Anbar Journal of Engineering Sciences

In the current article, an experimental investigation has been implemented of
flow and heat transfer characteristics in a parabolic trough solar collector
(PTSC) using both nano-fluids and artificial neural networks modeling. Water
was used as a standard working fluid in order to compare with two different
types of nano-fluid namely, nano-CuO /H2O and nano-TiO2/ H2O, both with a
volume concentration of 0.02. The performance of the PTSC system was evaluated using three main indicators: outlet water temperature, useful energy
and thermal efficiency under the influence of mass flowrate ranging from 30
to 80 Lt/hr. In parallel, an artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed
to predict the thermal efficiency of PTSC depending on the experimental results. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model consists of four inputs, one
output parameter and two hidden layers, two neural network models (4-2-2-
1) and (4-9-9-1) were built. The experimental results show that CuO/ H2O and
TiO2/H2O have higher thermal performance than water. Overall, it was verified that the maximum increase in thermal efficiency of TiO2/H2O and
CuO/H2O compared to water was 7.12% and 19.2%, respectively. On the other hand, the results of the model 4-9-9-1 of ANN provide a higher reliability
and accuracy for predicting the Thermal efficiency than the model 4-2-2-1.
The results revealed that the agreement in the thermal efficiency between the
ANN analysis and the experimental results about of 91% and RMSE 3.951 for
4-9-9-1 and 86% and RMSE 5.278 for 4-2-21.

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced
concrete beams subjected to pure torsion. A verification procedure was
performed on three specimens by finite element analysis using ANSYS
software. The verification with the experimental work revealed a good
agreement through the torque-rotation relationship, ultimate torque,
rotation, and crack pattern. The studied parameters of strengthening by
CFRP sheets included strengthening configurations and number of CFRP
layers. The confinement configuration methods included full wrapping
sheet around the beam, U-shaped sheet, ring strips spaced at either 65 or
130 mm, longitudinal strips at the top and bottom faces, U-shaped strips in
addition to the number of layers variable. It was found that the performance
of the beam for resisting a torsional force was improved by (33-49%)
depending on the method of coating with CFRP sheets and the number of
used layers. A change in the angle of twist, as well as the shape of the spread
of cracks, was also noticed from the predicted results.

Several modal split models have been created around the world to forecast which
mode of transportation will be selected by the trip - maker from among a variety
of available modes of transportation. This modeling is essential from a planning
standpoint, as transportation systems typically receive significant investment. In
this study, the main purpose was to develop a mode choice model using multiple
linear regressions for Ramadi city in Iraq. The study area was divided into traffic
analysis zones (TAZ) to facilitate data collection. The data was collected through
a home interview of the trip makers in their home units through a questionnaire
designed for this purpose. The result showed that the most influential factors on
the mode choice for the general trips model using multiple linear regressions are
car ownership, age, and trip cost. This model gave a good correlation coefficient
of 0.829 meaning that the independent variables explain 82.9 of variance in the
dependent variable (type of mode), which will help transport planners in
developing policies and solutions for future.

Approximately one-quarter of all automobile collisions in the United States are thought to be
caused by a distracted or inattentive driver. As more wireless communication, entertainment, and
driver assistance technologies become available in vehicles, the number of distracted driving
accidents is projected to rise. Driver distraction is a major concern in North America, Europe, and
Japan when it comes to road safety. The importance of driver distraction as a road safety concern,
on the other hand, has just lately been recognized. This study presents an overview of current
studies on in-vehicle driver distraction, with an emphasis on mobile phone usage, as this technology has garnered the most attention in the literature on driver distraction. The impact of invehicle gadgets on driving performance is discussed in this review. The adaptive techniques drivers use to maintain acceptable driving performance when distracted are discussed, as well as the
situations under which these adaptive tactics can fail and how driving performance is harmed
when they do. Legislation prohibiting drivers from using their cellphones while driving has had
minimal effect, presumably due to a lack of regulation and enforcement. As potential preventive
measures to decrease accidents caused by distracted drivers, behavior modification programs,
enhanced vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been created.

