioural, cognitive, and social and Agentic Engagement Scale by Reeve (2013) which is used for the fifth dimension of engagement that is agentic engagement. These two questionnaires are presented to a sample of (170) students (first and fourth grades) at the Department of English / College of Basic Education /University of Mosul. By analysing the collected data, it is found that: 1- EFL university students' self-efficacy is significantly correlated with their engagement. The correlation between these two variables follows positive directions, which means that when students' self-efficacy increases, their engagement also increases, and vice versa; and 2- there is no indication of the role of university grade as far as the degree of correlation between self-efficacy and engagement is concerned. However, a notable difference in engagement levels is observed between first-year and fourth-year students, with the latter demonstrating higher engagement.

This study aims at investigating the effect of incorporating flipped classroom teaching strategy to enhance English language skills as Perceived by Iraqi EFL faculties` in Diyala University. To achieve the aim of the present study, the following hypothesis has been put: There is no statistically significant differences at (á≤0.05) between the attitude of EFL faculties towards the effect of incorporating flipped classroom teaching strategy to enhance English language skills due to gender, qualification, years of experience and specialization. The sample of the study was purposive consisted of 45 instructors (23 males and 22 females) from English department \ College of basic education, and college of education for human sciences \ University of Diyala, during the academic year (2024 -2025). Meanwhile a mixed method approach employing both qualitative and quantitative method was adopted. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the total degree of the effect of incorporating in enhancing the four skills of English language as Perceived by Iraqi EFL faculties` in Diyala University scored a higher level of estimation. Furthermore, in relation to the hypothesis, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of English language faculties towards the effect of incorporating the flipped classroom in enhancing the four skills due to gender, qualification, and specialization. However, statistically significant differences were found due to years of experience variable.
The study recommended to integrate specific content and activities into the EFL curricula through utilizing technological advancements including YouTube videos, website links social media, and the like, and also recommended to integrate flipped classrooms strategy in teaching English language skills as it has been found highly beneficial in both physical learning and virtual learning.

This study aims at investigating the effect of incorporating flipped classroom teaching strategy to enhance English language skills as Perceived by Iraqi EFL faculties` in Diyala University. To achieve the aim of the present study, the following hypothesis has been put: There is no statistically significant differences at (á≤0.05) between the attitude of EFL faculties towards the effect of incorporating flipped classroom teaching strategy to enhance English language skills due to gender, qualification, years of experience and specialization. The sample of the study was purposive consisted of 45 instructors (23 males and 22 females) from English department \ College of basic education, and college of education for human sciences \ University of Diyala, during the academic year (2024 -2025). Meanwhile a mixed method approach employing both qualitative and quantitative method was adopted. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the total degree of the effect of incorporating in enhancing the four skills of English language as Perceived by Iraqi EFL faculties` in Diyala University scored a higher level of estimation. Furthermore, in relation to the hypothesis, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the attitudes of English language faculties towards the effect of incorporating the flipped classroom in enhancing the four skills due to gender, qualification, and specialization. However, statistically significant differences were found due to years of experience variable.
The study recommended to integrate specific content and activities into the EFL curricula through utilizing technological advancements including YouTube videos, website links social media, and the like, and also recommended to integrate flipped classrooms strategy in teaching English language skills as it has been found highly beneficial in both physical learning and virtual learning.