Journal of International studies

It is necessary for research to analyze the implications of the work of structuring the institutions of the political system in Kuwait, given the specificity of this system within a regional system (the Gulf Cooperation Council) and a larger Arab system, which are the ruling political systems in the Arab countries. This system comes to combine two different models of performance, as it combines the traditional system of Through the mechanism of inheritance of power and between the parliamentary system through the form of the ruling system or the management of power, although there are two experiences of two monarchical systems in the Arab region, namely the monarchy in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Kingdom of Morocco, but the specificity of the Kuwaiti experience stems from the nature of Kuwaiti society, which is an extension of Gulf society with its specificity of tribe and customs. And the traditions that govern it, as well as the nature of the social structure, specifically sectarianism, ideology, and class, which enable the Kuwaiti political system to some extent to accommodate these social contradictions within its political structure, whether through its official or informal institutions.

The Jewish lobby in Britain is considered one of the most powerful and influential political pressure groups in Europe after the Jewish lobby in the United States of America. Its organizations and associations are among the most important and prominent influential forces in Britain, especially when it comes to the Middle East region, and everything related to the interests of Israel, given the power these organizations possess. Influence and influence in many areas of British life (political, economic, media).

The economic aspect is considered to be its institutions , idea, methodology and the nature of the democratic process in general, the Iraqi economy witness in the second half of the twenty similar development experiences have adopted liberal policies most the fifties, while the Sixties and Seventies were based on a great deal of socialism, and later turned toward the cooling of the climate sovereignty stimulating private activity, and then developed in ninety to took ownership of his main resources(oil and water) from the inactive American occupation in 2003. The study assume that Iraqi economy after 2003 witness an absolute depend on oil alone, it has an increased awareness of low- income members of the Iraqi society, according to one of the values that based on is the volatility of the curtain, and the lack of support for the consequences of the deterioration of human capital and the wealth of individuals who have been placed below the poverty line and the resulting poor conditions.

Political authority represents an important pillar of the state, and without it it is difficult to talk about the stability of the state. Despite the fact that political authority has passed through multiple stages, starting from absolute authority, passing through restricted authority, all the way to rational, constitutional authority, some of those stages (and here I mean primitive authority) Centralized and personalized in the hands of the president) is still practiced in some countries despite the development that has taken place in the concept of authority in general and political authority in particular. This authority took many forms, such as authority within the family embodied by fatherhood, religious authority imposed by the gods, and political authority (the subject of our research) that is organized within groups and embodied by humans.

The Syrian refugee crisis is one of the largest, longest, and most complex humanitarian emergencies in the modern era. Since 2011, internal armed conflicts began in Syria, resulting in the displacement of large numbers of Syrian citizens and their asylum in various countries of the world seeking security and protection. A number of countries in the world have received Syrian refugees. Especially since they represent the largest refugee rate in the world, the countries neighboring Syria had the largest share of the number of refugees, and the fact that those countries received them in large numbers had its effects reflected on those countries, whether economic, social, security, etc., especially the receiving countries such as Jordan and Lebanon are already suffering from Economic problems, which increased their suffering.

The social contract represents a set of laws and determinants agreed upon by a group of individuals in order to organize society for the better. This agreement guarantees them to live in peace according to the pre-agreed laws, and on the basis of that, it represents the key to resolving the crisis relations between the state and society, and this is what prompted Iraqi society to move towards the formulation of a new social contract through popular protest movements in 2019. To overcome the old social contract that shook the trust between the state and society as a result of its negative outputs at various political, economic and social levels, and many problems emerged that hindered the process of building the social contract in Iraq, including what was political represented by the invasion of Iraq after 2003. And another constitutional represented by the difficult political and security conditions that accompanied the writing of the permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005, and another social left scar and great effects as a result of the secretions of events and the negative social and cultural values left in the conscience of society of hatred and hatred of the other and the rule of the logic of clash and conflict. In addition to the economic problems that led to structural distortions and decline in the economic sectors, and therefore it is not possible to achieve a new social contract except by overcoming these problems by finding a set of political mechanisms represented by the existence of a national government that expresses the public interest in a real way and emanates from the will of the mass, conscious and real. Constitutional mechanisms are represented in the drafting of a constitution that expresses the aspirations of the people and reconciliation, as well as the social process of socio-political upbringing that contributes to building a balanced social contract between the system and society, in addition to the availability of economic mechanisms as they reduce the manifestations of delinquency, delinquency, poverty and violence that negatively affect the construction of the social contract.
Key words (Social contract, popular protests, national government, the society, political system)

