Journal of International studies

PODEMOS is a party working on a social left program in front of the
political and economic corruption in Spain, Its founder and general
secretary is political science Professor Pablo Iglesias. Its appearance in
2014 was a great surprise to the political system in Spain, as it
established its presence in its first electoral experience during the
parliamentary elections. Then, its successful participation in the
municipal and regional elections of 2015, as it formed a prominent
electoral power in a very short time. The emergence of the party was a
result of the public protests that prevailed in Spain because of the bad
economic conditions that followed the economic crisis began in 2008.
The Podemos project achieved a clear breakthrough of the prevailing
bipartisanship in Spain represented in the Spanish Socialist Workers’
Party (PSOE) and the People’s Party (PP) sharing the political scene.
The Podemos political project deserves study and analysis, as it is part
of a project that has begun to take an upward turn in Europe, which is
the populist trend. In addition to the fact that the party leaders claim that
they are leading a revolution within the Spanish political system to
change reality and modify the paths of partisan life.

Based on what has been mentioned, it can be said that the gender-responsive
budget (GRB) is a form of public policy analysis. It assesses and scientifically
interprets the extent to which gender is taken into account in the country central
fiscal budget and its gender impact. Therefore, it allows the government to make
clear decisions aimed at supporting women and marginalized people and
combating gender inequality in society.

Ethiopia announced in 2011 the construction of the Renaissance Dam on
the Blue Nile, which is the most important tributary of the Nile River, taking
advantage of the outbreak of the January 25, 2011 revolution in Egypt, which
led to a crisis between Ethiopia and Egypt, as the dam will constitute one way or
another the most important challenges that will face The downstream countries

Sudan and Egypt, and specifically Egypt, being the most in need of the Nile
water, and the most affected by the construction of this dam, and at a time when
Ethiopia considers the dam a national symbol, Egypt considers it a source of
threat to it due to its many repercussions on it, and in view of these EthiopianEgyptian disputes, the United States intervened As the dominant power in the
international system on the line of this crisis, it sponsored negotiations between
Ethiopia and Egypt in an attempt to reach solutions that would satisfy the parties
benefiting and affected by the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance
Dam.

Despite the prevalence of the phenomenon of extremism and terrorism
clearly in most countries of the Arab and Islamic world, but it is a human
phenomenon that exists in all human societies, but the transformation from the
generality of the phenomenon to an Arab-Islamic specificity was the result of a
number of political, religious and social conditions, as well as the employment
of other phenomena Synonymous with the phenomenon of terrorism.
There is a common perception that terrorist extremism cannot be dealt
with according to the principle of soft power, but rather hard power must be
activated, and this is the only way in which it is possible to reduce the
prevalence of this dangerous phenomenon, but experiences have shown that
the phenomenon of extremism is present and common despite military victories
and Security, in the sense that the prevalence of specific antibiotics is the
guarantee of achieving sustainable stability, otherwise we will remain in the
shadow of what is called relative stability, which requires governmental and

popular effort for the purpose of spreading the possibilities of moderation to be
an effective alternative to the incentives of extremism.

Socialization plays an important role in shaping the personality of individuals
and determining their intellectual inclinations, so the idea was launched by
looking at extremism not as a behavior, but by knowing the factors that move
in and around the circle and affect it and that help produce extremism, in
which a group of The factors are the absence of the role of the family,
education, and the role of religious and governmental institutions, and the
Mosuli community was chosen because it is one of the societies that suffered
the most from extremist ideology, by setting a set of questions, and the study
concluded that the Mosuli community believes that extremism is a social
industry like other behaviors such as coexistence Tolerance and moderation
are the products of a human industry, not a religious one. It is a nature and an
acquired social characteristic that is transmitted between individuals through
the human industry of man, individually and in society. An individual is not
born an extremist, not even a moderate, but rather he is born with preliminary
preparations for extremism and moderation. Then socialization works either to
reinforce this trend or that.

