Adab AL Rafidayn

The present study investigates the kinds of the fruitful trees on the paintings in the Assyrian Art and their artiste style. The significance of the study lies in highlighting the history of cultivating these trees in Iraq and economic and nutritive benefits for the vitamins they contain that necessary for human health Similarly, it lies also in showing their importance in wood industry and manufacturing doors, windows, safa and chairs . These trees also share in decorating and framing the reliefs. The relaxant panoramas also reflect the abundance of these trees in the country like: olive, grape, fig, apple, and soon . In addition to palm tree which the oldest tree in Iraq. The study also uncovers that the ancient Iraqis were fond of cultivating lash green gardens around their palace and temples with various types of fruits, vegetables and flowers especially in the Assyrian era.

Bin Bin is the stone that takes the shape of a pyramid and situated on a high stone mass, the sides of which were inscribed with hieroglyphic inscriptions. It was put in middle of sun temple in the Heliopolis, the center of worshipping Ra, god which is Known as a Stella. Bin Bin means “glittering” in hieroglyphic which refers to sun rays reflected on the top of this pointed stone.

The topic of modern urban sociology is tackled too much. But, on the level of Arab thought, it was not so, Here, the importance of dealing with Al-Maqrizi thought comes to characterize some features of this thought . Whatever the effort is given by research, there will be sings illuminate the way for those who want to elaborate on discussing this subject within this framework the conclusions attained by the research could by summarized in the following points: 1.The main objective of this research is to prove the features of Al-Maqrizi thought then the research would be realized.2.We can deal with so many historical books to explore so much features of the science .3.Al-Maqrizi wrote (the book: Al-Mawa'eth Wa Al-E'etibar bi dhikr Al-Kutat wa Al-Athar) which is also called as (Al-Kutat Al-Maqriziya). He wrote this book according to a methodical construction he has precisely limited it and

The aim of the research is to be acquainted with the house hold's authority nature in Tilkaif district. The research has come up with several results and the most important one is to allow the wife to participate in the family's affairs concerning with buying particular stuff from the market, going to visit the relatives or the entertaining trips. Also to allow her to participate in solving the family's problems especially the problems concerning marriage. It is she to be consulted when one of the sons is going to get married. Sons are also allowed to participate in resolving the problems in the family (except the private problems of the father of the family). They ever to be given the freedom to determine their future by joining on these studies and choosing the job they like and giving their opinion in marrying their brothers and sisters.In addition, the research has come up with that the Tilkaifion paterfamilies balance between hardness and tenderness in treating their sons, therefore, the pattern of the authority in the Talkaifian family is the democratic pattern.

The research aims at taking care with the handicapped and helping them to exploit their abilities and talents. It emphasizes that not every one lost one of his parts becomes disabled, for he still has other talents to be discovered, developed and exploited in suitable jobs and crafts. All he needs is training that suits his abilities. The research aims also at restoring the handicapped their social, physical and mental status to the extent that enables them to use their talents. The research concludes with the result that vocational rehabilitation is one of the regulative and comprehensive factors that enable the handicapped to adapt himself socially and economically to his society through providing him with vocational training that suits his talents, faculties and abilities, and offering him a job. This turns him in to a productive and self-independent individual

The international political scene after september 11 indicates a radical change in the interests of the American Administration towards wold hot issues including Sudan's issues and crises especially the peace issue. However, the Anerican position as to visions, attitudes and methods of achieving this goals is controversial. This reflects the unvividness of the American position towards Sudan's issues and crises and even the future of Sudan.
It is an attempt in this paper to figure out the American pragmatism and the factors behind the issuing of the Sudan peace Law in 2005.