Asphalt is the most recycled materials around the world and the amount of RAP materials can
be significantly increased with the application of good RAP management applications. In Iraq,
the real inclusion of RAP materials in asphalt mixtures has not been applied yet in the field. It is
therefore that there is a need to characterize the effect of inclusion RAP materials in asphalt
mixtures with particular reference to permeant deformation/rutting resistance. The aim of this
study is to evaluate the best layer of pavement structure; base, binder, and surface layers for
inclusion (RAP) materials. In addition, highlight the best percentage that can be added from
RAP to achieve positive results and better than that associated reference mixture in terms of
rutting resistance. RAP materials collected from different sources Karbala and Fallujah, were
adopted in this study at percentages of 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of the asphalt mixture.
Two scenarios of incorporating RAP materials have been adopted. The first is considered that
RAP as a black rock in which the effect of aged binder surrounding the aggregate of RAP is
neglected while, the letter is not considered RAP as black rock and the influence of aged binder
in RAP materials has been taken into consideration. Dora bitumen has adopted in the current
study which is used in common in Iraq. It has been highlighted the best layer in which RAP can
be incorporated is the base layer, with a percentage up to 40% that RAP without considering
RAP black rocks regardless the sources of RAP.

In this paper, the hydraulic-thermal performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with
45°-helical ribs is numerically studied. The ribbed double-pipe heat exchanger is modelled using
three heights (H = 0, 2.5, 3.75, 5 mm) of 45°-helical ribs. Two numbers (4-ribs and 8-ribs) of 45°-
helical ribs are attached on the outer surface of the inner pipe of the counter-flow double-pipe
heat exchanger and compared with a smooth double-pipe heat exchanger. Three-Dimensional
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a laminar forced annular flow is performed in
order to study the characteristics of pressure drop and convective heat transfer. In addition, the
influence of rib geometries and hydraulic flow behaviour on the thermal performance is systematically considered in the evaluations. The annular cold flow is investigated with the range of
Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000, with three heights of ribs at the same width (W = 2 mm)
and inclined angles of (θ = 45°).
The results illustrate that the average Nusselt number and pressure drop increase with an increasing number of ribs, the height of ribs and Reynold number, while the friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds numbers. The percentage of averaged Nusselt number enhancement
for three rib heights (H = 2.5, 3.75 and 5 mm) at 4-ribs is (34%, 65% and 71%), respectively,
While for 8-ribs the enhancement percentage is (48%, 87% and 133%) as compared with the
smooth double-pipe heat exchanger at Re = 100. The best performance evaluation criteria of
(PEC) at (8-ribs, and H = 5 mm) is 2.8 at Re = 750. The attached 45-helical ribs in the annulus path
can generate kind of secondary flows, which enhance the fluid mixing operation between the hot
surface of the annular gap and the cold fluid in the mid of the annulus, which lead to a hightemperature distribution. Increasing the height of 45°-helical ribs lead to an increase in the surface area subjecting to convective heat transfer.

New composite reinforced concrete beams, in which reinforced concrete component is
connected to steel T-section, are proposed. The shear connection between the two
components, the reinforced concrete and the T-section, is provided by the stirrups that are
required for the reinforced concrete component to resist the applied shear. Experimental
tests in addition to numerical analysis were conducted to determine the behaviour and
strength of such beams under pure torsion. Full scale one conventional reinforced concrete
beam, T1, and two composite reinforced concrete ones, T2 and T3, were tested. The degree
of shear connection between the two components of beams T2 and T3 was changed by
varying the number of stirrups which are used as shear connectors. The experimental results
revealed approximately same torsional stiffness for the three beams at the uncracked
concrete stage. The torsional strength of the composite reinforced concrete beams was
greater than that of ordinary reinforced concrete one by 11% and 27% for beams T2 and T3,
respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using program
ABAQUS. To model the shear connection in composite reinforced concrete beam, the stirrups
were connected to the web of the steel T-section by springs at the location of the stirrups.
Good agreement is obtained between the results of the experimental tests and the finite
element analysis. The ratios of experimental results to those of finite element analysis for
torsional strength are approximately one. Under the pure torsion loading the degree of shear
connection is found to have no effect on torsional capacity of beams.

