Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches

The study aims to reveal the levels of servant leadership practice among government school principals in Dhofar Governorate from the teachers’ point of view and its relationship to some variables by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and a questionnaire. The research sample consisted of 415 teachers, a percentage of 7.3% out of 5672. The SPSS program was used in V. 24 to achieve the research objectives. The results showed that the level of practicing servant leadership in its dimensions (altruism, empowerment, showing authenticity, development, and building the school community) among government school principals in Dhofar Governorate from the teachers’ point of view was generally high. There are statistically significant differences at the level of a = 0.05 in the practice of servant leadership in government schools in Dhofar Governorate according to the gender variable and in favor of males. There are no statistically significant differences between the levels of servant leadership practice in government schools in Dhofar Governorate according to the variable of academic qualification and years of experience. The study recommended that attention be paid to activating modern leadership styles. To achieve job satisfaction among the teaching staff, promote school excellence, and benefit from modern technology in administrative processes. One of its most important suggestions is to prepare a study that reveals the relationship of activating servant leadership to job satisfaction among faculty from their point of view.

The study aimed to identify the level of self-teaching effectiveness and its relationship with the attitude of Islamic education teachers in public schools in the northern border region towards professional licensing exams. The study followed a descriptive correlation, and data were collected using two tools, the first of which is a measure of self-teaching effectiveness that consists of four axes: educational strategies, classroom management, communication and interaction, thinking and scientific research. The second tool is a measure of teachers' attitudes towards professional licensing exams. The study was applied to a sample of (206) Islamic education teachers at the three educational stages.
The results of the study concluded that the level of self-teaching effectiveness was high among teachers, as well as their attitudes towards professional licensing exams were positive and high, with a positive and statistically significant correlation between the level of self-teaching effectiveness and the attitude towards professional licensing exams. It also revealed that self-teaching effectiveness contributes to explaining 28.4% of the variability in the attitude towards professional licensing exams. The results did not show statistically significant differences in the level of self-teaching effectiveness or the attitude towards professional licensing exams due to the difference in the educational stage or obtaining the professional license

The study aims to identify the impact of economic, social, and cultural status on students’ achievement in the International Student Assessment PISA 2018 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in its fields: reading, mathematics, and science. It also aims to identify the differences between the performance of students in private and international schools and that of students in public schools. Through the use of the descriptive quantitative approach, the study was applied to a stratified random sample selected by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in accordance with its standards and procedures and in cooperation with the Ministry of Education. A total of 6369 students were under the age of fifteen, representing the study population of 354,013 students in all schools. The STATA statistical analysis program was used to analyze student results through OECD data in order to test the validity of the hypotheses of the study. The results of the statistical treatment indicated that there are statistically significant differences between students' performance in all areas of the test, which can be attributed to the higher economic, social, and cultural status. There are statistically significant differences between the performance of students in private, international, and government schools in favor of students in private and international schools, even after neutralizing economic and social factors. The study concluded with recommendations and suggestions to bridge the gap in academic performance resulting from the economic and social dimensions to ensure the principle of equality and equal educational opportunity.

This research aims to compare the effectiveness of individual fit indices (WSR, LZ, ECI4Z, and ECI2Z) using mathematics test scores at Sultan Qaboos University for the academic year 2019/2020 in light of their demographic differences. The study sample consisted of 351 students. The research used appropriate statistical methods. The study verified the assumptions of item response theory and the fit of the Rasch model for test items. The study calculated the agreement rates of the individual fit indices (WSR, LZ, ECI4Z, and ECI2Z) in detecting individuals with mismatched responses. The study results indicated that the highest agreement rate was between WSR and LZ indices, followed by ECI4Z and ECI2Z indices, while the lowest agreement rate was between LZ and ECI2Z indices. All four indices agreed with each other by over 90%. The WSR index is the most reliable among the four fit indices, with a reliability rate of 100%, followed by LZ with a reliability rate of 92.86%, ECI4z with a reliability rate of 90%, and finally ECI2z with a reliability rate of 81.82%.

The research aims to examine the effect of the seven-step PQ5R strategy on metacomprehension among fifth-grade science students in public secondary schools. The two researchers determined, in a purposive way, that Al-Zumer Secondary School for Girls, Diyala Education Department, Diyala Education Directorate, would be the research sample for the academic year 2023-2024. Two classes were chosen, one of which represented the experimental group taught using the seven-step PQ5R strategy, and the second group represented the control group, which was taught based on the traditional method. The equality of the two research groups was verified with a set of variables, which were (chronological age in months, previous achievement in chemistry, previous knowledge test, Otis-Lennon intelligence test). As for the research tool, the two researchers adopted a scale of metacomprehension, which was applied to the two groups. It found that there are statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 between the average scores of the students in the experimental groups who studied according to the PQ5R strategy and the control group who studied according to the traditional method, in favor of the experimental group. In light of this, recommendations and conclusions were made.

