Journal of the College of Education for Women

This research seeks to unravel the components of
the argumentative discourse in the Book of ʻRawdat alMuhebbeen wa Nozhatt al-Mushtaqeenʼ - The Garden of
Lovers and the Promenade of Longing People – by Ibn
Al-Qayyem Al-Jawziyah. This is because this book has a
moderate discourse with a sound Islamic thought that is
characterized by its sustainability, popularity, realism, and
interaction with the successive developments of the new
age. This reflects the intellectual maturity the composing
process has reached in the philosophy of love and its
educational bases in every place and time. To explore the
componets, properties, and the working mechanisms of an
argumentative discourse in Ibn Qayyem’s book, the
present work has been conducted using a pragmatic
closeness approach among the three communication
polars: (sender, receiver, and message). Through the third
pole, the researcher attempts to interpret the text
internally, shedding light on its philosophical and
aesthetic semantic significance. Such a type of analysis
helps reveal the logical argument that conforms to the
spirit of the age during which the book appeared. This can
be clarified by exploring the sender’s employed emotional
arguments that are connected to the recipient and his
persuasive realistic experiences. All the above discussion
reveals the secrets of a discourse and its hidden points,
establishes the values of a dialogue and persuasion,
accepts the differences, and reconciles between the
different opinions. Accordingly, an argumentative entery
has been chosen as it represents a communicative act that
is based on a set of interactive rules orienting
interlocuters’ intentions

The Arab realized that proverbs and their stories had
a great literary and linguistic significance, accordingly,
they collected them from their sources and wrote them
down. Thus, researchers went in studying them in
different directions. The aim of the present research is
thus to study the stories of proverbs in the Holy Qur’an,
Prophet’s hadiths, and in the sayings of Arabs. Such a
study helps to show the extent of the relevance of their
stories to the proverbs, their literary values, the points of
convergence between them and what they highlight, and
the extent of their proximity to reality. It further helps to
determine the factors that contributed to the
transformation of Quranic verses, Prophet’s hadiths, and
some phrases of stories into proverbs. Accordingly, the
researcher has adopted the descriptive analytical approach
to comparatively examine the stories behind these
proverbs, sheding light on the different interpretations
being highlighted by different narrators. As for the most
important results of the study, they are: Behind most of
the proverbs are stories written in a high narrative
language that addresses their past events, and gives them
an artistic taste of preaching senses. They also bear a lot
of simple, artistic, and brief features. Proverbs are used in
everyday and are as simply recalled as that of the
Qur’anic verses in accordance with the events that people
experience. Many proverbs are widely used by many
people without knowing about their real stories, and have
many interesting, concise and entertaining interpretations.
Or, they might be used to describe real events or bases for
such real events.

This research discusses the verbal follow
phenomenon in Al-Amali Abi Al-Qali’s book (seq.356
Hijri). It aims to limit the examples of this phenomenon in
the book, and examine it phonologically. Accordingly,
the researcher adopted the analaytical descriptive
approach, taking into account Al-Rawi’s letter when
ordering the verbal follow-based examples, and the order
they took in the book in question. The purposes behind
this phonological study of verbal follow in Al-Amali’s
book are to: reach the sounds which Arabs prefer in the
process of following, confirm different beautiful and
desirable senses, have easy and speedy pronunciation,
maintain harmony between adjacent sounds, count the
sounds that occur at the beginning of the follower- a
disputable phonological issue between the follower and
following- and spot the phonological change that occurs
to the follower. Accordingly, a caution is needed to
maintain harmony and homogeneity between two
pronunciations to achieve the process of following. Or,
the structure of the word follower is changed to match its
peer followed word.The study has shown that Al-Qali was
the eldest in dealing with the formal aspect of the
phenomenon. He pointed to the idea of merging the last
letter in the subordinate and the follower, and compared it
with a stylistic, artistic, and acoustic characteristic, which
is included in the innate rhetoric, i.e., assonance. By that,
he has determined the most important formal acoustic
features of the rhythmic complex as represented by the
endings of the sequences, which have a musical rhythm.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of a
structural theory-based training program in enhancing the
teaching practices of Arabic language teachers teaching
grade ten in South Al Batinah in Sultanate of Oman. The
study used the quasi-experimental design, and the sample
consisted of 40 male and female teachers. To achieve the
objectives of the study, a training program, an observation
form and a measurement tool of teachers’ tendencies
towards a structural teaching were made. The program
was implemented with an experimental group of 20
female and male teachers in the first semester of the
academic year 2018/2019. The study has found that there
is a statistically significant difference between the average
grades before and after implementing the program, with
higher grades achieved after implementation. There has
also been no statistically significant difference between
the average grades in the post implementation phase due
to the social variable. The researcher recommended
organizing training courses for Arabic language teachers
to expand their knowledge of educational theories and
their applications in classroom teaching practices, and
benefiting from the structural teaching observation form
in educational supervision