After the American occupation in 2003, Iraq lived through a difficult fateful stage that reshaped the features of the new Iraqi state, the decision-making process suffered from blurred vision and dispersion due to the intersection and conflicting interests of the active internal political forces, governed by the motives of regional forces feeding it, trying to gain a foothold in the new Iraq. Here, the blame cannot be placed solely on Iraq, as much as it falls on the Arab environment and the regional environment and their turbulent policies of polarization and ideological attraction, and the policy of axes, which negatively affected Iraq's recovery and stabilization. It must be said that Iraq, despite the change it has witnessed in its political structure, and form of its governance system and its regional role، However, it represents an effective international and regional geopolitical axis that contributes to a stable strategic balance in the region to which it belongs because of its links with vital interests in the world and the flexibility and movement of active forces towards it. The Iraqi situation is witnessing an official and unofficial political movement at the local and international levels, which will reflect positively on the Arab neighboring countries and even its regional surroundings, and through an insight into the future, we believe that Iraqi-Arab relations indicate a developing and important stage affected by political and security dialogues and understandings, joint coordination, and internal political consensus, to find common ways to confront the threat of terrorism, as the success of cooperation and the international coalition in eliminating ISIS in 2017, had a fundamental impact on the Iraqi openness towards its Arab environment, and finding a position on current Arab issues, which may lead to a state of harmony and proportion between these parties on many of the issues raised in the Arab arena.

Africans have contributed to the history of the United States of America since its inception and participated in the country’s prosperity and economic development after they took up agriculture, industry, construction and other crafts that the vast country with virgin land needed. The population of the United States of America treated Africans as a backward, ignorant human race that carried in its genes reasons for backwardness compared to whites. The superior and the master. This race is only suitable for agricultural and service work, and then accepts slavery as part of its formation. On this basis, their numbers and the extent of their settlement in America increased, and as the years passed, their feelings of searching for identity, justice, equality, and questioning about the origin of their existence, their influence, and their historical role increased, as a result of the persistence of black people. In demanding their rights and insisting on equality, a number of their intellectuals assumed important positions in the state, as the federal government began to feel the danger of the issue of racial discrimination on the social peace and internal conditions in America, especially after the end of World War II and the world entering the stage of the Cold War.

Most of the opposition in the atmosphere of totalitarian regimes calls for the peaceful transfer of power and the right of peoples to express their opinions and not to suppress their freedoms. In this research, we address the interpretation of the policy of the countries of the Middle East region towards their opponents, the concept, the role and importance of the opposition and the policies followed towards the opposition. The opposition, whether at home or in exile, is a strong bulwark against the tyranny of the executive authority, and ensures that people are not oppressed and led to an unknown fate. Most of the opponents in the atmosphere of totalitarian regimes demand the peaceful transfer of power and the right of peoples to express their opinions and not suppress their freedoms. We discuss this in the research that explains the policy of a number of countries in the Middle East region towards their opponents, the concept of the opposition, its role and importance, and the policies followed towards the opposition. Whoever follows the policies of governments in Middle Eastern countries towards their opponents, whether individuals or groups, will see that they differ from one country to another. Some are internal, located under the dome of Parliament, and some are outside the dome of Parliament. There are governments that use ways and means to force their opponents to leave their homelands and seek refuge in countries of exile and the opposition from there. These policies reflect the difference in methods and treatment between these countries towards their opponents.

In our research, Russian-Afghan relations were described within different time periods: Soviet-Afghan, Russian-Afghan before and after the American invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, and Russian-Afghan after the American withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021.We have tried to highlight the important points of these relations in light of the changes on the international scene in recent years, perhaps the most prominent of which are the aforementioned American withdrawal and the Russian-Ukrainian war that continues to this day. The most important determinants of relations with Afghanistan for Russia were noted, which were represented by the latter’s endeavor in the aforementioned periods of time to preserve its national security by supporting the Afghan governments in fighting terrorism and combating drug crimes, which inevitably affect Russian national security due to the religious or geographical factor. In particular, the Russian Federation shares its borders with the Central Asian countries (former Soviet republics) bordering Afghanistan.

