ADAB AL-BASRAH

Post-edit is defined as the way of correcting machine translation (MT) output. The massive use of (MT) systems in the modern world, specifically neural machine translation (NMT) makes post-edit as one of the main skills translators should have to involve in global markets. The present study investigates the improvement of the quality of the product of translation students to post-edited Google MT output. It focuses on the amounts of post-edit in correlation with types of errors produced by Google MT. Moreover, the study investigates the quality of the final products 44 translation students at University of Basrah in their final year are involved in the study. They receive pre-translated text by Google translate and are asked to post-edit. The results have shown that (21.2%) terminology errors and (48.8%) grammatical errors have not been corrected. A mixed-method approach is used to collect qualitative and quantitative data analyzed within the Dynamic Quality Framework (DQF) adapted by Translation Automation User Society (TAUS). TAUS error typology is used as a model to assess participants’ outputs and to be evaluated by a jury of professional instructors. The findings have shown that there is an improvement in quality due to the statistical analysis of the quantitative data which have shown a significant correlation between post-edit practice (PEP) and post-edit quality (PEQ) as p value = 0.003. The statistical results imply an improvement of post-edited output quality.

Doubling and Lighting of letters is an Arabic language phenomenon that is obvious in the Noble Quran. This research includes the phenomenon of Doubling and Lighting of letters in the Quranic Readings in the Cow Surah. This research consists of three topics, an introduction, a preface and a conclusion.
The introduction handles the differences of Quranic Readings and their diversity as well as their linguistic phenomena.
The topics are as follows:
Topic one handles Doubling and Lighting of letters in verbs.
Topic two handles Doubling and Lighting of letters in nouns.
Topic three handles Doubling and Lighting in letters
The conclusion includes the most important findings as follows:
1. Al-Tashdeed means the doubling of the letter while pronunciation, while Al-Takhfeef means omitting the letter or conjugating it or converting it to a vowel letter.
2. Reciting Quranic Reading is Sunnah which has been revealed to make pronunciation easy for people as some Arabs double letters and others lighten them according to their dialects.
3. Doubling of letters may be an addition in meaning and a means for drawing attention as the more addition to structure, the more addition to meaning.
4. Al-Hijaz people add Hamza to the word "Nabi" contrary to what is known but this is the basis for this word and they pronounce it correctly.

The research is engaged in re-reading the news of Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, as reported by Al-Maqri in his book (Nafih Al-Teeb from the Ghosn Al-Andalus Al-Rutayb). The study is organized into three groups to cover his biography as a king, as a captive, and as a departed person in an attempt to demonstrate the deep awareness of the author of the book when he compiles his news with craftsmanship and mastery; a clear vision of the course of history; the life of Andalusia's; and elaborate knowledge of the work of authorship. This is for the sake of the construction of the news in each group of news, and this indicates to a period of the life of Al-Mu'tamid compatible with the external context with its load of joys and sorrows and of greatness and brokenness between the spaciousness of the king, the distress of families and exile. In addition to that, it aims to prove how the author's awareness of the movement of Andalusia history was present in the news typesetting. To make his life, as it passed through the king, the captivity and death, according to the author, a miniature of Andalusia; that island - which went through the same stages - was glorified, captured, and then became a beautiful memory or a lost paradise.

This study investigates the characterisation of Chicken from Kingdom of Earth (1968) by Tennessee Williams. Characterisation is a process in which fictional characters are fleshed out by the author. Chicken is one of Williams’s outstanding male characters. Going through the process of characterisation attracts attention to how readers come to comprehend Chicken and how they infer some of his traits that are not directly mentioned in the play. Checking out the linguistic choices made by Chicken in the dialogue explain the entirety of his traits. In the end, the whole process of characterisation for building up his personality comes in light. This process of characterisation is guided by Jonathan Culpeper’s model to characterisation in which he emphasises the importance of background knowledge that comes to the process of reading. The model has two sides to it: the knowledge come to the text by the readers and the information that the text possesses. The analysis of this character is filtered through speech acts theory, conversation analysis, maxims, impoliteness strategies, self and other presentation and finally categorisation and cognitive categorisation. The conclusion shows that Chicken is an interesting character to read as the inferred traits expand on the traits directly given in the text.

Response-based theory of translation has partially or completely alienated the attachments actors develop to their propositional attitudes in arguments they develop. This work mainly addresses the controversies in the theoretical fabrics of the response-oriented theory of translation and assessment methods with reference to the fidelity to the fidelity to the source text. This study does not claim a first-hand departure, but an extension of a more subtle and less dogmatic application of the current theory to the problem of translation specified beforehand. The theoretical basis for this approach adopts espousing Bratman’s Belief-Desire-Intention architecture (abbreviated as BDI) and response-based approach. The data chosen for this study are excerpts taken from newspaper articles and translated by the 4th year students as research participants. The results show a significant change in the performance of participants once the BDI of the author is introduced which reflects positively on the quality of translation.