This study aims to examine the technologies of
education and their importance, shedding light on their
reality and status in Sudan especially in the secondary
stage. It has become necessary to invest these
technologies and include them in different aspects of the
technical education curricula. Such a step helps cope with
the innovative scientific development in the advanced
countries, qualify professors and technicians, develop the
factories and workshops, and create an attractive technical
educational environment to the pupils. Thus, the
researcher has adopted a descriptive analytical approach
that is based on conducting pilot visits to certain technical
schools in Al-Khartoum state. Different aspects of such
schools were examined, such as: (crafts, commercial,
female technical). Moreover, some interviews were made
with a purposeful sample of headmasters and teachers of
schools, taking into account their notes and suggestions.
In addition, the technical education department at the
ministry of education was visited to stand upon the
workshops' recommendations and the scholarly papers
presented in the field of technical education in Sudan. The
study finally has concluded that the technical education in
Sudan needs much more focus on using modern
technology to cope with the scientific development of
curriculla, educators and different educational tools. In
addition, many parents do not encourage their children to
go for such a type of education as they ignore the value of
technical education.

The study aims to examine the estimation of a
sample of Palestinian University students in Gaza
governorate to the contribution of teaching human sciences
in their political education. It further aims to reveal whether
there are statistically significant differences at a significance
level (α≤ 0.05) between the averages of the sample. Such
differences might be attributed to the following variables:
sex, residential area, specialization. To achieve this, the
researcher used the descriptive approach by applying a tool
of (50) items on (618) randomly chosen male and female
students from the largest Palestinian universities in the
governorates of Gaza. Results have shown that: the overall
degree of estimation to the contribution of teaching human
sciences to political education was (68.43%), where the
fields culture and political self-components ranked first with
a relative weight of (72.09%), the fields awareness and
political participation ranked second with a relative weight of
(64.76%), and that there are no statistically significant
differences between the average scores of the sample's
estimates to the degree contribution of teaching human
sciences in Palestinian universities to political education.
That was due to the variables of residential area and gender.
However, differences were found due to the variable of
specialization in favor of (Sharia sciences). Finally, the
researcher recommended reformulating the contents of some
human sciences in Palestinian universities, including: the
problems of society, political awareness of the rights and
duties, and having care about the methods of teaching human
sciences that enhance the patriotism, such as the use of roleplaying, simulation )modeling .

The present study is concerned with the concept of
ethics academically. It aims to investigate the major
problems that contemporary Iraqi society suffers from; on
top of which is the problem of sectarian and religious
intolerance. Such a problem has a major role in the
emergence of extremism and terrorism. It further destabilizes
the security and stability of the country, exposing, as a result,
the lives of citizens to the danger of genocide, disintegrating
the social structure, stopping the wheel of development,
rampant corruption, and deteriorating the political, social,
moral and economic situation. Here comes the role of social
work as governmental institutions and civil society
organizations in curbing this reprehensible phenomenon in
the hope of overcoming it. Such a role is in conformity with
and implements the developmental, curative, preventive, and
ethical objectives of social work, especially in the areas of:
awareness, social construction unification, social peace, and
of spreading the ethics of tolerance and social justice. It
further helps to build the civil state, spreads the spirit of
citizenship, and the respect for laws. Moreover, it encourages
transforming the principles and human rights charters into a
practical and lived reality. The research also summarizes the
researcher’s philosophy of (humanity), stating that: it is a
single ethic for multiple cultures. It can be a base for actions
and relationships within the framework of the optimal
approach for the civil state, social work institutions, civil
society organizations, local and international bodies and for
departments working in the same direction. Such a
philoshophy leads to overcome the strenuous obstacles left
by sectarian and religious fanaticism in contemporary Iraqi
society