The countries vary in their administrative style، as they are divided into one of the two methods. Either follow the central approach، which makes all the powers concentrated in the hands of one central body based in the capital، with some powers delegated to its employees، or the decentralized method، The central government and independent bodies are regional or interest، but the form of the state and its political system and political circumstances have an impact on the nature of the administrative system adopted by the States in terms of level and powers and control.
In the federal states، states seek to give more powers to local units and to reduce their control over them، with the difference in this regard depending on the circumstances in which the federalism was formed in each country، including Iraq، which has undergone major transformations، transforming the state from a simple state into a complex state ) ،This transformation witnessed by Iraq after 2003 was confirmed in the adoption of decentralization in all its forms in the State Administration Law for the transitional period of 2004 which was repealed and the decree of the No. 71 for the year 2004 and the continuation of the emphasis on this transformation through the Iraqi Constitution in force for the year 2005 and the provincial law No. 21 of 2008 ، This constitutional and legal legislation، which gave wide powers to local units were not enjoyed by the extent that did not take into account the situation in Iraq as the granting of these powers in broad form came on the external revenues wanted without taking into account the needs and aspirations of the Iraqi people.
While the simple form of the state، its political system and its political circumstances are of a central nature، as in Egypt، where local units do not have sufficient powers to perform the tasks assigned to them ، They are also subject to strict control by the central authority، Which made the local administration system stipulated in the Egyptian Constitution in force in 2014 and the Law of Local Administration.

This study examines governmental human rights and their impact on human security. Due to their negative and devastating impact on humans, as the environment has become an important issue on the global level, as well as its close connection with other rights, with huge importance like other political rights and economic and social right, so that in many there is no possibility to study environmental rights individually/ without studying other human rights. Many agreements and charters have been issued that ensure the importance of these rights and how to protect them. Therefore, all human rights must be respected, promoted, and implemented because any breach of them leads to a breach of human security, which is based on the trilogy of water, Health and the environment. It is not possible to imagine a human existence in light of the spread of diseases and epidemics resulting from the high levels of chemical pollutants and toxic gases .We cannot ignore the role of many women in taking procedures to protect lands, water, nature communities, as well as human rights from environmental damage and climatic impact. Women's education is considered as major factor in enhancing their contributions to government and in developing the resilience of local communities in facing the environmental damage, and based on what is mentioned above, the research is divided into an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion.

The Justice and Development Party was able to put forward a new program, visions and philosophy with moderate Islamic approach different from what was put forward by Islamic parties and movements, and was able to contain these parties and movements and hold them responsible for putting forward political and economic programs that won the acceptance of the voter and reinterpreting the most important perfectionist principles (secular and nationalist) by containing the secular and nationalist components through the new positioning and the primacy of peaceful solutions over military solutions within the framework of the state, providing pragmatic political action and adopting economic policies, programs and plans that had a positive impact on the On the other hand, we note the decline in the party's fortunes at all levels, as there are many engines supported by the secular current witnessed by the country to overthrow the ruling party, as well as the coup attempt, which had negative repercussions on all sides, especially the economic aspect, as the Turkish lira witnessed a significant decline and defections began to appear among members of the party one after another to reach the stage of forming their own parties

The process of effective transition towards democracy, and away from theoretical frameworks, highlights the need to provide a suitable basis that pushes the abandonment of the formulas and forms of dictatorship and traditional individual rule that are not compatible with the data of the contemporary environment and its accelerating trends and information transformations towards increasing priority given to the democratic transition as a culture to confront tyranny in governance, to As well as emphasizing the set of interrelated conditions related to the principles, mechanisms, institutions and values of democracy.
The contemporary Iraqi experience, with its positives and negatives, is the result of cumulative objective and subjective factors in addition to the influence of external factors and their repercussions on the course of the experience. Especially since democratic transformation is a gradual process through which societies turn to democracy through processes and procedures related to the cultural and institutional aspects and leads to passing from one stage to another through a new method of managing matters.
The research came to shed light on the most prominent challenges facing countries that were swept by the wave of democracy, especially in Iraq and Lebanon, as well as to examine the repercussions and outcomes that resulted from the transition process and then come up with conclusions and solutions that the researcher believes may benefit the decision maker in choosing effective solutions.