This study aims to examine the syntactic and semantic levels in Tarjumān al-ashwāq of Mohiuddin bin al-'Arabi (d. 638 AH). Those two levels perfectly reflect the choices of the poet and his aesthetic perceptions. This does not mean that the field of work is devoted to the “grammatical aspects” only, but rather focusing on different dimensions which makes us deal with the stylistic level in a new way is it carries Being loaded with the subjectivity and purposes of ibn ‘Arabi. Tarjumān al-ashwāq and ancient Arabic poetry focus on the aesthetic aspects that distinguish each poet from the other. The Diwan has its bright moments where the poet composes lyric poems that show him as a true lover like Majnoun Laila, Jamil Buthaina and Kuthair Azza. He was also known for his humanitarian and tolerant perspectives that make him unique at that time. Ibn ‘Arabi represents a journey from the difficulty of meaning to the openness of Semantics. He is characterized by several features such as: moving the sentence from the level of the rhythm to the level of Semantics, which is based on the escalation of the rhythm level (sound, weight, rhyme) along with the structural level (grammar, lexicons, letters), and the expansion of the sentence (rotation).

Pragmatics is the study of language in use, that is, in its realistic contexts not in lexical boundaries, or grammatical structures, it did not stop at the formal side only, but rather focused on its study of the use of the language within different denominational layers to achieve a specific communication purpose. So, it has paid attention to what is meant by the speaker and interpreted by the listener, and it was linked in its origins with the theory of speech acts founded by Austin, who believes that language is not limited to transmitting news, describing facts, and communicating information to the recipient, but some actions that are actually accomplished. Accordingly, Austin acknowledged that the minimum unit of human communication is neither a sentence nor a word, but that the minimum unit of communication is uttered and viewed in a specific communicative context. Then, Searle developed this theory and emphasized that the basic unit of the communication process is not a sign or word, or a sentence, but rather a completed linguistic action. It studied linguistic communication in its social framework by revealing the conditions and data that contribute to the production of the linguistic verb from one side, as well as its effectiveness and practical effects on the other hand, i.e. studying how the speaker produces a communicative act or verbal act in the context of a concrete verbal situation and specific to its understanding and interpretation. Other elements related to this use and subordinate to it are called the speaker, the recipient, the speech, the denominator, the communicator, and the purpose.

Modern critical studies have focused on the study of the structure of the text from the inside, and to adopt its features as a criterion in its naturalization and considered every variable or what accepts change related to the text, including the textual thresholds or textual platforms or transcendental texts of different names. Although they differ with it relatively, they indicate a second structure of the text, going hand in hand with it, no less important than it.
There were many names that dealt with the thresholds, but the crystallization of the features of the term and its limits did not mature except at the hands of Gerard Genette, who called it the term (al-Manas) or the parallel text, which is ((a text parallel to the original text, so it is known only by and through it, and thus we have made for the text legs with which to walk for its audience and readers in order to talk to them and interact with them.

The research aims to shed light on the Kurdish political movement in Iran during the outbreak of the Islamic revolution as well as the political and military tensions that came with it during that period and the accompanying many among cadres of the Kurdish movement and the interim government that it demanded its right in the autonomy and the use of the Kurdish language. In addition to that, it asked for participation in the administration of the Iranian Kurdistan region. The search also highlighted the battles that took place between them throughout 1979, which eventually led to the crushing of the Kurdish movement and the disposal of most of its leaders between countries.

The Hellenistic civilization in the Arabian Gulf left many traces in the political, economic and civilizational field, among these cultural activities were the exploratory trips to the Arabian Gulf Basin region, which was the most important reason for the economic importance of the Arabian Gulf and the Arabian island, as it is the link between India and countries of East and West due to the ports on the Arabian Gulf, in addition to the abundance of perfumes, fragrances and incense of all kinds of the Arabian island which were the basic materials for trade in that period. This research focuses on the most important pioneers and the historical and geographical materials that describe the area of Arabian Gulf islands and the names that were called by at that age. Also, it gives a historical vocabulary that served the history of the Arabian Gulf at old age.

