Journal of International studies

The referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan region was the most important changes that occurred to the Kurdish issue during the 2003 the last two decades ,after the 2014 massive expansion of the borders of the region beyond the year , and the expansion of the second year after he returned the region to lose 50% of the territory seized by following the 2003 and perhaps the most important the city is a building block essential economically and politically for the region , contributed to a lot of internal and external factors in the referendum, the experience of failure and perhaps the most notable absence of influential ally , which is based on the Kurds in their quest for independence, the US faalanhyaz in favor of the central government and the lack of regional support for the project with the timing of the wrong referendum are all factors that led to the abortion of the project.

In modern literature governing –Political- elites are classified into united and disunited, the united ones could be ideological or consented and each has its characteristics and the way of its creation .In Iraq ,after 2003, the governing elite has changed and took the form of disunity, although sometimes in case of crisis it takes the form of united one but most likely on opportunistic terms, since only their interests drive them to unite ,sooner or later this unity would be dissolved and return to its usual disunited form and this is what we are trying to research here.

After 2003, Iraq faces a parallel system, what we might call the "alternative government", which poses a great and serious challenge to building the state and its official institutions, and a factor in the delegitimization of the election, which lost the Iraqi citizen's confidence in his political system. The demonstrations became the only outlet for the Iraqi people to object to failed government policies, corruption in state joints, Patronage relations, and component approaches to quotas. In return, these demonstrations face repressive security policies to preserve partisan interests and foreign agendas.

The study aims at studying and analyzing the security issue of the Gulf Cooperation Council states as it is one of the main issues that have received the attention of both regional and international powers, given the strategic importance occupied by the Gulf Cooperation Council states, as well as their role in securing global energy security, especially oil and natural gas supplies. The imbalance of regional power, the multiplicity of conflicts in the region, and the diversity of sources of internal and external threats have led the Gulf Cooperation Council countries to realize these challenges, and the nature of transformations in the regional and international environments, and their repercussions on the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council states. This made the problem of security in its Gulf sense a major concern to the political decision-maker which means the need to confront these threats, set priorities, and diversification of the Gulf Cooperation Council states options to achieve Gulf security.

The foreign policy of the United States of America is not fixed, but is updated in accordance with the variables of the international system to maintain its dominance and expand its influence as it used in the implementation of its foreign policy and many means, including political pressure and maneuvers political or economic through the temptation (financial assistance) or economic sanctions or military During media, psychological, military, cultural and informational wars through political values, technology, soft power, or the use of energy and energy advantages, including natural resources and energy.

The peoples of the third world ,including the Arab and Islamic peoples, witnessed major social ,cultural and political transformations in cotemporary history.
The Arab and Islamic region has been subjected to dangerous interventions that threaten it\'s national and social security, therefore ;there are many types of interventions in this region according to transitions in international order after the second world wars ,in particular after 1991, where the COLD- WAR are ended, and the President of U.S.A declare that the new world order are formed, after this the U.S.A called for to support the democracy and human rights, this caused changing in the meaning of sovereignty, especially after attacks of 11 September on the U.S.A lands, and this led to threat the governments of third world, which including the Arab and Islamic countries.
The transformations in the concepts of power from traditional power( hard power)to the modern types of power(soft power), and after this to smart power, caused more intervention in this country, after this the developments in social media; communication system, and civil society caused more interference and more violation of the sovereignty of the Arab and Islamic countries.

The issue of youth\'s rights is one of the most recent topics that have not received sufficient attention in social and political studies. The youth group at the international level lacks a comprehensive and clear-cut charter that guarantees their most important rights and how they are guaranteed and applied by other countries such as women and children. The United Nations or through its agencies or offices or through some regional and national organizations in the theoretical adaptation of the human rights of young people, but these efforts have been echoed and widespread impact in the adoption of the idea and draft charter of human rights for young people, which is supposed to see the light in the Current factors.

Religion is a major component in the orientations of some foreign countries, especially the State of Israel as the axis or tool of its foreign policy, as the Israeli foreign policy gave the religious direction a special importance, and the state has been closely linked with it since its establishment in 1948, because its political system is one of the Jewish political traditions that They appeared and were formed during the diaspora period over a period of two thousand years, and the features of the current Israeli foreign policy are rooted in biblical Israel. Israel's foreign policy set goals that were clearly affected by the historical heritage based on religious considerations demanding Greater Israel and the return of the Jews to the Land of Israel, in addition to the goals that Israel's policy sought to achieve and which stem not only from strategic considerations but from historical and religious ties with the land.
Accordingly, the Israeli foreign policy has become a prominent model for studying the effect of the religious dimension in foreign policy by virtue of the conditions of its inception related to the religious factor, and this study focuses on the influence of the religious factor in Israeli foreign policy, which are considered as helpful indicators for understanding foreign policy and tracking foreign decisions, as the Israeli foreign policy is unique in the existence of Several religious movements were able to influence their foreign decisions.