The research attempts to address China's economic and political ability to achieve
the Belt and Road Initiative as one of the distinguishing features of its foreign
policy, as well as its rising power and current position in the international order
after its low participation in the outer regions of its traditional sphere of influence.
This situation pushes China to launch an initiative based on cross-border
communication projects and other related activities to achieve its essence as it will
require China to increase its regional and international participation, as well as
achieve long-term goals such as: changing the architecture of the international
order( from unipolar to a multipolar), or reaching a state of non-polarity for the
international order, in addition, clarify the position of the regional and international
powers on its movements, also the available opportunities and challenges they face
in light of the changes in the international order .

Sustainable development in its various social, economic, political and
cultural dimensions is a necessary need to correct the imbalances that impede
the advancement of the reality of the country, and the fulfillment of the various
requirements of society. In Iraq after 2003 at the various social, political,
economic and even moral levels. The research focuses on defining the concepts
of sustainable development and the phenomenon of corruption in Iraq, as well as
addressing ways to address the phenomenon of corruption. Through which to
address the phenomenon of corruption in the joints of the Iraqi state .

Democratic security is a concept related to policies and concepts that
guarantee the stability of the democratic system and the success of democratic
practice. Unproductive and other political problems
The research shows the concept of democratic security and its reality in Iraq
before the year 2003, when the country went through conditions in which there
was no democracy in the first place and in other circumstances in which there
was a democratic practice that was marred by a number of problems. The
research also provides a description of the reality of democratic security after
the democratic transformation that Iraq witnessed a year later. 2003, and
provides solutions and recommendations to consolidate democratic security,
develop democratic practice, and achieve democratic political stability.

Cyber power and electronic piracy and their impact on the
2020 US elections
Dr.Firas Gorgees Azeez Fadel Jassim Mohammed
University of Baghdad
College of political science
Abstract :
Cyber power and electronic piracy have emerged in the international arena
as successful sabotage and destructive weapons that have a profound and
significant impact on opponents, as countries, organizations, and individuals
use them to achieve political, economic, military, and social purposes. The
World Wide Web (the Internet) has reached all states and has become a
basic necessity for the management of security, military, economic, and
social institutions. Cyber force has become an effective weapon used to
inflict a certain impact against countries and organizations, and it is used as
an important weapon without total war. And since the United States of
America is the superpower, the first in the world, and the largest economic,
strategic, and political hegemony, it possesses power and influence.
Therefore, most countries and organizations that compete with the United
States of America seek some interests or seek to ward off any harm that
may befall them as a result of friction with them as they try and strive hard
for those countries. To influence US policy in any way, including through
cyber power and electronic piracy. One of the most important forms of
influence is the use of cyber-attacks, hacking postal accounts, and creating
public opinion on media sites and social media to influence the course of
presidential and legislative elections. General, to pass a political goal that
serves projects outside the United States, the study proved the use of cyber
power for the purpose of influencing and changing the conviction of the

American voter, but it has not been proven so far that the American
elections have been rigged.

Before the entry into force of its statute and in order to carry out its
judicial work, the International Criminal Court faced many difficulties and
obstacles that some influential countries put in place to thwart its

مestablishment, especially some permanent members of the Security Council,
for the purpose of preserving their interests and protecting their members
deployed in most countries for fear of being subjected to trials, or
underestimating them.
Its position before the international community. But things changed after
the year 2016 when it received several requests from some African countries
that are party to the treaty to withdraw from its statute for several reasons,
including; Targeting the leaders of African countries only in its trials, its lack of
impartiality in its decisions, and the politicization of its decisions, in addition to
threatening some other countries from the continents of Asia and Africa to
withdraw their signatures, if the Court continues its same policy of focusing on
the African continent and its leaders, and abandoning international crimes
committed throughout The world, as in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and
others, by some members of the major countries without judicial prosecution,
and this will negatively affect the maintenance of international peace and
security .

