Adab AL Rafidayn

This study deals with the concept of the grammatical semiotics of the grammarians, in old and modern studies, and the effect of syntacs on the analysis of semiotics, in its theoretical and applied aspects and other relating topics.

It has been found out that Al-Zamakhshary in his book  'Al-Kashaf' prefers some recitations and considers others weak. As the seven recitations are agreed upon, comparison is not allowed.
It is our aim here to explore these phenomena in this study untitled (Al-Zamakhshary's attitude tot he seven recitations in 'Al-Kashaf': a study of the opening chapter (Al-Fatiha) and the long surus. The first long sura is Al-Baqara (The Cow), and the last one is Al-Tawba (Repentance). The study gives Al-Zamakhshary's opinion and others' who agreed with him. Then we give the scientific evidence to prove him wrong, and that the two recitations are agreed upon and that both were used by the prophet.

This research done for get the Guerdon from Allah and showing the beautiful things of the Arabic langue. This  research very important to al- Tajweed students who reading  in prefect way.   the Holy Qur'an this  research appear the number of principle in the the reading of hafs  which is thirty three but this subject  need  more  search  and additions.         

          This  research  includes  a call  for  modernizing   the   structure  of   the contemporary  Islamic poetry which has four basic elements: topic، language، imagery and rhythm in order to make  this poem goes along with its period,changes and recent that took place in all of the fields of life From which poetry can not be isolated.As a creative process، poetry should not stop at a certain strict border yet، poetry  ought to be distinguished 
           By renovation,flexibility and modernization,Poetry represents one of the basic elements in the theory of Islamic literature. Poetry is the most impressive genre on the receiver due to its especial standing in the Islamic culture particularly the language.Hence the basic aim of the research.
          Hence,the desire of conservation  this standing beside activating the role of  poetry in performing it’s a esthetic، emotional and communicational functions is one of most  important call of this research for  modernization.
This process in order to be completed، it is necessary to make another modernization which goes a long with it.
This means to modernize the literary theory and  its technical and critical dimensions  with protecting,at the same time,the ideological substantial stabilities which have its deep root down in its intellectual ground.
This research may represent a participation in this trend.

The present study deals with the topic (Arabicized and Foreign word) It is one of the linguistic subject that was attended to by the linguist and grammarians in the past and present It is one the crossroads at which Arabic language meets with other languages.
            Most linguists agree that the term ( Arabicized means that a foreign word used in Arabic but it is subjected to some modification such deletion, additions or phonological substitution in order to be used correctly in terms of the Arabic rules. Some other linguists call it (Loaning).Whereas (Foreign word), for the linguists, means that the word in used in Arabic without any change made on it. It is used in Arabic as it was in the origin language. 

Undoubtedly, the Book of Allah, Glorious Qur’aan in its inimitable style defies the minds and hearts. Both “Fire” and “Heaven” are mentioned as a binary connoting arousal of an interest in the case of reward and terrifying in the case of punishment, respectively. There is a phenomenon which attracts our attention in the Glorious Qur’aan as far as the address of terrifying is concerned. This is represented in the coupling of some verbs with the term “Fire” which is, in turn, set as a residence for unbelievers in Dooemsday. This, the present study, we aim at explaining the semantics of such a binarity. The study is divided into two major sections: section1 deals with the semantics of the verbs related to movement, and section 2 deals with the verbs related to torture. Such a division covers all the verbs coupled with the term “Fire” as mentioned in the Glorious Qur’aan.

         This paper deals with a chapter of the glorious Quran that is AL- Tariq  chapter to investigate its miracle and the rhetoric of its structure despite of its short verses,  it contains different rhetoric arts covers the type of Arabic rhetoric the chapter is based on objective division rather than the traditional rhetoric one. The paper is divided into three aspects.
1- swearing by heawn and its stars.
2- showing the creation of man.
3- discussing the holly Quran and the prophets, miracle.
This paper is concluded by the following the significance of swearing by the  Quran. the importance of questioning and its influence on the receiver.