The study sheds light on Turkish policy- as a regional and international rising power- towards its issues according to the interest that governs the course of that policy, especially in its relationship with the African continent, which is a model of its international policy that connects it with the outside world. The study also aim the position that Turkish politics play in its regional environment and international relations, as well as the status occupied by the brown black continent with natural and human resources, which are the backbone of the modern global industry.
The study has been divided into main four sections that represent the Turkish policy paths towards African countries, with an interest in the relationships with Sudan. So the investigation came to the following headings: the fields of Turkish policy towards Africa, and the objectives and obstacles of that policy, then I wrote the fourth topic on Turkish policy towards Sudan as a model of its politics with the African continent. Then I followed it with the most important results of the study.

There are many studies that have dealt with the relationship of economics and political science, but there are few studies that have dealt with the influence of political power on the economic system in force in the country. Through this research, we tried to prove the nature of the ruling elite and its impact on the nature of political power and the political economic system. In other words, we tried in this research to prove that the totalitarian and authoritarian power always seeks to confine all the powers in its hand in order to dominate the state and society, which leads to its adoption of the socialist economic system based on combining the political and economic forces and monopolizing them in the hands of the tyrannical decision maker and his party, as it is. This is the case in many experiences that prove the inevitability of the relationship between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes and the socialist economic system. On the other hand, it can be said that democratic political systems based on freedom in all political, economic and social fields and on the separation of powers and pluralism, we find that there is an inevitability in the relationship between the democratic system and the capitalist system through the domination of the economic elites (companies and capital) over the political elites and thus achieve A new separation of powers is the separation between the political and economic forces, thus achieving political stability and economic recovery. As for countries that adopt restricted democracy through the establishment of a political system with a specific ideology (religious / secular), we find that they adopt a mixed economic system that combines the advantages of the socialist system and the advantages of the capitalist system through the presence of institutions that are subordinate to the state and include public services, and institutions affiliated with companies and capital. Which includes the sectors of agriculture, industry and domestic trade. All of this makes talking about monopolizing and concentrating economic power or delegating it more importantly than talking about separation between traditional powers and a basic condition of transition towards a democratic system.

The emergence of the secret Iranian nuclear program in 2003 and the international and regional reactions around it, especially the United States and some regional countries, constituted pressure factors on political stability in Iran and the region. The political situation in Iran and the region, as it focused mainly on the sectors (oil and gas), banking and trade exchange, then came the tightening of US sanctions after 2018, which affected the livelihood of Iranians, and despite Iran having the means and opportunities that enabled it to stand up to the sanctions and achieve self-sufficiency in some economic aspects. And possessing a military force that enabled it to deter threats against it, as well as the continuation of trade cooperation with the European Union and some of its geographical neighbors and in Asia, enabling it to export its oil, even in quantities less than its quota in OPEC, but the efforts of the Iranian government, the United States and major and regional countries to renegotiate Once again on the nuclear agreement, the two sides are seeking to resolve the nuclear program crisis to achieve stability and security.

Energy is one of the most influential factors in international relations, making energy companies a role in changing the nature of relations between countries; this is true of Russian's Gazprom, which has played an important role in influencing Russia's relations with most of the world especially European countries. This is due to the strength of the company and its impact on Russian power, As it controls most of power pipelines which Russia exports its energy through it to most countries which has made Russia a thread extending to different countries of the world, help her to a achieve their economic and political goals through the company's strategies to serve Russian interests. The European dependence on Russian energy has made this company an impact on these relations, This is appear in several crises , the most important of which is the Ukrainian crisis in which Gazprom had a great role that effected on European countries, as well as the company's strategies to control on the European energy sector etc. However, the two parties , because of economic interests that bind them, cannot dispense with their relationship to each other, showing a permanent flexibility to end any tension between them.

The research discusses the topic (the role of the economic variable in Chinese foreign policy) after 2008, where the economic variable is an important factor in contemporary international life in its various aspects, especially the political aspect, competition and conflict in the context of international relations, and as a result of the economic position and strategic weight at the regional level which China enjoys, as well as the population density and the historical, cultural and scientific heritage, and because China is a country that has grown into a rising economic power and a strong competitor to the United States of America, and that the future of this competition will change the global situation and the form of international polarization.
The research will be addressed through several axes that represent the Chinese economic potential and its strategy and the focus of the Belt and Road Initiative.
The conclusion will depend on the researcher's opinion regarding the possible effects of this economic variable on the international and regional situation.

Political and institutional factors play an important role in fighting corruption in Singapore, as the strong anti-corruption spirit was the strong motivation and motivation of Singapore\'s political leaders to eliminate corruption in addition to the political will of the People\'s Action Party government headed by Lee Kuan Yew and the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. Fighting corruption in Singapore requires the vigilant public and the effective implementation of the Bureau of Investigation into Corrupt Practices in addition to government support for this office.
The Anti-Corruption Investigation Bureau is the only official anti-corruption agency in Singapore, and it is assisted by government departments in official departments, which form committees affiliated to them that work to implement official anti-corruption laws.

The research deals with the issue of the political role of Iraqi women after 2003,according to the descriptive approach in terms of their role at the level of the three authorities and the extent of success or failure that accompanied this role, as well as the causes that negatively affected the achievement of Iraqi women commensurate with the value of the positions they held or which were It must be given in proportion to the size of its presence in society.