Mujib al-Rahman is one of the most prominent figures that appeared in East Pakistan during the 1960s and 1970s era, and several factors contributed to his emergence, the first of which was his political experience before the division of Pakistan in 1947, in addition to personal characteristics represented by the culture, self-taught and charisma that brought together several physical traits.
Based on the above, this research came to address an important aspect of Mujibur al-Rahman, namely his domestic policy, after he became the first president of Bangladesh in 1972.
The research consists of several studies. The first one deals with an introduction to developments in East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, in which it tries to explain the most prominent circumstances and factors that led to the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan, after the 1971 war, in which India played an effective role in supporting the Bengali people.
As for the second topic, it deals with the nature of the internal problems that Mujibur al- Rahman has faced after taking over the leadership of Bangladesh in 1972. This is ranged from the collapse of the infrastructure following the war of independence in 1971, which led to the complete collapse of all economic and cultural means, represented by the destruction of factories, factories, farms, schools and institutes, and hospitals, in addition to destroying roads, bridges and ports.

The Foreign trade has grown up at Sasanian period where Iran was the only transporting way between Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Sham and, Egypt from one side, and chain, India and Middle Asia from the other side. It was necessary for all commercial caravans which carry the goods of the two sides to pass in the Sasanian province. In addition, the Sasanian Empire was trading in many goods carried from its province to Greece, Rome, China, India, and Arabian Island, and this is due to the need for development and prosperity in foreign trade through different routes by sea, river and land.

The research is based on the importance of converting the ecosystems of the Iraqi Marshlands as natural reserves to protect their biodiversity. This can be achieved through the knowledge of the concepts of natural reserves, biological diversity, and the environmental importance of the marshes is because they contain biological diversity which is being depleted as a result of indiscriminate extermination processes through overhunting of rare and endangered species, and the habitat recession of many biological species to shrink the areas of the marshes after draining. Additionally, the substitutions of invasive and introduced species at the expense of national species contributed to the great change in the prevailing biological community, let alone the unsustainable use of the water resource and its pollution. The current research also highlighted the environmental importance of the marshes being a vital resource for water, genetic genes, and for many cultural, cultural and religious products, values, and other organizational services.

The scientific intellectual output of any nation paints its scientific place among the nations of the world. It is the product of its scientists and scholars and the juices of their ideas and opinions. Hence the great importance of studying this scientific output arises to know Iraq's scientific status among the Arab countries and the countries of the world. Whatever this intellectual product, whether literary, human or purely scientific, it has the merit in the formation or development of human knowledge. From this point of importance came the idea of studying the Iraqi geographical intellectual production in the field of soil geography to know the extent of its contribution to the development of modern and contemporary geographical knowledge.
The study considered that research published in Iraqi academic and specialized scientific journals are the ones that show more intellectual output than others, of letters and scientific papers or books. This is due to the fact that such research goes to the researcher a way with his ideas, to reach precise disciplines in science may be difficult to go through these messages or this on the hand. On the other hand, modernism and modernity find them in those researches because it always takes a problem in all its dimensions and puts them quick solutions, in another meaning, keeping pace with societal variables requires focused research with rapid solutions.

The aim of the study is to review the basic concepts of organizational structure and performance, as well as determining the level of organizational structure dimensions in the Central Library of Basra University. Also, it aims to determine the level of performance in it as well as revealing the effect of the independent variable (organizational structure) on the dependent variable (performance) in Central Library of Basra University, in addition to revealing the effect of each dimension of the organizational structure (independent variables) on the adopted variable performance in the library under study. The Descriptive method (survey) in completing this study, and the questionnaire were used to collect data from the human resources working in the Central Library at Basra University, in which the number is (96) individuals. The SPSS program is used to use several statistical methods, which were used in the analysis of the study data. The study produced many results, including the Central Library at Basra University is still operating in accordance with what was stated in the University Libraries Instructions No. 92 of 1995 issued by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in terms of the divisions and units that make up the organizational structure of the library with the addition of a number of units in some of the divisions. The value of the weighted arithmetic mean of the organizational structure was (2.491), which is higher than the hypothetical means of (2).

Philosophical and intellectual activity has gone through many stages in the attempt to specify and correct the logical approaches, especially in regard to Aristotelian logic; among the most prominent of these attempts is by the Arab thinker Harib in formulating a system of logic in which language and experience are combined. Transformational readings, according to Ali Harib, based on his writings, include: Essence and Relationship: Towards a Transformative Logic; Thought and Event: Dialogues and Axes; and Interpretation and Truth: Interpretive readings in Arab culture, based on the analytical and critical approaches. The first topic is the transformed relationship; the second study is the essence and the relationship; the third study congruence and formation; and finally the study completes with conclusions, the most important of which is that Ali Harib highlighted a new meaning of thinking, as it was the production of new concepts from the concepts of the texts , and he built the transformational logic on the basis of the transformed relationship and that the picturial logic is based on the fixed essence. Moreover, Ali Harib compared several concepts based on the logic of congruence and the logic of formation, while he believes that the intellectual work goes beyond the categories of logic, grammar, and rhetoric formulas. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to the logic of relationships, event and transformation, and it is for the people of thought in general to undertake the creation of science by re-creating it at the level of idea and concept or other areas of thought.