Journal of University of Babylon

Ecofeminism is a socio-environmental movement that asserts a connection between the exploitation of the natural environment and the oppression and marginalization of women. The purpose of this research is to undermine the ideology of male dominated society in which men oppress both woman and nature. It analyzes Toni Morrison’s Sula and Anita Desai’s In Custody in light of ecofeminist perspectives with a brief analysis of the textual and conceptual principles of ecofeminism in the selected novels. It compares the ideology of how those writers portray the victimization of woman and nature through the male and female characters. To accomplish this, it is necessary to elucidate pertinent ecofeminist theory of Francoise d'Eaubonne which highlights the victimization, and oppression of women are inextricably linked to the devastation of the environment and natural world.

يستكشف هذا البحث نسيج العناصر القوطية المعقدة المتجسدة في قصة شارلوت بيركنز جيلمان "ورق الجدران الأصفر". باستناده إلى تجارب الكاتبة الشخصية والسياق الاجتماعي والثقافي السائد في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، تهدف هذا الدراسة إلى كشف الآثار النفسية العميقة للخصائص القوطية كما تتجلى في السرد. من خلال تحليل دقيق للموضوعات والرموز والعناصر الرئيسية، يستكشف البحث كيف يعمل الرعب بصفته وسيلة لاستكشاف مواضيع القهر النسائي والتدهور النفسي والقمع الاجتماعي. عن طريق تحليل انحدار البطلة في الجنون داخل جدران غرفتها المغلقة، يلقي هذا البحث الضوء على القوى القمعية التي يفرضها المجتمع على النساء، لا سيما في العصر الفكتوري. علاوة على ذلك، يستكشف البحث كيف تساهم الأجواء المظلمة والمخيفة، والوصف المتقن، والصوت السردي المبهم في أجواء الرعب العامة؟ مما يثير شعورًا بالاحتباس والخوف، وفي النهاية، يسلط هذا البحث الضوء على أهمية "ورق الجدران الأصفر" بصفتها تصويرا قويا للعبء النفسي الذي تفرضه القوانين الاجتماعية، مع تأكيد كشف الرعب المخفي في وجود الإنسان.

This article examines the film Wadjda (2012) directed by Haifaa Al-Mansour and its portrayal of feminist issues. Wadjda portrays the story of a young Saudi girl named Wadjda who dreams of owning a bicycle, despite societal restrictions on women. Through an analysis of the film, this research explores the ways in which Al-Mansour addresses feminist themes and challenges traditional gender norms within Saudi Arabian society. The article also depicts Al-Mansour's use of the protagonist's journey as a means of discussing issues such as gender inequality, restrictions on women's freedom, and the importance of education for girls. The film similarly portrays the resilience and determination of its female characters, promoting the idea of female empowerment and self-expression. By investigating Al-Mansour's feminist concerns through the lens of Wadjda, this study leads to a deeper understanding of the film's social and cultural significance, as well as its contribution to the global discourse on feminism and women's rights.

With the advent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, the concept of time, which had been regarded as one of the unquestionable measuring standards up until the 20th century, lost its certainty and came to be seen as a relative concept. This kind of perspective on time also made it into literature and had an impact on the narrative techniques used by 20th-century novelists. Modern novelists, in contrast to classical style writers who narrated events from a distance and based their stories on cause-and-effect relationships and order and sequence for the "fluid flow of the mind," disrupted the linear time course of their stories and adopted their own story-telling technique. The Sound and the Fury, written by William Faulkner in 1929, is one of the most popular examples of this genre. In it, the author challenges both the linearity of time and the principles of relativity in various ways. Investigating the impact of Einsteinian physics on early 20th-century narrative novel writing traditions in general and the novel of fury and uproar in particular is the focus of the current research. Analytical-descriptive and comparative research methodology is used.

Drug addiction is linked to criminal behavior, in two ways: first, it is a crime in itself punishable by law, and on the other hand, there is a relationship between drug abuse and acts criminalized by law, such as murder, rape, theft, vagrancy, adultery, sodomy, and all sexual practices, including incest, and This is according to a significant number of research and statistics, and thus it can be said that crimes resulting from drugs are complex crimes that create serious criminal repercussions for society. The lack of income of the user is a result of his unemployment and inability to meet his needs. The inevitable result of this is that the user is exposed to committing crimes in all its forms and manifestations, such as fraud, fraud, or breach of trust. In this case, it is necessary for those who commit them to be exposed to moral and social deterioration, and family disintegration, such as adultery, divorce, and polygamy. Wives, neglect of children, and abuse of other psychological substances such as alcohol.
The drug is considered a result of moral deterioration, and at the same time a cause of this deterioration in values, as a result of the social lack of acceptance of the user as disrespectful behavior in some social circles. The user is forced to frequent bad places and circles until the drug is available to him.

There is no doubt that the use of narcotics and psychotropic substances has become one of the most dangerous phenomena, as it has spread widely in the countries of the international community in general and Iraq in particular. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator, following in the footsteps of the legislator in those countries, adopted a policy of criminalization and punishment to combat this phenomenon, based in part on criminalization The largest possible number of behaviors of taking or addicting to these substances or facilitating that are outside the scope of the legal licence. On the other hand, it imposes harsh penalties on its perpetrators, aiming to follow the most successful ways to combat drug crimes to ensure the protection of individuals and society in an appropriate degree and to address legal loopholes in this regard .
In this study, we shed light on the policy of criminalization and punishment in the Iraqi Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, by clarifying the concept of the policy of criminalization and punishment, drugs and psychotropic substances in the first topic. Then we dealt with some of the forms of this policy by reviewing some of the acts of taking these substances, addictive to them, or facilitating that, and others that are criminalized under the provisions of the aforementioned law on the one hand, and stating the penalties prescribed for them in the same law on the other hand, in the second topic. Then we ended our research with a conclusion in which we clarified the most important conclusions and recommendations.