This research tackles the urban aspects of an Andalusian city, which is known for its geographical location and the strength of its defensive reinforcements. This city is Marda which was the capital of the west Andalusian, and its represented a living evidence of the Arabi-Islamic civilization. S o, it acquired  a prestigious status in architecture and the elegance of construction which reached a high degree of prosperity and development although the roots of the city date back in deep history old ages. Yet, it is considered as an architectural product for the buildings constructed in it, and the architectural arts were diversified and prospered and that indicate its cultural value and the interest of its inhabitants in this respect.

The Abbasid era is obviously considered one of the most prosperous eras in the Islamic history politically, culturally, and economically. During that era, many prominent women figures were famous. Among them was Madam Zubeidah. Zubeidah was the wife of the Abbasid Caliph, Haroon Al-Rasheed. She had a little interest in politics, especially her attempt to make she son, Al-Ameen, to assume power after his father. Also, she produced effective literary works since she took the wives of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a perfect example. It was known about her to adopt honoring attitudes in different situations. The study patently shows these attitudes and other contributions of this well-known women in various aspects. The greatest achievement made by Zubeidah was providing Makka with portable water to be used by the people and pilgrims, and still we can observe, in our time, the remains of that giant project.

   Find out targeted ethnic, ethnic, and national diversity and its impact on the Iraqi political arena, because the ethnic composition since the founding of the Iraqi state in 1921 has become a big problem affects stability of the Iraqi state policies because of political elites to power in Iraq.
            It reflected the importance of this research from the current circumstances through which Iraq where his future will depend on the extent of harmony and adaptation between these groups and sub-cultures. The researcher adopted a deductive approach and inductive and deductive approach in addition to the historical themes in the analysis of the subject.  
       The researcher has come up with  a number of conclusions, the most important that the standard of citizenship and good governance, decentralization and representative of the benefits and efficiency and ability, integrity and affiliation to the homeland and loyalty is a alternative or the best solution out of the crisis and to address our problems in a spirit of consensus and harmony between the social components in Iraq and the keenness of the Constitution to control the debugging the past and achieve national unity.

During the past decade the world has witnessed many interrelated and complex changes such as the stride leap in communication and media. Using the internet، mobile phones and satellite channels is an indication of human development in any country. The various applications and tasks these services offer turned them to a source of attraction to the teens and young people. Some of the most attractive applications are the famous social networks including Facebook and My Space. They have become an integral part of life in many societies that the number of subscribers have swelled tremendously. The Arab world is more and more fascinated by facebook which holds many personal information of the users such as private parties photos، and much more about their interests and attitudes.
Therefore، it is believed that this part of people's life should be given more care in researches and studies not only in electronic applications، but in social studies as well. These networks are truly affecting the society and its traditional institutions.
Facebook is one of the manifestations of communication revolution، it is an interaction tool that may give social reality a new dimension، it a has positive and negative effects depending on the users themselves.
The aim of this study is investigating interaction patterns resulting from using modern communication devices. To show the effect the facebook has on these patterns، to identify the reasons behind its popularity، and to unveil the social outcomes associated with this pattern. This study has adopted a fieldwork that included 50 young test-subjects who have accounts on facebook.
 The study has come up with the following:
1-     Facebook is a modern phenomenon that has appeawed showed up in our society and has rapidly spread and became an essential part of young peoples lives.
2-     The test-subjects، the young in particular، try to establish new friendships and to broaden their relations with others.
3-     Young people try to find lost space of social and political freedom in their societies، and to express their opinions.
4-     Test-subjects attempt to make changes in their societies by spreading and looking for new ideas on facebook.
Finally، we would like to offer the following recommendations:
1-     Guiding people towards an optimum use of social sites in a way that best serve our own Arabic culture.
2-     Consolidating self control and consciousness among young people.
3-     Internet is a public service and not a private one، therefore we are supposed to behave in a way that suits such public service. Moreover its important to remember the consequences of what we may post or publish in networks and to be aware of what is being written or read of photos and texts.
4-     Strengthening and encouraging our own institutions including the family,by supporting constructive dialogue among its members,and given them more freedom to express their political,social and cultural ideas that make them stay away from other sources.

