Hawlyat Al-Montada

The research deals with the formative effects of some actions in terms of punishment and their impact on happiness and misery on earthly and otherworldly levels, and shows that some actions in the world of reward have a special system that is completely different from the system that exists in terms of their nature in the sensory world. That world may have replaced the action with something other than itself, and perhaps transferred the action. To attribute it to someone other than its doer, and perhaps give the action a ruling other than its ruling, and other effects, as the research has shown that happiness and misery are matters of gain, not intrinsic, as an effect of actions. This is because the requirement of divine justice refuses to classify people between happy and miserable without work. Rather, it is based on the principle of rewarding the doer and punishing the wrongdoer.
The research also showed that work in the world of metaphors does not only affect its doer, but goes beyond it to affect others, without contradicting what the Qur’an tells us about a person being dependent only on his work, and without conflicting with the justice of God Almighty. Thus, among the most important works that the research dealt with were those works. Which have an effect on a person’s happiness, such as the effect of some actions in expiating absolute bad deeds, and those that have an effect in expiating some bad deeds, and those that have an effect in replacing bad deeds into good deeds, and those that necessitate the recompense of their counterparts to others, and finally those that necessitate doubling the penalty.
The research also dealt with the effect of some actions that have an effect on human misery, such as the effect of some actions in nullifying the good deeds of this world and the hereafter, and some actions that nullify some good deeds, and those that transfer the good deeds of their doer to others, and those that have the effect of doubling the torment, and others that necessitate the infliction of the same upon others. Finally, what is transmitted, such as the bad deeds of others, to the person, not itself

The study of this topic aims to answer an important research question, which is: Does the significance of Qur’anic words have an impact on understanding the spirit of meaning - which is the inner meaning generated from the external meaning - of Qur’anic words, and are there reasons for placing the words in the first place for these meanings generated in the mind?
Therefore, the researcher used the analytical approach to explain the significance of words from a linguistic, graphic, and contextual perspective, to demonstrate the distinction of Qur’anic use from other linguistic uses, and the ability of this Qur’anic use to probe the depths of meaning and reach the meaning of the meaning, all of this through rational comparisons of Qur’anic connotations

Ta’zir for the murderer instead of retaliation is a legal procedure taken in some legal systems based on Islamic law, when pardon is granted by the blood relatives of the victim of the crime of murder. Punishment for the murderer refers to the imposition of an alternative punishment to traditional retaliation, which is usually the execution of the killer. The aim of the research is to understand the social and psychological effects of distributing the murderer instead of retaliation on society and the victim’s family,The research focuses on understanding whether this alternative meets the demands of justice and contributes to the reconciliation process between the parties concerned by relying on the analytical approach. The research concluded that the research can reach the effect of punishing the killer.

Signification is paramount within linguistic systems, following the comprehension of meaning and its applications. The functional orientation of signification serves as the primary objective for language users. Through a scholarly focus on words and their meanings, researchers have elucidated the semantic relations between word roots and their usages. This precedence can be observed in linguistic scholars who have directed their attention to word forms and meanings to deduce signification, particularly for understanding legal judgments.
Context plays a pivotal role in understanding the linguistic elements surrounding a word, as well as the circumstances and settings in which the word is employed. This provides illuminating insights into the speaker's intentions, achieved through the analysis of semantic relationships within the context. Thus, signification assumes a contextual function, as it is solely directed by the context, rather than being contingent upon arbitrary or mental relationships between the signifier and the signified.
This study aims to shed light on the contextual significance of the Quranic term “Qurb” (proxmity) and its derivatives.

The current research aims to identify the most important legal and religious methods and initiatives to contribute to the promotion of digital citizenship to counter the bad methods that harm digital citizens. The descriptive approach has been followed to the concept of digital citizenship, its objectives, its importance, and its role in trade, behavior, digital security, and the comparative approach between jurisprudence and law.
The main findings of the research are the absence of Iraqi legislation on cybercrime and information that protects the digital citizen, the absence of specific legislation on offenses against Iraq's cybersecurity, and the lack of legislation in the law on electronic signature and information in the order of punishment for violation.