Seven decades of transformations in Japan's regional environment and changes
in the structure of the distribution of power within the global system were capable
of transforming the Japanese foreign policy orientations from a peaceful nature
based on reactions and response to changes in a timely manner, to an


aspirational image in possessing an integrated awareness of the nature of
regional variables, and working to employ those variables To form new directions
according to what is known as the vision of proactive peace, one of whose most
important goals lies in preserving the existing balances in the Asian continent,
that region that constitutes the vital field in the corridors of the foreign political

The spread of hate speech leads to violence and discrimination in addition to
endangering social peace and political stability. The term hate does not mean
non-acceptance, but rather a great deal of disrespect, as the research addresses
the most important challenges facing contemporary societies and countries in
combating hate speech by dissecting the damages of hate speech And its
dangers, as the crises that are considered among the constants in human societies
represent a real criterion through which it is possible to discover the extent of
the state’s success in creating a national personality. I was subjected to a major
shock, and from here we will focus in our research on the theoretical and
practical dimensions of hate speech in explaining what hate speech is and
confronting it in international legitimacy, as well as the measures taken by the
Qatari state to combat hate speech in society.

The United States of America is trying to stay at the top by controlling all the energy markets in the
world, not because it needs energy because it is self-sufficient, but rather it seeks through energy control
to expand its control and influence on the world as it considers itself the dominant country in the world
and it is From the control of the international system, as the world is going through a new economic and
industrial revolution that has caused a huge expansion in the field of technological development, as
technology has reached a point where technologies such as artificial intelligence, the development of
weapons through technology, and digital currencies have become one of the most important trends that
shape the future of business and interaction via the Internet, as the field of competition has become In
this regard, they are very close, and at the forefront of this competition is the United States of America,
China and Russia, and despite the fact that the United States of America continues to dominate the
international system in the economic, military and technological field until now, the competition between
the great powers has become very close; Especially between the United States of America and China,
so it is noted that the current US administration is striving to build new strategies, in order to continue
US hegemony over the world.

he issues of identity and the nation are among the crucial issues in the
stability of human societies, and one of the most important entry points for
building values, morals, socially, and politically. It is also one of the basic
mechanisms for building peace for post-conflict societies, and Iraq is one of
the most important of these societies that witnessed conflicts and
sustainable political instability, especially after 2003 AD, and for this reason
The theses presented by Faleh Abdul-Jabbar on the concepts of identitynation fall within this context. Considering that Iraq is a country of national,
ethnic and religious diversities and differences, which were employed
politically and introduced into sectarian dimensions, which negatively
affected social integration and the position on the political field and would
generate a state of hostility to the state. The political, and entered it into
security and intellectual labyrinths, translated into projects to dismantle the
Iraqi state, and for this reason, Faleh Abdul-Jabbar’s ideas about identity
and the nation flow as concepts, mechanisms, and sayings to confront this
fragmentation and bridge the gaps of differences and employ them
politically in an attempt to crystallize these concepts and translate them into
politics and fuse them within the state that sponsors its engineering. And
adjusting its balances and differences institutionally in order to reach a free,
pluralistic social and political space that recognizes everyone without
discriminationا

This research seeks to shed light on the Christian political forces in Iraq,
especially after the year 2003. After the change that took place in the political
system in Iraq in 2003, the Christian forces began to have a more prominent
role, so they began to participate in the political process through their political
parties and currents that expressed their themselves within a regional religious
or national framework, a right guaranteed by the constitution by granting them
quota seats, bringing their representation to a ministerial level, as these
organizations began to exercise their role through political action to express
the demands of Christians and fulfill their aspiration .

Refusal of military service in Israel.study and analysis
The phenomenon of refusing military service in the Israeli army is one of
the serious and difficult phenomena that the Israeli army in particular and the
Israeli military establishment in general suffer from, The reason for the
emergence of this phenomenon is the state of war experienced by Israeli
society, Which in turn led to the emergence of several protest movements
rejecting the war, Where these protest movements supported those who
refused military service through their protest activities. The Israelis resorted to
several methods in order to evade military service. The rapid spread of this
phenomenon led to confusion and anxiety in the authorities, which worked
permanently to develop mechanisms to contain the phenomenon and mitigate
its effects.