The research dealt with earthquakes in the writings of Arab and Muslim geographers and their effects in the region of Turkey and Anatolia, as man tried for many centuries to know the causes of earthquakes and explain the causes of their occurrence, and where they wrote many books and documented the historical events of earthquakes, and the Arabs and Muslims are the first to explain the occurrence of earthquakes, including Ibn Sina and the Brotherhood Al-Safa, Al-Qazwini, and Al-Masoudi, as they proposed some opinions to reduce the risk of earthquakes. It is believed that the lands in which earthquakes abound, wells are dug and channels are dug to reduce earthquakes. Turkey and Anatolia witnessed many earthquakes for a long time, because they occurred at the intersection of three Anatolian, Arabian and African plates, as they affected the sector Economic of all kinds.

This research studies Mahmoud Darwish’s poem “Challenge,” from a stylistic point of view to reveal the role of linguistic phenomena in shaping the act of challenge aesthetically despite its bitterness. The poet had directly resisted the occupation, and because of this resistance he suffered various types of torment, including torture, imprisonment, and exile. This poem was his most eloquent expression of what he experienced because of that; however, this expression was not a complaint or a cry, but rather a challenge and rebellion against the executioner. The spirit of challenge appeared as an ontological presence that imbued the poem’s structure to reveal the utmost images of courage. The minor structures, the phonetic level, were integrated with the major structures, the lexical, syntactic, and expressive levels, with the comprehensive style of “parallelism,” combining to draw the maximum extent of the poet’s free spirit that challenges the jailer despite arrest and imprisonment.

This research seeks to identify Ethos and its three types (pre-rhetorical Ethos, rhetorical Ethos, and implicit Ethos) in the theatrical text. The image related to the speaker, as well as the self-image in the discourse, that is, the linguistic and logical structures of the text include means of persuasion with the power of argument and then acceptance. Persuasion، as in the rhetorical theory. It went through two stages: the qualification stage, which took place within the field of rhetoric, as it relates to argumentative purposes, and the crystallization stage, which was represented by discourse analysts who dealt with Ethos according to its deliberative goals. The application of its concept in the theater led to a change in the text's deliberativeness and communication During the work of Ethos according to its linguistic strategies, the research included four chapters. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, the first topic was Ethos conceptually, the second topic was Ethos and literary theories, and the third topic was Ethos in the global theatrical text. The third chapter included the research community, the research sample, and its methodology, while the fourth chapter included the most important results, as well as the conclusions recommendations, sources, and references.

The problem of research is defined around the philosophical view of values as an important necessity for the continuation of society as a cultural and social entity that carries a distinct identity and character for the human beings who live in it and belong to this entity. Here, the importance of values emerges in the areas of moral life and socialization, as they appear as representations that constitute the place of a world in itself that can be lived. In it, this is in the sense that they form a bond between people, and according to this growth, values determine a communicative, heartfelt part in which every encounter is verification, failure، or modification. Accordingly, the goal of the study was to recognize that science is the world of inevitable necessity, and ethics is the world of freedom and responsibility, and the philosophy of values calls for human freedom and The limit that makes him a creator of values. Freedom is what gives value to a person and is the basis for the existence of values. However, these values and standards differ according to different people. If all people had the same values and standards, the matter would be easy, but this is not the case. Every person has a map or ladder on which his values and standards are arranged, or when he recognizes them. A person, based on his values, has a number of basic values, and under each of these values there is another number of secondary values. Through this, we find that the researcher used the descriptive method and the historical method in his research to identify these established values, and therefore we conclude from the above that these values are not fixed، they change. Constantly going up and down, and changing them leads to changing the limits of perception of the world, and changing behavior. A person can be certain of this if he is able to write a scale of values for himself and keep it, then write it again after a year or several years, and then compare. He will find that there is an advance and a delay or deletion and addition of values. Written by him previously.

The topic of social skills in children with learning disabilities is receiving increasing attention, and it is considered a fertile field for researchers to put forward their theoretical conceptions, and the practical solutions they see, which would provide service to children with learning disabilities, and also have a role in helping teachers to adapt positively to this category. Perhaps one of the ways to achieve this quest is to identify the concept of learning difficulties, the theories that explain it, its causes, characteristics, types. As well as the concept of social skills and their importance, identifying social skills in children with learning difficulties, studying and analyzing the theories explaining them, and their educational applications. The most important findings of the research: each of these theories has its advantages and disadvantages, and all of them serve the same purpose, but with different methods and methods of application; where the social learning theory focuses on learning by observation, and looks at failure in social performance as a behavior acquired by observation, and can be remedied by training. While the behavioral theory emphasizes the need to analyze the behavioral phenomenon into small partial units in order to reach a better understanding of the studied phenomenon as a whole. Finally, cognitive theory assumes that cognitive factors such as negative expectations and self-evaluation are the main causes of social skills deficiencies, as this theory focuses on the role of cognitive mental processes in the learning process. One of the most prominent proposals is to take advantage of the advantages of theories explaining social skills, and move away from their negatives in studying children with learning difficulties, and thus mixing all theories may achieve great success in the development of social skills in children with learning difficulties in order to reach better results.