Social protection meets different aspects of the needs
of vulnerable groups, such as the economic, health,
education, and family relations and ties in the Iraqi society.
This is because vulnerable groups have suffered from social
and economic influences that have negative implications on
the social reality as a whole. Poverty is a case in point, which
paved the way to frequent setbacks that have led to social
structure instability. Accordingly, the present study aims to
examine the role and effect of the Net of Social Protection
Program in equally distributing social protection to curb or
mitigate any negative consequnces that might happen to the
poor segments and vulnerable people, who are succeptible to
shocks, such as: the orphans, unemployed, disabled and the
poor. Since such a step reduces poverty rates, the Ministry of
Labor and Social Affairs has sought through its social
protection network programs to achieve equality, the biggest
achievement to the country. Having examined the issue, the
researcher has found that there is no social justice in
distributing material guarantees to the poor or the people in
need. There are several individuals whose names are
registered in the lists of the people in need. Such names are
either fake or belong to people who do not really need such
aids. According the puposes behind the present aims are to:
maintain fairness in distributing cash collaterals for the
people who live below the poverty line in need, overcome
the difficulties of coping with the poor community, deal with
those people positively, and uplift them. The study has
concluded that the number of poor people is increasing in the
Iraqi society. Besides, such groups of people need to be
respected, severed and provided with a decent way of living.
All such rights are part and parcel of human rights.

The present research tackles a number of historical
facts and incidents with a purely legal dimension in an
important stage in the contemporary history of Iraq,
especially the era of the British occupation. This resulted
in innumerable social, political and legal problems,
particularily the judicial legislation problems in Iraq.
These legislations included a set of civil laws and in force
governmental procedures that will be discussed
historically by examining documents issued by the
Ministries of Justice and Interior Affairs in the
governments of monarchy for the period from 1921-to1958. The data of the present paper relied on the Iraqi
Library and Archives, (hence DKW). The study adopted
the narrative historical methodology when investigating
the judicial legislations in the royal era from 1921-to1958. The scale adopted was the contemporary
measurement and evaluation in the Iraqi contemporary
history. Finally, the results revealed that the history of the
penal procedures in the royal era was those multiple
attempts to reconcile between the two types of penal
procedures that represent the history of the relationship
between the individual and the state. Such legislations
were set according to the circumstances of each country
and to the level of its intellectual, social, political and
human development to serve primarily the interests of the
British occupation, and fulfill the desires of the
influential class in the royal era. Because these
legislations and laws were not based on modern scientific
theories, many people were wronged, including the
judicial authority and legal clerks who complained from
their implementation and their continual application on
Iraq for all this period

This present work adopts the analytic and
descriptive methodology to recognize and analyze the
major challenges faced by the Iraqi government. The
study focuses on the press and national partiers’ cabipility
of changing and unifying the opinions of the public in a
way that serves the Iraqi interest, taking into account the
fact that the press is the fourth authority after the three
major authorities, (Executive, Legislation and Judicial).
The researcher has concluded that the Iraqi press and
parties initiated a national front with the Iraqi people
against the government’s signature of the treaty of (1930).
The national front illustrated that signing the treaty
strengthens the authority of the British occupation upon
the national properties, and its internal and external
decisions within the political and economic fields.
Additionally, an obvious difference related to what has
been written in the Iraqi press has been noticed, where the
press represents the mirror of the policy and direction of
the political parties. However, at the end, their opinions
have been formulated in accordance with the benefits of
the country. The treaty has given the Iraqi government a
namely dependence after years of the British
mandate.The major conclusion of this paper shows the
effect of 10 newspapers on the public opinions. These
include the following: Al-Iraq Press, Al-Nahdha Iraqi
Press, Sada Al-Watan Press, and Sada Al-Istaqlal Press.
Each press wrote more than 8 articles, tackling the
negative side of the treaty. Further, they helped in
educating the Iraqi people about the risks, and the
negative impact of the treaty in limiting the freedom of
the Iraqi people