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with crime of human trafficking, which
consider as one of the most serious crimes committed against humanity,
because it exploits the human needs and presents it as a commodity that can
be sold, bought, and moved from one place to another forcibly, in which
human dignity is humiliated to the extreme.
The crime of human trafficking has become one of the crimes that troubles the
global conscience, as it constitutes a kind of contemporary slavery, and is a
flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The phenomenon
of human trafficking is an international phenomenon that is not limited in any
way to a specific country, but extends to a large number of countries, but the
image and patterns of practicing this trade differ from one country to another
according to its customs, traditions, culture and criminal legislation applied
there

Qatar has emerged as a country with a key role at the regional and international
level since the end of the last century and has become an active country in the Middle
East Region, and did not make its geopolitical complex, represented by its small area
and small population, a reason to prevent it from economic development and the
growth of its Foreign Relations at the regional and global level, so the research came to
focus on the most important natural resources and economic resources that helped to
end its geopolitical contract and the making of its foreign policy, as the study began by
addressing the natural resources located in Qatar, such as oil and gas, then identifying
the most important land and sea productive fields, in addition to the role of the media,
which and then we looked at the internal factors The foreign ministry is influential in
political decision-making and the directions of Qatar's foreign policy.

It may seem strange that Iran is moving towards forming relations on more than one
level with countries in the southern hemisphere with several Latin American
countries, despite the geographical distance and the religious and ideological
difference between it and the countries of that region. However, studying the motives
and objectives (political and economic) that Iran is heading towards Latin American
countries through the Brazilian gate makes us realize the political and economic
importance of these countries in relation to Iranian orientations.

Abstract :
The current international system witnessed the occurrence of many economic
transformations due to a group of variables, those variables directly and
indirectly affected the mutual influence relations within that system, and to
the extent that prompted some theorists of international relations to talk about
مجلـة دراسات دولية العدد الرابع و التسعون٢٠٢٣/
510
that there is a "new international order" in the process of formation. What the
world is witnessing today, whether it is called an international system, an
international situation, new international changes, or a transitional phase in
the international system, It means: striving to establish new values and
principles that are inspired by the values and behaviors of the international
community and appropriate systems for managing international relations and
addressing their problems, and that the aforementioned variables affected the
influence relations with the international system, and accordingly the change
occurs in the global balance, as the powers that possess weapons and
adaptation mechanisms With these variables, and benefiting from them by
making them tools to increase their strength, they have the ability to achieve
the greatest impact in the international system, which is linked to the interests
and goals of the influential powers, their position and the size of their
influence towards global strategic issues .

The aim of this research is to shed light on the location of the South China Sea in
the Chinese strategic perception, by following the historical approach and
benefiting from the descriptive analytical approach and the decision-making
approach. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of
which is: that the South China Sea occupies a strategic geographical location in
view of the volume and value of trade. Chinese and international interests that
pass through it, which have given it great economic and geo-strategic importance
in light of the rise of China, as it constitutes a major maritime crossroads for
international trade on which most of the economies of major countries that place
themselves in direct confrontation with China depend, and seek to control and
dominate it in every way. Consequently, it has turned into a hotbed of conflict and
international competition, and that the South China Sea is a vital source of energy
and vast natural resources that serve China's economic strategies, enhance its
ability to continue its rise as a major international economic power, and even
qualify it to be number one in the world within the coming years. This doubled its
strategic importance at all political, military and security levels in light of the
ongoing international competition. China was able to make a change in its
strategic directions in the South China Sea on various military, security and

There is no doubt that the Turkish political leadership, led by President Recep
Tayyip Erdogan, has a major role in the process of achieving social security for the
Turkish people, through several reforms, the most prominent of which is the
expansion of the powers of the President of the Republic compared to the rest of
the legislative and executive authorities, which gives the president the ability to
draw up policies and achieve goals without the interference of the rest of the

authorities in the matter. His work, as Erdogan sought to build a new economic
system on the ruins of a dilapidated system ravaged by corruption, the new system
helped a great development in various political, economic, and social levels, and
Erdogan also built a social system that he considered one of the most important
elements of state building