یمکننا القول ان مسألة العدل وفق المفهوم الإسلامی تعد بحد ذاتها نظاما قضائیا متکاملا عالج جمیع نواحی الحیاة المختلفة الدینیة منها والسیاسیة والاقتصادیة والاجتماعیة … ، وان مسألة العدل کانت احدى العوامل الأساسیة التی اسهمت فی انتشار الإسلام ، لان مفهوم العدل عند المجتمعات السابقة للاسلام ـ ومنها العربیة ـ لم یکن له محددات ومعاییر ثابتة وواضحة فهی تختلف باختلاف الزمان والمکان فضلا عن الاوضاع الاجتماعیة والاقتصادیة والسیاسیة، وهناک مسألتان اساسیتان اکد علیها القران الکریم واللتان میزتا الإسلام عن بقیة الأدیان والتشریعات السابقة واللاحقة له ، الاولى ان العدل یعنی الحکم بما انزل الله تعالى وهذا یعنی الرجوع إلى القانون الالهی فی سیاسة الناس وفض الخصومات، لا على القوانین والتشریعات التی وضعها البشر ، وبذلک یکون تطبیق العدل واجبا شرعیا یجب على جمیع المسلمین الالتزام به، والثانیة هی ان العدل یشمل جمیع الناس مسلمین وغیر مسلمین لا کما فی التشریعات الأخرى التی یشمل عدلها ـ ان وجد ـ اقوامها فحسب ، ولذلک التجأ کثیر من الناس من غیر المسلمین إلى القضاء الإسلامی لعلمهم بما یحققه لهم من عدالة ترضی جمیع الاطراف، فکم ترک الیهود والنصارى والمجوس رهبانیهم وقساوستهم وموابذتهم والتجأوا إلى قضاة المسلمین لفض الخصومات التی کانت تقع بینهم .

The book of "Wafiyat Al-A'yan wa Anba Abna' Azzman" is considered as one of the famous book in biographies which was well-known all over the world. The book contains biographies of the major famous scholars from different social classes. It covers a large area from Iraq and many other eastern and western countries. It's author is Ahmed bin Mohammad bin Ibrahim bin Khallikan who was one of the outstanding historian in the field biography. The sources of the study of bin Khallikan are of the Andalusian writings uncover historical importance. Because. It is regarded as an attempt to know and recognize all the names of the great men on which bin Khallikan depended that he mentioned in his biographies. The research, also, tackles the arrangement of the Andalusian writings which were the source of bin Khallikan in his book. It was arranged according to the chronological order of the death of the author.

Luther played an influential role in the religious reformation in Germany where he was interested in Studying the different intellectual currents prevalent in his age such as mysticism, and the human philosophy.
Luther’s revolution was not a normal one against corrupt rule or bad social situation. But rather, it was a revolution against a thelogic system that lost its credibility. Luther concluded from his religious readings that the Christians could not gain salvation thanks to their personal efforts but through a mercy from God for they believe in Him. This conclusion pushed him to reject some basic principles and beliefs in Catholic Church. So Luther distinguished himself in Christian history, for he was the man who saved the Christians from the papal au-thorities and brought them back to the freedom of religion. Luther himself led the schism that lasted in America, Britian and Germany up till the presentday.

The topic deals with the rights relating to the subjects who were belonging to the Assyrian kingdom in its new period is regarded as one of the important subject which helps to understand and recognize the originality of services and law which reflect the long shot run by the Assyrian kingdom in services and administration advancement which aimed at arrangement life of society members, and discipline of their behaviors which serve the interests of the society, and guarantee the rights of the individual.
According, the research aims at studying the nature of duties and services entrusted to the kingdom as to its subjects.
Consequently, this research has been divided into four axes namely:
Firstly / security axis which imposes safety and discipline.
Secondly/Lawful axis which spreads out justice and application of law.
Thirdly/Economic axis is for securing the sources needed for livelihood.
Fourth/ Services axis, the aim of which is to serve relating routes of transpirations and communications.

The research is a serious attempt in Arab discourse aims at investigating the Holy Quran to study a large linguistic material where real and figurative meanings appear in the uses of the Arabs. A contextual and linguistic structure that specifies the pronunciation also appear in it. The origin in all uses and structures are studied in this paper.The reasearch has come up with impotant conclusions. The most important conclusion is that the Holy Quran has the ability of expressing a word to convey Islamic images and meanings. Simiarly it states stating a proverb is an effective way in giving lessons and morals.