The study deals with the concept of Information Illiteracy in the academic community. It deals with the reasons of Information Illiteracy and tries to recognize the types of Illiteracy prevailing in the academic community (the College of Arts as a sample) through a questionnaire of six questions dealing with the concept of Information Illiteracy. The questionnaire was distributed to (25%) of the study community as sample making (72) faculty members. The study concludes that the Illiteracy at the College community is a technical, computer , Internet and Information Illiteracy with different percentages. The study discussed the necessary requirements needed by the academic community if it intended to abolish Illiteracy in it. The study contains nine charts and one table.          

Establishing (Government) and planning them are considered of the first architectural works that accompanied the spread of Islam in and out of the Arabian Peninsula. Thus،they became one of the most significant axes of planning the Islamic city and expanding its architectures. As it was first planning the mosque and then establishing office  at a neighbor place in the city centre at a distinct and fortified locations. It has taken its name (castle of Government) since the early Islamic era and it has been known as (Qasr Al-Emarah)  since the era of the 2nd caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab to be a followed as tradition at all cities and countries as a result of the Islamic Liberations and that expanded to free Yemen،Levant and Egypt besides all Iraqi cities،especially Mosul city (the subject matter) in which establishing and planning them drew a great attention since the beginning of the Islamic liberation in (16 A. H. – 637A. D.) at the era of Omar bin Al-Khattab who established،in which،the first at the Islamic era was near the mosque on the hill of Qulaia’at over looking at Tigris. It witnessed a considerable development in its architectures and the style of their planning during the following Islamic eras. Thus its role increased greater and its area expanded. Its name diversified with its locations. In which،houses and palaces were established to perform the functions and tasks of office of government which took the characteristic and name of the palace (Qassr). Its remains are still observed with its unique location at the west bank of Tigris،at the eastern north of old Mosul city near the old castle of Mosul (Bashttabya) and shrine of Imam Hassan. The political and administrative role of this castle increased during the Arab and Islamic eras to represent the house of the governor (Wali)،his family،entourage and relatives beside being the official headquarter of state administration،records and staff of all civil،political and military tasks. Its role increased after the fall of Arab caliphate and the appearance of foreign governments،especially at the era of Ottoman state.

A is considered as an absolute Islamic invention and  a necessary religious idea as a stage which a speaker stands to perform his speech. Historic resources mentioned that a rostrum was introduced in mosques since the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and blessings be upon him) time in (7H/628G) when he was standing on atree-trunk and then they replaced it by a rostrum made from wood and equipped with two stairs and chair. After that in the age of Al-Rashidun Caliphs as it was developed into many kinds and shapes and mobile rostrums. In the Abbasid age , a kind of fixed rostrums were have been as that one in Abi Dalaf Mosque (245A.H/859A.G) which was made of bricks and chalk (kinde of limestone) and the rostrum of Al Amadiya Mosque (548/1153) which was made of woods.                                                                
As for the city of Mosul in the Ottoman dynasty, the researchers divided that age into three eras: the time of Ottoman rulers , the time for local (Al Jalili rule) , as for third time which is point of this research , it was the time of this central administration which had been well-Known by the work of its men to seek the national independence. This seeking affected the city badly causing a recession in the architectural fields. However, those platforms embodies part of the legacy of Architecture, for that era, marked by the development of large it worked and marble-sized, as the  the case with the rostrum  Hamo Al-Qadu and Sheikh Abdal, so it was a matter of selection of these rostrums is not studied in a scientific integrated in terms of the investigating the scientific  elements. It studies geometric element and and technical analysis whereas floral motifs and written inscription  required archaeological studies, especially Islamic ones, as we will see in the pages of our search is.

Some sound changes occur as a result of the listener's misapprehension of the speech signal (see Ohala, 1985:453; 1990: 266 and 1992:322), and one of the most important types of sound change is assimilation which means the replacement of one sound by another under the influence of a neighbouring sound near to it in a word or sentence (Jones, 1976: 217f). So in rapid as well as normal speech, sounds tend to assimilate to their neighbouring sounds in order to maintain a continuous flow of speech.
Assimilation is a universal phenomenon in the sense that all human beings have a tendency to economy. Anderson (1974: 11f), among other linguists, views assimilation as a universal phenomenon and asserts that "assimilation of one sound to a neighbouring sound... may be a language universal of change in as much as all languages undergo assimilatory processes". This does not mean that all languages have the same patterns of assimilation. In other words, what is easier for a speaker of one language may be difficult for a speaker of another language.