Concrete structures suffer from the impact of many harmful attacking materials that affect the
properties of the main material in them, which is concrete. These structures are also, exposed
to the negative impact of many hostile environments such as soils containing harmful salts and
harmful acids. A number of precautions should be considered in order to protect the concrete
used in such structures. Adding polymer to concrete components as a percentages weight of
cement is one of the methods for producing polymer-modified concrete, which has low
permeability, better mechanical properties and is more resistant to the negative effects of
harmful environmental factors. The utilization of polymers could help in protecting structures
and enhancing concrete strength. In this study, concrete mixes were prepared with inclusion of
styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer at four percentages (0%, 5%, 7% and 10% by cement
weight). Co-polymers of butidine with styrene (styrene-butadine rubber (SBR)), are a group of
large-volume synthetic rubbers. High adhesion occurs between the polymer films that form
and cement hydrates. This action gives improves the properties of concrete such as flexural
and compressive strength and gives also a higher durability. The investigation was extended to
evaluate the compressive strength of the SBR concrete mixes immersed in three types of
waters: tap, drainage and ground water, at three different ages. The results showed that SBR
polymer enhanced the compressive strength of concrete significantly. A comparison between
reduction in strength of concretes immersed in these three types of waters was also presented.
Moreover, the presence of SBR polymer led to reduced loss in strength of concrete specimens
immersed in drainage and ground water. A proposed model to determine the compressive
strength of concrete specimens immersed in drainage and ground waters was deduced. This
model could be a helpful tool for rapid and easy estimation of the strength of concrete
specimens immersed in drainage and ground water at different contents of SBR polymer. The
results showed the highest improve in compressive strength to be associated with 7% SBR
mixes at the three tested ages. The increases in this strength at days 7, 28 and 56 with inclusion
of 7% SBR polymer were 112.8%, 113.9% and 116%, respectively, compared to OPC mix.

Transport is one of the most critical areas of urban life and an essential base for developing and developing
societies. It is a crucial indicator of the progress and development of cities and their great benefits. It saves from the
movement of people and goods and the prosperity of the economy-social, economic and environmental issues
globally and what we are witnessing in recent times. However, despite the tremendous advancement in technology,
it continues to face numerous challenges in developed and developing nations, including our own. The absorption
of the irrigated volume and any defect in the gradient causes many problems such as congestion, delays, traffic
jams and the accompanying psychological, economic, social and environmental effects, energy consumption,
depletion of natural resources and lifestyle. So transportation has become a concern. And it became a topic of
concern that imposes the need to think about the preparation and development of the transportation system towards
sustainability based on meeting transportation needs. In light of the negative impacts of the sustainable planning
engineering dimension on the urban road network in Ramadi and for the Iraqi cities, we have thus attempted to
study the effect of this project, given the critical impact on sustainable development and the approach used by
thinking people and scholars in their studies and documents in Agenda 2030. Through evaluating the data from the
research region, which comprised 27 Ramadi neighbourhoods, and applying them to the statistical analysis software
(SPSS), it discovers that the schematic engineering dimension indicator represented by the hierarchy has direct and
decisive connection significance. The local road area index achieved the most substantial linear relationship,
followed by the collective, secondary and major roads indicators. They reached a medium relationship to formulate
a sustainable development system based on Ramadi and other Iraqi cities. A decision is making about sustainable
urban engineering transportation. And take an approach with whatever is good for the state.

The city of Fallujah suffers from bad design in their network and it still dominated by the same
pattern of the road and street network system that was produced by the previous stages of the
development of the city, which is awaiting the necessary and appropriate solutions, which calls
for planning to modernize the road network and streets in it that can accommodate the reality
of the city’s condition and the proposed expansions for its subsequent urban growth. The
transportation network in Fallujah city was chosen as a case study, the network was divided
into roads and intersections, the evaluation included two main roads and eleven sectoral roads,
eleven arterial roads, and twenty-five intersections. The network was evaluated in three stages,
the first stage was traffic flow and service level, the second stage was evaluating the network in
terms of road and intersections marking, while the third stage concerned with evaluating the
network in terms of sustainability. The HCS 2010 program was applied to evaluate the first
stage, while the second and third stages were evaluated based on the field survey. The results
of the first stage showed that most parts of the network in the northern zone suffer from traffic
problems and have a low level of service, while most parts of the network in the southern zone
have a high service level and enjoy high traffic flow. Most parts of the network were suffered
from bad marking, which causes many problems for the users of this network. Related to
sustainability, we note a lack of interest on the part of designers or decision-makers. It was
concluded that traffic solutions should be economically feasible for some parts of the network,
which would lead to improving the network’s performance at the level of the three stages