This paper deals will some verses in “Surat Al-Humaza” in Quran. It rackes different styles in this Sura mainly which deal with form and meaning, the aesthetic and artistic sides of these styles. Finally it gives the reader a good idea of the rhetoric values of these aspects of the Sura.

Correlative condition could be realized by a verb as in: إن تأتنی اتک ) / lit: if you corne, I will. It also could be connected with Faa’ like: ان تأتنی فانا صاحبک /lit: if you come then lam you friend. In this case the Correlative Condition sentence is free from Faa or Waw. The reason is that essentially this type of sentences is realized by a verb refers to future. Similarly it is essentially realized by a verb suitable to be put in conditional case, if it comes so, then no need to be annexed with Faa. There are many cases in which Correlative Condition sentence is joined with Faa like the following cases:• Nominal sentence whether it is introduced by negation particle or not like the following verse in the Glorious Quran:(إِنْ یَنْصُرْکُمُ اللَّهُ فَلا غَالِبَ لَکُمْ وَإِنْ یَخْذُلْکُمْ فَمَنْ ذَا الَّذِی یَنْصُرُکُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَعَلَى اللَّهِ فَلْیَتَوَکَّلِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ) (آل عمران:160)If Allah helps you, none can overcome you: If He forsakes you, who is there, after that, that can help you? in Allah, then, Let believers put their trust.• The past form in form and in meaning as in :(قَالَ هِیَ رَاوَدَتْنِی عَنْ نَفْسِی وَشَهِدَ شَاهِدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا إِنْ کَانَ قَمِیصُهُ قُدَّ مِنْ قُبُلٍ فَصَدَقَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ الْکَاذِبِینَ * وَإِنْ کَانَ قَمِیصُهُ قُدَّ مِنْ دُبُرٍ فَکَذَبَتْ وَهُوَ مِنَ الصَّادِقِینَ) (یوسف:26 - 27) He said : "It was she that sought to seduce me -from my (true) self. " And one of her household saw (this) and bore witness, (thus):- "If it be that his shirt is rent from the front, then is her tale true, and he is a liar!• The present form joined with amplification letters (Seen and Sawfa) as in :(یَا أَیُّهَا الَّذِینَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِکُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلا یَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ عَیْلَةً فَسَوْفَ یُغْنِیکُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ إِنْ شَاءَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِیمٌ حَکِیمٌ) (التوبة:28) O ye who believe! Truly the Pagans are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise.• Request sentence which includes (order, negation, invocation, interrogation and so on as the imperative form in the following example:(قُلْ إِنْ کُنْتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِی یُحْبِبْکُمُ اللَّهُ وَیَغْفِرْ لَکُمْ ذُنُوبَکُمْ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِیمٌ) (آل عمران:31) O ay: "If ye do love Allah, Follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merci

The present study deals with Quranic nouns which have the root (فـُعُل) (fu’ul). They have the formula of the bare triple noun. The number of words which have this formula are 19 arranged alphabetically for convenience so that the study can appear in the form of a Quranic semantic lexicon for a category of Quranic words namely:
((أ ُذ ُن، اُفـُق، اُكـُل، ثـُلـُث، ثـُمُن جُرُف، حُبُك، حـُلـُم، خـُمُس، رُبُع، سُدُس، ظـُفـُر، عُمُر، عُنـُق، فـُرُط، قـُبُل، قـُدُس، نـُزُل، نـُصُب))
The major finding of the study is that the classification of words which have this root by grammarians in to nouns and adjectives may only apply to part of the category. However, some words which are dealt with in this paper have both functions of nouns and adjectives with a priority of one to another.

