Journal of International studies

A person familiar with human and human development reports for
the various previous years will find that the axis of security is the
main axis in the comprehensive development plans of any human
society. There is no development in a society dominated by
crime, murder, violence and information penetration, and if any,
its indicators do not rise to the required level, crime and security
are two concepts. They do not meet opposites, but when security
is available, stability is provided and crime in its various forms
and forms, traditional or modern, has decreased, and vice versa,
and this is one of the problems that the research is trying to
answer and address.
As for the importance of the research, it is summarized in two
aspects: the theoretical importance, which is an abstraction of
the most important frameworks, ideas and opinions that dealt
with the issue of security and the new crimes by standing on
the most important issues that those studies focused on and
the results they reached in this aspect to come up with a set
of results and treatments that can be a starting point for
researchers Others are interested in this field to present more
comprehensive, in-depth and accurate studies in terms of
results for this field, because we seriously need to understand
the risks and dimensions of these two variables on
development and social stability, and to achieve knowledge
accumulation in this vital field.
As for the objectives of the research, they are based on
understanding the reality of security, its image, its impact and
its impact on increasing or decreasing crime, and its

dimensions on human security. The study is based on the
social analytical approach based on a mixture of extrapolation
and analysis of contemporary reality and the issues
addressed by academic and legal studies in this field.
Key word: Security ,cybercrime ,new crime ,human security

Contemporary Islamic projects have tried to transcend what the
civilized reality means of the phenomenon of superiority and
cultural superiority over other civilizations and nations because of
racism, extremism, extremism, violence and fighting the different
other, and achieving stability, balance and moderation between
civilizations and other societies, which leads to the realization of
a human society and civilization. comprehensive and just, and
the spread of universal peace, so that love prevails among all
members of humanity, which can make the idea of interaction,
understanding, moderation and peaceful coexistence a departure
from the contemporary reality from its many crises Among the
most important of these projects is the thesis of the acquaintance
of civilizations and the project of renewal of discourse and reform
in contemporary Islamic discourse. The most important goals of
these projects are to achieve rapprochement and tolerance,
encourage mutual benefit from the bounties of the earth, and
correct the tribal image of the different others

The intellectual, ideological, and social roots of the Taliban
movement do not differ from the extremist and conservative
currents in the Islamic world, as this movement is based on
heritage sciences, not experimental and civil sciences, and its
societal structure is strict and conservative, especially in issues
related to women, and is based on a hierarchy based on the degree
of religious and legal science, and their scholars have the authority
And a great influence in the hearts of their followers. Their
knowledge structure is characterized by cohesion, fluidity of idea
and solidity, in addition to the strictness of this social movement,
as it is characterized by tribalism with a single language and
culture.
There are many opinions about the emergence of the Taliban
movement, that radical fundamentalist movement that was
influenced by the Deobandi thought, as most of its elements
belong to the Pashtun nationalism. These goals evolved from local
goals to regional and international goals.

Alliances/ coalitions among political parties are a permanent
feature of pluralistic democracies, The coalition usually occurs in
modern parliaments when one political party cannot muster an
absolute majority of the vote after elections, it may also form
before or during elections in an effort to reduce post-election
uncertainty.
Classical political coalition theories, inspired by rational choice
theory, seek to explain and predict the coalition that forms after
elections. This game theory is based on the assumption that
players are rational, like-minded opponents, aware of each
other's preferences and strategies. Games, in the general sense
of the word, can be subdivided into a number of categories
based on a number of dimensions which provide a mathematical
framework for analyzing the players' mutually interdependent
interactions. This provides the ability to extrapolate the most
prominent options for forming political blocs that produce

governments, and thus determine their characteristics and
orientations.

Liberalism is one of the important cognitive political
concepts that appeared on the western intellectual scene ,and
seemed to be superior to many other ideas and concepts in
western political thought.
Liberalism as an intellectual and political concept is credited
with the progress and development witnessed by European
societies, and specialists believe that its success in the west
helped its spread in many parts of the world today because of
this human intellectual system of dynamism in its intellectual and
philosophical components and its ability to re-evaluation,
correction and overcoming crises.
With the end of the nineteenth century, traditional liberalism
entered a period of decline and decline, in which a number of
reasons contributed to the emergence and birth of neo-liberalism
after a series of economic crises faced by capitalist regimes
during the cold war, most notably the economic stagnation phase
between 1973-1984, as the rate of economic growth and as the
rate of economic growth declined.