Iraqi-Jordanian relations after 2003 constitute an extension of the relations between them since the founding of both states, in addition to the social, economic, religious and cultural ties and relations between the two peoples. Despite the cooling of the Arab countries’ relationship with Iraq, the Arab countries did not have a clear strategy for dealing with Iraq due to the situation. The chaos that occurred after its occupation, especially with regard to its political experience, in addition to the treatment of most Arab countries with Iraq after 2003 as an occupied country and subordinate to the United States of America, This quickly changed after the security stability and success of his political experience, while we find that the Jordanian leadership was keen to continue these relations and develop them as a result of the intertwining of its interests with Iraq, most notably Iraqi oil and the fact that Iraq constitutes a strategic depth for Jordan, so the Iraqi political decision-maker after 2003 decided From Jordan, it is a base to launch towards its Arab, regional and international surroundings, in which it achieved great successes, most notably removing Iraq from the provisions of Chapter Seven of the United Nations Charter, which reflected positively on the relations between the two countries.

Alexander Dugin is one of the most prominent contemporary Russian theorists who influenced the beliefs of the contemporary Russian political elite, and several factors have played in the crystallization of the doginian ideology represented by the fourth theory and the new Eurasian, and these ideas have become a reflection of the Russian and European right-wing thought, due to its inception and political activity, which strengthened its right-wing geopolitical convictions, and that the theories and ideas produced by Dugin contributed to some extent to the need for Russian hegemony over the Eurasian region and formed one of the motives for the Russian-Ukrainian war, Dugin's neo-Eurasianism is a doctrine or ideology that believes that Russian identity is an Asian-European mixture that came to fill the vacuum of the collapse of Russian communist-socialist ideology.

Political and security interests are the basis of relations between Iraq and neighboring countries in general and Turkey in particular, Iraq is linked with Turkey by customs, historical, cultural and economic customs, so Turkey is the main outlet of Iraqi oil, which look today, in a situation where the universe has exceeded the power of the universe, where there are many international issues that have put Turkey in the position of the world leader force.

Summary The crime of electronic extortion is one of the modern crimes that the world is witnessing. It has emerged over the recent years as a result of the great development that the world has witnessed in the field of the information network (the Internet). Man has begun to carry out all his transactions with the click of a button on his computer. However, this progress has not been without negatives, which are At the forefront is the crime of electronic blackmail, which is often carried out through social media such as Facebook and other means that have brought people closer together and at the same time enabled power to be given to the perpetrators of electronic blackmail (extortionists) to help them accomplish their mission. The reasons are varied and have provided a fertile environment. The emergence of this crime, leaving a number of effects and repercussions from which the individual and Iraqi society suffer.

Soft war is an attempt to reach goals and objectives through attraction, not imposition, using means and methods media, cultural, and propaganda so that the enemy’s behavior becomes appropriate for achieving the goals. Today, it is considered one of the most influential, effective, and least expensive types of war, and at the same time one of the most dangerous and complex methods that target the values and security of any country because It is not possible to reach advanced goals at the lowest costs without resorting to military force.
It is also moving in directions that lead to achieving goals, whether directly or indirectly, whether declared or undeclared, in accordance with determinants coupled with ambitions to reach its goals in the fastest and easiest ways and with positive results that benefit it without engaging in traditional conflicts or wars, taking into account the effort it requires and the time period, according to a study Systematic and pre-planned, putting before it all the conditions and available capabilities.

Competition is represented by the constant pursuit of interests and goals both at the economic and political level through various methods and Means, and after the unipolar system prevailed in the world for a period of time, China is trying to dismantle this model by seeking to reach the top of the international system through the Communist Party, which made the United States of America stand to recalculate after in return, the United States of America launched the New Economic Corridor initiative, and it is no secret to any researcher the importance of the role that the Middle East represents in the international system due to its important commercial and strategic location