Al-Azhari is Muhammed bin Ahmed bin Abu Mansur Al-harawi Al-Shafii, the linguist. He was born in (282) A. H. in Hurat, one of the famous Khurasan's cities. He brought up in it and received science from its old men and scientists. He also became famous in philology and Hadith. However, he skilled in linguistics and even a number of his translators introduced him as a linguist in identifying him. His fame in philology come after his fame in linguistics. He is one of the four leaders of language, who are agreed on their favour, knowledge and authenticity with them. He is an authority of what he transfers of Arab speech.
One of his famous old men is Al-Husein bin Idris, Abu Ali Al-Ansari Al-harawi (died in 301 A. H.), Abdul-allah bin Aurua Al-harawi (died in 311 A. H.), Abu Al-Qasim Abdul-allah bin Muhammed bin Al-murzaban Al-bagdawi (died in 317) and others. He taught many students who became famous leaders such as Junada bin Muhammed bin Al-Husein Al-Harawi (died in 399 A.H.) Abu Aubied bin Ahmed bin Muhammed Al-Harawi Al-shafii (died in 401 A.H.), Abu-Alhasan Ali bin Muhammed Al-Harawi (died in 429 A.H.), Istaq bin Abi Ishaq Al-Qrab (died in 429 A.H.), Abu Othman Al-Quraishi Al-Harawi (died in 433 A.H.), Abu-Thar Abed bin Ahmed Al-Harawi Al-Ansari (died in 434 A.H.) and others.
Al-Azhari had left a huge scientific literature in various fields. His famous books are:
(Correction of the language), (The flourised in strange words of Al-shafii), (The readings and faults of the grammarians.) which named (Faults of Readings).
His book (Meaning of Readings) which is the field of our investigation beside his other books are witness of his wide-experience and knowledge in the language. Al-Azhari tackled in this book the meaning of the seven known readings that are readings of Ibn Amer (died in 118 A.H.), Ibn Kather (died in 120 A.H.) Asim (died in 127 A.H.), Abi Amru (died in 154 A.H), Hamza (died 156 A.H), Nafia (died in 169 A.H.) and Al-Kisai (died in 189 A.H.), adding to it reading of Ya'aqubi Al-hadhrami (died in 205 A.H.), explaining what is related with the meaning of each reading in phonology, morphology, grammar and semantics. The linguist sections varied in this book. The grammatical sections have their clear importance in grammatical interpretation which is considered obvious phenomenon in Al-azhari's book (Meaning of Readings) and this is the subject of this research which will concern with.

We are obliged first of all, to refer that our research marked (Quranic Recitations in Ibn Hisham’s book “Sharh Qatrual Nada wa Balul Sada”, A Grammactial study) is free of any justification to Quranic Recitations of which Ibn Hisham had presented his attitude because we have set a specific section for that subject. In addition, our method has depended upon choosing Recitation that have an Arabizing problem. Also we may have been obliged to mention one Recitation and any other one because Ibn Hisham did not mention others. We have drawn out the names of reciters who had recited with the mentioned Recitations out of their original resources.
Our research falls into two chapters. The first has been entitled (Arabizing explanation) in which we have presented the most important Quranic Recitations whether they are frequent or irregular. As the recite of (یرثنی) and (یرث) are recited in nominative and jussive cases Similarly the irregular Recitation (رب) is recited in a nominative case. We have studied the justification of these Recitations by explaining schollars’ opinions in this matter. We may have an opinion that we have proved at the end of every grammatical problem. The second chapter came under the title (Grammatical Explanation). In this chapter, Recitations are as multiple as the grammatical explanation in Arabic because explanation can be achieved by omission, advancing and delaying, empty morphs and implicitness etc. Among these mentioned explanations is the explanation by omission. One of its forms is the omission of the noun as in (حین) in nominative case. The omission of letters as in (یرسل) and (یا مال), explanation by advancing and delaying as (البر) in objective case and explanation by empty morph as (لیخرجن). We have referred to the term (empty morph) and its semantics in terminology at the beginning of our speech. We have mentioned that Ibn Hisham had refused to use terms in his books other than (Sharh Qatrul Nada) but he had contradicted in his very book that we study.

This studies aims at identifying and summarizing The importance of the International Standard (Z39.50) as a systematic Standard that make the Intercommunication between the different systems within one utility possible. The study also identify the concept of (Z39.50) with its historical background, uses, importance and future

The present study sheds light on electronic trading and economic espionage Electronic commerce is a complete chain of operations and channels of selling distributing and marketing porducts by electronic means.
Electronic commerce is spread all over the world via internet and electronic commumications. This kind of cemmerce has succeded because of the developpement of technology and the increasing number of markets. To add, nowadays, we witness the birth of economic espionage.