This research focuses on studying the impact of different sources of wastewater, such as domestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. upon groundwater. The swamp of contaminated water collection within the Al-Anbar University area was taken as a case study for this research. This swamp
has a pond that works as a collection basin for different sources of wastewater mainly domestic
waste coming from leakage of contaminated water from the septic-tank of the residential complex of students. This contaminated water will leak over time within the folds of soil due to permeability and the effect of land attraction and reach the levels of groundwater.
The presence of polluted water near groundwater is an environmental hazard and harmful
because this leakage water has different diseases and germs, which could pose a danger to human
health. Different samples of these sources were taken from different places at different times and
some physical, chemical, and biological tests were then conducted. Wastewaters characterization
was also investigated in this study to make an assessment for water quality and find out a proper
treatment method. Data obtained from this study show different levels of pollutants, which could
highly affect groundwater quality. A proper and advanced treatment method was also proposed
in this study, depending on the wastewater characterization results. The purpose of this research
is wastewater treatment using the physical method with coagulation and Flocculation processes
with local coagulants to reduce pollutants impact on groundwater.The results showed the addition of alum at 35 mg/l increased the removal efficiency by 80.7% at the settling time of 60 min,
and the addition of 35 mg/l of the lime increased the removal efficiency by 63.9% at the same
settling time.It has been proven that the use of alum is more effective than lime for sedimentation suspended matter. The optimum dosage and settling time are 20 mg/l and 60 min respectively.

A solar water heating system has been fabricated and tested to analyze the thermal performance of
Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) using twisted tape insert inside absorber tube with twisted
ratio about TR=y/w=1.33. The performance of PTSC system was evaluated by using three main
important indicators: water outlet temperature (Tout), useful energy and thermal efficiency (ηth) under
the effect of mass flow rate (ṁ) ranges between 0.02 and 0.04 Kg/s with the corresponding of
Reynolds number (Re) range (2000 to 4000). In a parallel, a fuzzy-logic model was proposed to
predict the thermal efficiency (ηth) and Nusselt number (Nu) of PTSC depending on the experimental
results. The fuzzy model consists of five input and two output parameters. The input parameters
include: solar intensity (I), receiver temperature (Tr), water inlet temperature (Tin), water outlet
temperature (Tout) and water mass flow (
) while, the output include the thermal efficiency (ηth)
and Nu. The final results indicate that, owing to the mixture of the swirling flow of the perforated
twisted-tape insert, the perforated twist tape insert enhances the heat transfer characteristics and the
thermal efficiency of the PTSC system. More specifically, the use of perforate twist tape inserts
enhanced the thermal efficiency by 4% to 4.5% higher than smooth absorber tube. Also, the
predicted values were found to be in close agreement with the experimental counterparts with
accuracy of ~92 %. So, the suggested Fuzzy model system would have high validity and precision in
forecasting the success of a PTSC system compared to that of the traditional model. Pace, versatility,
and the use of expert knowledge for estimation relative to those of the traditional model are the
advantages of this approach.

Since concrete is one of the most popularly utilized building mixtures in construction, a high
demand of natural resources is significantly emerged. Therefore, a skyrocketed attention has
been paid to create new opportunities for the use of recycle materials to develop a new construction substance with more satisfactory properties. The use of waste products in concrete is not
only economical, but it helps in solid waste management as well. Among various properties of
concrete, thermal conductivity is a crucial factor that plays an important role in in building insulation by evaluating a material's capacity to transfer heat. This paper aims to review the potential
application of waste materials in concrete as additive ingredients and investigate the effect of this
waste material on thermal conductivity of concrete. The review of literature revealed that the
application of most of the waste materials exhibited an obvious potential as thermal insulator.
However, further investigated work is needed to highlight the advantages of utilizing waste materials in concrete containing various type of waste materials

This paper contributes to the field of improving the performance of heat exchangers using metal
foam (MF) full-filled and partially/periodically-filled within the gap between the two pipes. The
effect of configuration and arrangement of copper MF (15PPI and porosity of 0.95) installed on
the outer surface of the inner pipe of a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger on the thermal
and hydraulic performance was studied experimentally. The test section consisted of concentric
two pipes; the inner pipe which was made of copper while the outer pipe was a Polyvinyl chloride. Air was used as a working fluid in both hot and cold sides. A wide cold air flow rate range
was covered from 3 to 36 m3/h which corresponds to Reynolds number (Re) range from 2811 to
31,335. The hot air flow rate was kept constant at 3m3/h. The temperature difference (∆T) between the inlet hot air and inlet cold air was adopted to be (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C). The results revealed that the higher Nusselt number (Nu) was at ∆T= 50°C and the thermal performance
of the heat exchanger with the MF for all the arrangements was greater than the smooth heat
exchanger. The highest and lowest friction factor was 1.033 and 0.0833 for the case 1 and 8, respectively, and the optimal performance evaluation criteria (PEC) was 1.62 for case 7 at Re =
2800. The Nu would be increased with a moderate increase in the friction factor by optimizing
the arrangement of the MF. The two essential parameters that played an important role for increasing the PEC were the MF diameter and the MF arrangement along the axial length of the cold
air stream.