1- Hegel believes that the basis on which human knowledge is based changes from one generation to another this means that there are no ethere no eternal truths or temporal reason the only fixed point on which the phiolosopher can rely and philosophy can she is studying history .
2- Hegel explained that reason is a dynamic process and thuth is nothing but the development through which this process itseif proceeds there are no standards outside the historical process itself you can decide what expresses greater truth or reason hegel sees that the world .spirit is moving towards an inceasing of itself
3- Hegel says that hisorty is the story of the world spirit becoming aware of itself . through the development humanity and the advancement of advancement of human culture the spirit of the world becomes more aware of itself in a way steady
4- History is along series of ideas and Hegel also revealed some rules which governs this long chain of ideas and who studies history carefully it will be nohticed that every idea is presented based on aprevious idea but as soon as .
5- You put forward this new idea until another idea appears it and in this way atension arose between two confilicting or contradictory way oh thinking but the tension will be dissipated by the introduction of a third idea that captures the previous points of view hegel calls this methody by which ideas advance in deve .
6- Hegel called the three stages through which knowledge passes the propostion the antithes proposition that is the process of negating the first proposition synthesis that is the process the negation we can say for say for example for simplicity that Descartes rationalism was in that proposition that appeared to be apposed by another proposition whice is Hume s doctrine Empirical but this contradiction or tension between the two approaches to thinking has been removed and raised .
7- Thus,Hegels starting point is his belief that truth is on and that the goal of philosophy is it is to realize that the truth is on .

The study focuses on preventive measures to combat cyberbullying via social media platforms, addressing their negative impact on individuals and communities in the digital age. Combatting cyberbullying is an urgent necessity, given its threat to the safety and health of individuals, and its harmful effects on their psychological and social well-being. The problem lies in the numerous challenges facing efforts to combat cyberbullying, such as the difficulty of identifying perpetrators and the rapid spread of crimes. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on describing and analyzing preventive measures against this crime, using a comparative method to compare and analyze different measures adopted in this context. The study concluded that cyberbullying poses a direct threat to the safety and health of victims, resulting in serious psychological and social effects. The study recommended adopting the concept of preventive legislative policies and the development of innovative mechanisms to effectively detect fake accounts and identify genuine account owners. Additionally, it emphasized the need for cooperation between administrative authorities and internet service providers to develop effective mechanisms for monitoring and preventing harmful content on social media platforms

An electronic contract is considered legitimate like any other contract when its terms are agreed upon, and it moves to the execution phase after it is concluded. Electronic contracts, especially those related to e-commerce, contribute to the emergence of legal disputes that have led to legislation regulating these transactions. Contracts vary in their contractual terms, which is evident in the diversity of locations, formations, or outcomes of these contracts, in addition to technological advancements that have contributed to the emergence of electronic contracts as a new type that requires an effective and advanced legislative framework to enable e-commerce. Electronic contracts differ from paper contracts in that some require the creation of a different type of contract electronically. The law primarily focuses on data representation rather than the physical aspects of the contract. The research problem lies in the impact of electronic contracts on commercial contracts in Saudi Arabia, raising several questions about the nature and importance of these contracts, and how they affect commercial contracts. The research aims to explore these contracts, their formation methods, and the eligibility of the contracting parties. The commercial contract in Saudi Arabia is an important legal tool for regulating commercial relationships and protecting the rights of the parties, contributing to creating a stable and trustworthy commercial environment. The research findings show that e-commerce involves the exchange of information and the creation of contracts, which are legal and binding in Saudi Arabia, and differ from traditional contracts in their execution over the global network. Recommendations include the need to train operators of electronic businesses, establish rules of conduct to solve problems arising from electronic contracts, and create a monitoring system for shipped goods.

The events and incidents of what was known as the “Arab Spring Revolutions,” which appeared in the period between 2011-2012 in a number of Arab countries: such as Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen... sparked mixed and sometimes contradictory reactions among the circle of Arab researchers and thinkers, who were divided over Analysis of this phenomenon between supporters, opponents, and conservatives, and this controversy and debate was embodied by numerous studies and research that coincided with the emergence of this event in all its manifestations, manifestations, paths, and transformations.
This research - in terms of its general problem - attempts to re-shed light on such studies, whose foundations and theoretical starting points differed according to the intellectual and ideological motives and backgrounds of their authors in interpreting the facts and events of what happened in what was known as the “Arab Spring Revolutions” and an attempt to test and evaluate the methodological validity of such studies. In terms of understanding, interpretation, analysis and political theorizing of such a phenomenon
Through such a perspective, the angle of view and treatment will be based on a methodological vision that combines an attempt to classify such studies, and then work to analyze the explanatory premises and visions in each type, in order to determine the methodological characteristics and features, their implications and effects on the nature of analysis and evaluation, and even judgments and results. What such studies have concluded in their approach to the phenomenon of the Arab Spring revolutions.