Like other countries in the region, Iraq has always been
affected by its geopolitical environment and its international
relations. Like other countries, it has gone through multiple forms
of risks and multiple sources at the same time, and the
repercussions of that on its foreign policy in general. Therefore,
determining the sources of influence in the content of foreign
policy are multiple and different between countries, and they are
related to the interior and exterior. Accordingly, the issue of Iraqi
foreign policy can be studied in terms of searching for ways to
achieve those goals, so that work is the result of employing the
conditions of capabilities in proportion to the reality of the
required role at the regional level first, and then at the
international level second. Based on a main question: Is it
possible to be drawn behind desirable goals to formulate an
effective foreign policy, or to set and maintain goals according to
the determinants of action available to the state? In order to
answer this, the researcher had to employ the national interest
approach as a basis for this research, and the descriptive
approach was used as an input that describes data
commensurate with the nature of the research, According to twO

The research aims to match the rationale for the performance of
the most important Iraqi official institutions with indicators and
perceptions of corruption in terms of effectiveness and
achievement, with an indication of the main areas that contribute
to the spread of the phenomenon of corruption, the most
important of which are political quotas, misuse of power,
favoritism, inefficiency, weak legislation, and lack of application, if
any., Using the functional and analytical approach Statistical and
legal to prove this.
The results of the research are that political and administrative
corruption works to curb economic progress, as it weakens the
standard of living of its citizens, as corruption constitutes a heavy
burden on the time and resources of citizens and creates
dissatisfaction with public services and stifles growth and
commercial investment, and undermines public confidence in the
state and its institutions, and for this we have offered solutions

and recommendations as a change The mentality of leadership,
activating the role of institutions, monitoring and controlling
political actors, administrative and functional leaders, enacting
strict control legislation, reinforcing the judiciary and law
enforcement to address corruption in line with state building and
achieving popular demands rejecting corruption.

The development and progress in the indicators of
sustainable development is not a goal that can be achieved in
one moment. Rather, it is a complex process that requires
redoubled efforts by government and NGO institutions that make
decisions in all sectors, and it can only be reached by walking
towards it step by step, as no country can From raising its
economic indicators, developing its productivity sectors, and
achieving social and political equality without any development
effort and prepared plans, through which it aims to raise its
development indicator, Indicators allow decision makers and
policy makers to know if they are on the right path, It also helps
to monitor progress in all sectors and whether sustainable
development is progressing or regressing, in Iraq that sustainable
development indicators and social indicators in general have
witnessed, decline, as a result of being affected by several
political, economic and social factors, and as a result of wrong
policies that suffer from stumbling and ultimately collide with
disastrous results, It still suffers from high rates of poverty and

the spread of unemployment, in addition to the education and
health sectors are still under poor infrastructure and a lack of
financial resources, which has made Iraq far from the seventeen
development goals spicily the social indictors issued by the
United Nations General Assembly.

The water problem consider one of the most
important issues that affect the national security of any country
as the water factor has become one of the main factors that

In this study, the study discusses the possible regional effects of
the attempt to separate the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq on
the three main neighboring countries: Iraq, Turkey, and Iran, with
the development of scenarios in which an independent Kurdistan
appears, and the various political options available to Baghdad
Ankara, and Iran. We analyze the interests of the three main
regional neighbors and explore the policies that each side will
pursue in response to Kurdish independence. If Iraqi Kurdistan
ever becomes a sovereign state, its impact on potential regional
dynamics must be assessed.

Abstract:
This research is concerned with clarifying the policy of the
Middle East countries in general and Turkey in particular in
attracting multinational companies (MNCs) and the role and
impact of these companies on economic growth and economic
development in Turkey. Develop rational long-term investment
plans, provide an advanced infrastructure suitable for the activity
of these giant companies and remove obstacles and difficulties
that hinder the work of these companies. It should be noted that
there is great competition between countries to host these
companieswhich has become an important phenomenon as a
result of international globalization, as they represent an
important element in international trade and relations, operate in
more than one country and expand. It is produced outside the
borders of the motherland. The countries of the Middle East the
first of which is Turkey suffer from political economic and social
problems and it is noted that the performance of these countries
in attracting multinational companies is weak compared to
developed countries, and most of the investment. The flows are