The current research aims to develop a scale of the classroom climate among students of Arabic language departments and to measure the level of their classroom climate. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The research sample comprised 400 male and female students who were randomly chosen from the research community. The researcher developed the classroom climate scale, which included (16) items in its final form distributed into (3) domains: the physical environment, the social environment, and the moral environment, with three alternatives for the physical environment: (well available, poorly available, not available) and three alternatives for the social and moral environment: sometimes yes, no. After applying the scale, the results showed that students in the Arabic language departments have a high level of classroom interaction. No differences appeared between them in classroom interaction. Based on these results, the research came up with several recommendations, including Improving the classroom climate by providing an atmosphere of reassurance and trust that encourages students to interact and participate in a way that contributes to creating positive relationships between them and makes them accept each other, in addition to several suggestions included: Conducting a study to find out the classroom climate and its relationship to classroom Learning patterns among university students.

This research aims to develop a measurement skills test for kindergarten children to enhance their mental learning abilities. The test is based on a combination of Piaget's cognitive development theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. It consists of 30 key items, with each skill comprising 5 sub-items. In addition, the test instructions are designed using specific pictures for each skill to measure the learning abilities of kindergarten children. The test was conducted on a random sample to ensure the clarity of the instructions and control the duration needed for the test. The test items were analyzed statistically after being applied individually to a sample of 400 boys and girls aged 4-5 and 5-6 years. They were selected using a random staged method with proportional distribution from the six districts of Baghdad Education. Accordingly, the results of the basic and sub-measurement skills tests were proven to be valid. The test's reliability was estimated using the internal consistency method with the Keuder-Richardson equation (20). The standard error of measurement was also determined using the standard error equation. Accordingly, this study recommends using specific test instructions and images to measure kindergarten skills in other education districts.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of using a proposed strategy according to the Fraunhofer model of knowledge management in the crystallized intelligence of second intermediate-class female students. To achieve the research objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated: "The average scores of the female students in the experimental group, who study according to the Fraunhofer model, and the control group, who studies based on the traditional method in the crystallized intelligence test do not differ statistically at the level (0.05)." The research community was selected on purpose, consisting of secondary and intermediate schools for girls within the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad/Al-Karkh II. The research sample included 61 female students; split into an experimental group included 33 female students and a control group included 28 female students. A crystallized intelligence test was developed to gather data for the investigation. The final version of the test included fifty objective items with four alternative answers. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the crystallized intelligence test.

The current research aims to examine the orientation towards helping others and the significance of the differences in the orientation towards helping others among female students at the kindergarten department according to the university and stage of study. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher has constructed a scale of orientation towards helping others. The number of items on the scale in its final form is 37 items distributed into three domains. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the research tool, it was administered to a sample of 400 female students chosen randomly from the kindergarten department during the academic year (2023-2024). Then, the data has been collected and processed statistically. The study has concluded that female students in the kindergarten department are generally characterized by having an orientation toward helping others. As for the differences according to the university variable, the results have shown that there are no statistically significant differences. Concerning the stage variable, the results have shown that there are statistically significant differences in favor of the fourth stage. In light of these results, the researchers came up with several recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to develop a measurement skills test for kindergarten children to enhance their mental learning abilities. The test is based on a combination of Piaget's cognitive development theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. It consists of 30 key items, with each skill comprising 5 sub-items. In addition, the test instructions are designed using specific pictures for each skill to measure the learning abilities of kindergarten children. The test was conducted on a random sample to ensure the clarity of the instructions and control the duration needed for the test. The test items were analyzed statistically after being applied individually to a sample of 400 boys and girls aged 4-5 and 5-6 years. They were selected using a random staged method with proportional distribution from the six districts of Baghdad Education. Accordingly, the results of the basic and sub-measurement skills tests were proven to be valid. The test's reliability was estimated using the internal consistency method with the Keuder-Richardson equation (20). The standard error of measurement was also determined using the standard error equation. Accordingly, this study recommends using specific test instructions and images to measure kindergarten skills in other education districts.

The current research aims to identify mental flexibility among university students. The researcher administered the scale to 382 male and female students selected randomly with a proportional distribution from the faculties of the University of Baghdad (scientific and humanitarian). The scale consisted of 30 items distributed over three domains. The result showed that university students have a high level of mental flexibility. ‏

The current research aims to identify the effect of the rotation model on blended learning stations on the achievement of third-grade female students. To verify the goal of the research, the null hypothesis was developed, which states: there is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the female students in the experimental group who studied using the rotation model on the blended learning stations and the scores of the female students in the control group who studied using the traditional method in the achievement test. The researchers adopted an experimental design of two equal groups (the experimental group and the control group) with a post-test. The experiment was applied to a sample of third-grade female students, numbering 60 female students, 29 female students in the experimental group, and 31 female students in the control group for the academic year 2023–2024. They were tested based on the mathematical information test, previous achievement in mathematics, and intelligence. The research tool was developed by researchers, represented by the achievement test. The experimental group was taught according to the model of alternating between blended learning stations, and the control group was taught according to the traditional method. After completing the experiment, the research tool was applied to both groups. Using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS-V28), the results showed that the female students of the experimental group who were taught according to the rotation model in the blended learning stations outperformed the female students of the control group who were taught according to the traditional method in the academic achievement variable. Based on the results and their interpretation, the two researchers concluded that teaching female students according to the rotation model on blended learning stations contributed to increasing the achievement of the female students in the experimental research sample in mathematics. The model also worked to increase the motivation of the experimental group students towards the academic subject. In addition to finding bridges to link the scientific material's content with the previous experiences of the students, the research came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.