 The purpose of this paper is to study how  sociolinguistic variation is manifested in language use with  reference to making requests in  English ;and to investigate  the usage of modal  auxiliaries in requests on the basis of  a
questionnaire. In this case, one has to view language in its  broader context which extends beyond  the linguistic context, i. e., one has to view language in its communicative context which includes the total context of situation for the speaker-hearer behaviour.
 Communicative context means the speaker's "competence for use", whereas the linguistic context means the speaker's" competence for grammar" (Hymes, 1972 =296). Communicative context includes paralinguistic factors which are both attitudinal and social. Among the attitudinal factors, the intuition, emotion, and attitude of the speaker/writer lend great significance to the communicative role of language behaviour. For example, the same sentence or utterance may have different attitudes of the speaker such as happiness, anger, or sympathy, depending on the tone of voice and intonation.

 This investigation presents that most of the first year students of the College of Physical Education find it difficult to write a piece of composition. They can not express themselves in their writing, because they lack the ability to express their thoughts in English. The aim of this research is to improve the students' ability to handle the basic skills of writing good composition and to provide them with some knowledge of the features of a good composition. The researchers hypothesizes that the interference students of Arabic, which characterize the student performance, have a negative consequence on their final product. The procedure followed in this paper is based on asking 26 students to write descriptive compositions. After the test, the errors are identified, classified and analyzed statistically. The results indicate that the highest number of errors is in mechanics of writing, followed by sentence structure, and style.

  It is not easy to master a language other than our first language. This is so due to impeding factors that influence such learning. Learning styles  (henceforth LSs), which refer to  “the overall patterns that give general direction to learning behavior” (Cornett, 1983: 9), or are “the biologically and developmentally imposed set of characteristics that make the same teaching method wonderful for some learners and terrible for others” (Dunn & Griggs, 1988: 3), form a prominent influential factor that enables learners to employ various ways to bring about better learning outcomes.

Demonstrative pronouns are considered to be determiners used with nouns or instead of nouns to show either distance from or proximity to the speaker, like ‘this’ and ‘that’ in English. English has four demonstrative pronouns: ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’ and ‘those’. Arabic has a richer variety of demonstratives as will be shown in the following sections.
The present study aims at exploring the syntactic and semantic functions of demonstratives in English and Arabic and finding out whether the translators of the Glorious Qur’an are successful in rendering demonstratives into English. To achieve these aims the study hypothesizes that translating demonstrative successfully requires resorting to the reliable authentic exegeses and that literal translation is the most successful strategy in translating the Qur’an in general and demonstratives in particular.

 It is well known that an article is a type of restrictive adjectives  --that is, it limits the noun being described. The articles are perhaps the "simplest" adjectives --so simple that we often don't recognize that they are really adjectives. In English and Arabic, this is not so vital, but in French, it is; adjectives in French must agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify.  The article is used with a noun showing whether the noun refers to something definite or indefinite. "Definite" means that "the" in English refers to some specific thing as contrasted with "a" or "an" which does not refer to one specific thing. 

The Turkish language is rich in its capabilities, its historical role and its position among the world languages. So, in his study, the researcher made a comprehensive review of the Turkish language between the past and the future, indicating the branches of the family of languages to which it belongs. In addition to mentioning many sources specialized in the Turkish language during the research.

The Turkish language, like living languages, is rich in its linguistic vocabulary ... The nominal additions and possessive groups are the most used in the conversation language and the writing language ... In the grammar books that we referred to in the first search, we notice the naming of the nominal additions to the possessive groups, or the naming of the possession groups by the additions Par. In spite of this, we see that there are several common and different points between nominal additions and ownership totals. Because of the importance of the topic, the research goal became to clarify these common and different points. As the research touched on the various points of commonality and meaning. It is very useful to clarify these common and differing points in dealing with this topic in the field of language and teaching.