The importance of the study presented the interpretation of
interdependence in international relations that what a member of
the global system does in terms of actions, behaviors, actions,
attitudes and attitudes towards a particular issue affects one way
or another within the framework of a feedback relationship on the
rest of the members, and technological development and various
means of communication have played a major role In the
development of this field, as the world has become a small
village built on mutual dependence, which has become the
backbone of international relations for the events of progress and
development in all fields. Especially in the field of energy
security, which is an important element in determining the nature
of global security and international politics because of its role in
creating areas of cooperation and conflict between the actors of
the international system, the problem of the study discussed the
جملة دراسات دولية
العدد: الثاين و التسعون / 2023 343
concept of mutual dependence in international relations and its
role as one of the most important factors affecting relations
between states, as well as Clarifying the nature of EuropeanRussian relations in the energy sector and the challenges they
face due to the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war on
energy security in European-Russian relations. Especially the
European-Russian relations in the energy sector, which were
affected by the Russian-Ukrainian war, and accordingly the study
dealt with the concept of mutual dependence in its liberal and
realistic sections with the study of the mutual dependence of
European-Russian relations. As well as studying the most
important challenges it faces in the field of energy, as well as
presenting scenarios of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war
in 2022 AD on European and Russian energy security. Security
is achieved despite the changes that occur in the international
system.

Abstract
Infrastructure is the cornerstone of all human societies as it is
one of the most important factors that make society a productive
element capable of engaging in social and economic activities

with high efficiency and ensuring the progress and advancement
of its goals. In addition to the ways, plans and programs of the
local government to solve and address the problems surrounding
this sector, and the governorate of Muthanna is not much
different from the rest of the Iraqi governorates, as it took its
share enough of authoritarian rule that obstructed the
development path in the governorate for many years, and in light
of the transition to a democratic system and the adoption of a
system Local government after 2003, which is an inevitable
necessity, which resulted in a specific formula to activate the
basic services aspect and meet the needs and requirements of
citizens in the light of the new democratic governance, which
makes each governorate responsible for managing its own affairs
and shouldering its responsibilities according to the philosophy of
the new system

The powers that adopt the concept of globalization are attempting
to invest it in all fields, meaning that they want to make an


intellectual and ideological framework that governs the minds of
people, and the plans of individual and collective institutions.
Globalization is a universal will that is practiced with firmness and
strength, and with scientific techniques and international
institutions at the level of theory and practice, the largest of
which are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and
the International Trade Organization, although these institutions
are of an economic nature, but they have political, ideological
and intellectual objectives, because they all think of the American
logic, and derive their theorizing from the successful American
economic pattern available on major capitals, which are able to
win the bet in the field of global capitalist competition. President
Clinton addresses the Americans by saying: “Globalization will be
the line of the United States in the future, and it will establish a
new world with new borders that should be expanded

The study aimed at analyzing the Jordanian Election Law
No. (6) of (2016), shedding light on the results of the
parliamentary elections for the Nineteenth House of
Representatives (2020) that were conducted in the light of the
aforementioned law, introducing the level of political participation
in the elections of the nineteenth parliament in all parts of the
Kingdom, and identifying the demographic and general
characteristics of the members of the Jordanian nineteenth
parliament. The study relied on both the descriptive analytical
approach, the legal approach, and the comparative tool as the
most appropriate scientific research method to achieve the study
The study concluded that Jordan has adopted the .objectives
characteristics of democratic systems represented by the
principle of people's sovereignty, and the existence of a
legislative authority directly elected by the people on a regular

basis. Since the restoration of the democratic path in 1989, the
periodicity of elections has continued despite some internal and
regional circumstances, since 2011, the constitutional
amendments and the modernization of electoral laws have
contributed to partial political maturity. However, the obstacle to
political participation remains, which will require a period of time
to transform from the traditional society to the modern society, by
reconsidering the prevailing social value system, that is, the
mentality of the individual; Because democracy, in its essence, is
not going to the polls as much as it is a state of mind and
In light of the results that were .individual freedom of choice
reached, it was recommended to reconsider the election law in
terms of determining the percentage of seats for political parties
not less than (50%) of the total seats in parliament, and that
people be allowed to run independently or individually, and that
every Jordanian who completed (18) years of his age four
months before the date of the poll has the right to elect members
of the House of Representatives.

Iraq has suffered and continues to suffer from the negative
aspects of the political systems that ruled it of a totalitarian
nature that threatened its state entity with the disintegration of its
structural unity. Its social unity and political sovereignty have

exacerbated the magnitude and seriousness of the challenges
facing the sustainability and stability of any political system.
These challenges are now imposed on the Iraqi political
decision-maker to find quick and effective solutions in order to
preserve the political, security and economic gains, and this
requires from the political elites and decision-makers a real,
scientific and practical vision that leads to the formulation and
formulation of effective strategies to confront these serious
challenges and threats.
Keywords: Political system, internal challenges, external
challenges, decision maker, internal and external environment