Russia's activation of economic and military policy with its allies in Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East is the resultant of a strategic vision to maintain a balance of influence, the Russian Federation, after the year 2000, developed a strategy for its return as an international actor after leaving for more than a decade, due to the conditions it experienced after the dissolution of the the former Soviet Union, Russia strongly seeks to present itself as an actor in international interactions and an honest mediator in international crises, and strongly rejects the use of force in international relations. Russia considers energy to be a strategic tool that has a major role in expanding the sphere of geopolitical influence and a weapon of pressure and bargaining in the state’s foreign policy. For Russia, energy is viewed as a strategic commodity that provides a basis for expanding influence and control, by creating unequal energy relations that create political influence on the global level. It is not possible to imagine the international arena in the twenty-first century without the Russian Federation having a role commensurate with the size of its position, especially in light of the fluidity of power experienced by the international system, which Russia has begun to employ strategically in the interest of maximizing its role in international and regional interactions. Through its natural resources, Russia hopes to impose its political rules in the game of strategic bet on its regional influence based on energy gains and control in international relations.

The process of political reform and democratic transformation is driven by a group of “internal and external” influences and variables, and these influences vary in the extent of their “strength and influence” in achieving political reform, including “expanding the base of contributing political participation,” spreading political and democratic culture, and “adopting a mechanism "peaceful transfer of powers" This is in addition to preventing conflicts of jurisdiction between them, equitable distribution of powers, ensuring distributive justice for wealth, and achieving the principle of “social justice and equality.” All of these matters must have motives and influences that have an internal dimension and others that have an external dimension that are affected by the developments that are achieved in the outside world and the process of “construction.” advanced democratic political system Thus, the trends of development, construction and reform were based on an external dimension and regional and international influences that prompted and deepened the need for the process of “Arab political reform

after the political change in Iraq after 2003 ,the issue of local government has become an important role and of utmost necessity and to move the wheel of life in light of the new democratic rule in Iraq .The permanent constitution contains many articles that establish work in accordance with the principle of decentralization and empowering the unorganized in a region to manage its administrative affairs ,and in view of the advantages that decentralized system is characterized by it ,especially in its political and administrative from ,it has become the subject of great interest ,even though the local government ,and local administration had historical roots in the royal and republican eras, but the defect was in the implementation of the decentralized system, as it was merely legislation that emphasized the work of the decentralized system without implementation .Actual on the ground ,which negatively affected the development of local communities especially since Iraq was subject for many years to the authority of central government ,which led to societal dissatisfaction with movement performance and response to the needs of local residents .The need has become urgent for decentralization in order to preserve the state and at all local political and administrative levels .The experience of the provincial councils was a practical embodiment of the local govemment system and the application of decentralization.

This research seeks to clarify the role of both functional and federal approaches in the African integration process. According to the Abuja Treaty of 1991, the African regional economic communities are tasked with achieving economic integration through many measures that include enhancing trade between African countries, abolishing customs restrictions, and establishing free trade zones, the most recent of which is the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area. These measures are still continuing to achieve the integration of all parts of the African continent. However, federalism has historical roots dating back to the period of independence of African countries, as well as contemporary practical applications, such as the establishment of the African Union with a number of institutions, such as the Pan-African Parliament and the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, which are very close to federal assumptions.

The critical issue of increasing armament and nuclear proliferation is global and has many geopolitical dimensions and aspects, the United Nations Security Council, being the international intergovernmental body that deals with issues pertaining to international peace and security is the main body that deals with those issues.
Despite the fact that in the Cold War, the nuclear arsenal of the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were bigger than they are today, the current nuclear weapons that exist today are far more powerful and devastating than they were back then.
The United Nations Security Council, fifty years after the establishment of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the nuclear states are increasing, along with the complexity of dealing with them. Fifty years after the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT), the traditional post-World War two powers of the five states of the United States, the Russian Federation, People’s Republic of China, France, and the United Kingdom are not the only states possessing nuclear weapons.
The current accelerating arms race and the race to acquire and develop nuclear weapons is putting the world at a tipping point, and it could possibly unleash Armageddon

Sovereignty plays a major role in enabling the state to impose its control and exercise its supreme effective and influential authority over the people, and it is also the path that gives the state an active and influential role in governance and imposing control or supreme authority on the people, and it is the absolute legal authority that has the unchallenged legal right to claim others Obligation and submission as desired in accordance with the law, and viewed from a political perspective as unrestricted power, that is, capable of imposing obedience and respect in line with the supreme interest of the people, which is often based on the monopoly of the power of official coercion, and also means refusing to interfere in state affairs by any hegemony External, the research dealt with the most important internal and external obstacles and elements that affect the sovereignty of the Iraqi state