The place in the novel represents the geographical boundaries within which events take place, unfold and where characters interact, revealing all the repercussions and implications within it. Places have an impact on characters and vice versa. The inspired place tends to be brief and limited, so we can call it an equivalent term, which is the brief place that contains the event or human action. For some, it emerges from its familiar framework into an unfamiliar framework and with that it acquires its specificity, significance, and inspiration.
The research was divided into three main axes: the first is the place of the focal character, the second is the place of the body. The third is the humanized place and a conclusion that includes the most important results

The choice of the Syrian writer Suleiman Al-Saddi as the subject of the research is attributed to the interconnected technical techniques found in his novel "The Scent of Details." The writer celebrates the theme of textual thresholds, transforming the relationship between these thresholds and the text into a close and complementary integration that cannot be separated from the text itself.
This study approaches Al-Saddi's novel thresholds through an introduction and three sections. The introduction begins by defining the concept of textual thresholds, addressing the translational disturbance of the term among Arab and Western critics.
The first chapter focuses on studying the threshold of the title, while the second chapter delves into the study of the cover. The third chapter tackles the study of various types of initiations, including narrative initiation, dialogical initiation, descriptive initiation, and scenic initiation.
The study concludes with a summary highlighting the significant results that manifest through the mechanism of thresholds and the underlying implications within them.

The problem of this study is the pervasiveness of the phenomenon of drug abuse in Misan province, its cities, and areas related to it, and this phenomenon creates a real danger that threatens and kills the young generation, the main engine of development in it.
The importance of the study lies in the researcher's attempt to identify the size and type of the phenomenon and to diagnose the reasons for its spread, from the economic and social aspects, and characteristics of the groups involved in its abuse, and the best ways to limit its spread.
The study was conducted using a sample of drug users whose abuse was proven, numbering (100) users for the ease of extracting data related to the study, and the sample was taken from the depositors in the Central Amarah Prison/ Department of Drug Addicts and Promoters, and the researcher relied on a questionnaire paper with questions that were related to the subject of this study, as well as in-depth interviews with the various stakeholders during the initiation of data collection.
The researcher reached many results, the most important of which are:
4- The problem of drug abuse and its spread has become a real problem in Misan province.
5- Most of the abusers are unemployed young people.
6- We also concluded that the most important causes of abuse are poor social awareness and family disintegration, as well as the depth of economic and social transformations as a result of successive wars, displacement, and high levels of unemployment. In conclusion, the researcher recommends the following recommendations:
 A concerted effort is necessary to limit the abusers.
 Activating the rule of law and strictly complying with the decisions of the judiciary and not complying with social relations and partisan power and taking refuge in the blocs and the influential.
 Motivating youth institutions and civil society organizations to raise awareness about the dangers of drugs.

his research aims to reveal the extent to which Iraqi commercial banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Market practice earnings management practices in the financial statements and the extent of the quality of financial reporting in them on the one hand, and the impact of these practices on the quality of financial reporting on the other hand. In order to achieve the goal of this research, the research was applied In Khaleej Commercial Bank, which is one of the commercial banks listed on the stock market for a period of (2013-2019) A set of statistical and financial methods were used, such as the correlation coefficient, regression, and the F, T test, to test the research hypotheses.The results that have been reached are that the financial reporting announced by the Iraqi commercial banks, the research sample, is not characterized by a high level of financial reporting quality because it is subject to earnings management practices, and that these practices have a statistically significant negative impact on the quality of financial reporting for those banks. The most important recommendations: Research on accounting standards setters to limit management’s ability in earnings management practices by reducing the number of alternatives in terms of measurement or quality of earnings while setting controls for each of those alternatives, and working through adequate and fair disclosure in order to improve the transparency of financial statements, as well as Working to make accounting ethics an independent subject within the curricula in Iraqi universities for the Faculties of Administration and Economics, Department of Accounting. To cover the topic, the research was divided into sections (research methodology, previous studies, earnings management practices, quality of financial reporting, earnings management and its impact on the quality of financial reporting, conclusions and recommendations)

The population is the wealth of the nation, and without them, the earth would not have brought its bounties, urbanization would not have spread, and civilization would not have arisen. The population is the hand that plows the land and runs the factories, they are the minds that think and create, and they are the force that repels the enemy’s machines. It is no wonder that science has emerged that makes population its primary concern: calculating their movement, analyzing their composition, counting their number, and extracting from ratios and averages what helps the political, economic, and social worker who deals with population to understand, visualize, and solve their problems. This research aims to identify the demographic characteristics of the residents of conservative district centers. Najaf These characteristics include the size and growth of the population, the numerical, relative and density distribution of the population, their gender composition, knowledge of the gender ratio, their age composition and knowledge of the dependency ratio. It also aims to provide a database from which specialists in the field of demography and other sciences and relevant authorities from the state departments can benefit. As for the method adopted by the research Based on the descriptive analytical approach that studies the phenomenon and analyzes it using maps and graphical shapes, the research reached the most important conclusions:
1- The area of the total district centers in Najaf Governorate is (5.9%) of the governorate, but represents a population percentage of (82%) of the governorate’s total population.
2-The highest population density is in the center of the Kufa district, which is (2079 people / km2), and the lowest population density is in the center of the Manathira district, which is (319 people / km2