The current research focuses on examining the
isohyets in a set of (3) climatic maps of Iraq. Two of these
maps were published in the Iraq Climate Atlas and the
third one was published in an English source about the
geography of Iraq. The first map represents the period
from 1923-to-1944, the second is for the period from
1961-to-1990, whereas the third represents the period
from 1971-to-2000. Comparing among these three maps,
it has become clear that there are noticeable changes of
rain in Iraq. In the first map, which represents the decade
of the twenties, thirties and early forties, Iraq was located
between two Isohyet lines (127 mm) in the far south and
(1270 mm) in the far north. As for the second map, which
represents the sixties, seventies and eighties, Iraq became
between the Isohyet lines (100 and1000 mm). This means
that Iraq has lost (3) important rain lines, 1270,1134, and
1016mm. The third map, which represents the decade of
seventies, eighties and nineties, displayed another
important change where Iraq became between the Isohyet
lines (100 and 700 mm). This means that Iraq has lost
again (3) important Isohyet lines, representing by 800,
900, and1000 mm. This means that the annual rainfall in
Iraq is heading towards a gradual decline. On the other
hand, it has become clear that some of the equal rain lines
are constantly appearing on the map of Iraq; they
specifically include the following: (100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 600, and 700 mm)

Several problems have emerged as a result of urban
expansion or the connection of urban areas with rural
areas. This process has led to the urbanization of rural
areas, and to have overlapping edges and margins of areas,
which were outside the basic design of the city.
Accordingly, the present research assumes that the
accelerating growth of Baghdad population has contributed
significantly to the process of unplanned urbanization.
Thus, the study aims to examine the factors that have led to
an increase of urban sprawl at the expense of the
agricultural land. The study has thus adopted the
descriptive, analytical, and historical approaches relying on
the simple linear regression method to predict the
phenomenon of urban expansion and its impact on the
agricultural land. It has also included illustrative maps used
in the preparation of geographic information technology
(GIS).The study has concluded that the events of Iraq after
2003, the absence of legal rules, weak legislation, and the
successive large immigrations from the countryside to the
city have all led directly to a great increase in the process
of housing expansion at the expense of agricultural lands.
The research recommended the necessity of finding final
solutions to the problem of encroachment on agricultural
lands, establishing new and low-cost urban housing with
full facilities and services, simplifying the procedures of
building licensing, and reducing fees

Deixes belong to the field of both semantics and
pragmatics as they lie in the edge of these two fields.
Pragmatically, they are concerned with the relationship
between the structure of a language and the contexts. The
present work aims at analyzing the use of deixes using
Levinson’s (1983) and Yule's (1996) concept of deixes,
where the latter maintained that the referents of the deixes
cannot be realized apart from the context where they are
used. He added that the contextual information of certain
utterances involves information about the participants (the
speaker and the addressee), the time and the place.
Consequently, a qualitative- descriptive approach has been
adopted to meet the objective of the study which reads,
“examining the 1st and 2nd person deixes in two of Pound’s
lyrics ‘Girl’ and ‘A Virginal’. The study has revealed that
knowledge about context affects the manifestation of the
referents of deixes and uncovers the ambiguity of
understanding the poetic extracts. Pragmatically speaking,
the referents of the pronouns cannot be detected in
isolation from the context where they are used. It has also
been found that the context and the interpretation of the
literary text can help in determining the referents of the
deixes in terms of person, number and gender. Finally, a
great relation appears when the referent of the deixis is
realized in accordance with its context.

Language is a vehicle for social values and ideologies
that a man intends or attempts to express. Dramatic texts
are one of the discursive practices that embody values and
ideologies. What is expressed in dramatic text is deliberate
because it is meant to affect other’s values, trends and
ideologies in one way or another. Such ideologies and
values are not explicit. To bring them out requires putting
language under scrutiny to unveil what is implied. The
present study attempts to analyze a dramatic script entitled
Advice to Iraqi Women by the British playwright Martin
Crimp in an attempt to unveil the intended political
ideologies underlying the text. The title reflects a political
aspect embedded in the word “Iraqi” that brings to the
mind the war broken out there at that time.
Notwithstanding that the script is written in such an
unusual manner that appears to the reader or the spectator
to be domestic, familiar and free from any political
indications. The model adopted in the analysis of Crimp’s
theatrical piece is that of van Dijk’s macro and
microstructure analysis within critical discourse analysis.
Results have manifested the political ideologies that the
writer intends to convey. He attempted to bridge a gap and
render the English society to be associated emotionally
with the repercussions of the remote war by amalgamating
what is familiar with what is unfamiliar.