This study explore the obstacles that hinder the work of those working outside governmental establishments after the occupation of Iraq by the American forces. The study reveals and diagnoses a group of security, professional and economical obstacles that retard the freelance work and consequently impose a social effects before the workers, as well as their effects on the developmental process. The study depends on the social surveying by taking a random samples.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that similarities in the use of words for parts of the human body in language do exist in both Syriac and English though they belong to completely different families, viz. Semitic and Germanic, respectively. The researcher assumes that differences in the use of such words do not always arise from the language determinacy on how people see the world around, but from the cultural needs and the context in which such words are used. Therefore, the transferred meanings of the words for parts of the human body in Spoken Syriac depends on the language user's ability to decide (through his cultural and social background knowledge and experience ) to decide what is in the language and what is in the world.
One of the conclusions that this study comes up with is that the linguistic as well as the pragmatic contexts are among the main determinant factors behind accurate identification of different meanings of words for parts of the human body.

It is worth noting that William Golding's post-war story Lord of the Flies (1954) is a parody of R. M. Ballantyne's The Coral Island (1857) in which a number of boys are placed on an island and their behaviour is disciplined, in that they never change or deteriorate neither physically nor morally. But Golding wants to prove in his novel that what happens in The Coral Island is quite unrealistic. Golding is concerned with the violence in human nature. Golding's boys revert to primitive savagery because evil controls and guides their behaviour. J. S. Ryan notes that Golding's novel deals with the "inward realities, the inalienable violence in human nature, the responsibilities of organizing a society, and the failure of rational behaviour (symbolized in Ralph). The main theme of Lord of the Flies, as James R. Hurt says, is the deflation of English national egotism. The novel, he adds, "neatly punctures the myth of English schoolboy innocence celebrated by Ballantyne's hearty, wholesome The Coral Island .

This paper is an attempt to shed light on some of the rhetorical devices and styles used in al-Fātiha: the opening sūra of the Glorious Qurān with a discussion of the problems involved in their translating from Arabic into English.
The study aims at investigating the use of these devices and showing whether the translators were able to render them appropriately into English.
In order to achieve the above aims, the study hypothesizes that: the effective style of rhetoric which is restricted to a number of stylistic devices such as metaphor, foregrounding and deferment and disjoining, etc. used in al-Fātiha, poses serious problems for translators who seek to translate them accurately, also there is no one-to-one correspondence between these devices in Arabic and English.
The hypotheses will be tested through different renditions of seven translators.
The study concludes that there is no one-to-one correspondence between al-Fātiha and its English versions as well as the multiplicity of meanings of the verses. The suitable rendering can be given by conveying the meaning rather than finding the equivalence.

The concept of Idiosyncratic Expression shows the special characteristic that distinguishes the writer's style or way of speaking or expressing his ideas. In dealing with style and particularly the way of expressing the ideas of the person, one has directly or indirectly shown his true . personality. Idiosyncratic Expression starts from using the language in expressing any idea the person wants to elucidate. The style involves the way or method of explaining a thought to others. In order to communicate with others, language is usually the most appropriate tool of communication such as the gestures, facial expression and any other movement. Yet language remains the superior one. In order to differentiate this writer from that one, we try to elucidate Idiosyncrasy which usually expresses a special type or characteristic of writing.
Idiosyncratic expression starts from explaining a dream or stating a dream. The way of stating a dream to others is a beginning of idiosyncrasy. Then . we move to stylisticians who state that the stylistic analysis expresses the writer's personality. The display of different stylisticians supports the idea of idiosyncrasy , because we need more scholarship and more intelligent scholarship, centered on the main problem which arise in the study of literature both as an art and as an expression of culture .
In order to start the explanation of the topic, we start with Freud's understanding of dreams.
Dreams usually provide the main way to the unconscious. A dream consists of two things: the "late content" that is the raw material of the dream itself and the "manifest content" which we remember of the dream after we wake up. Freud insisted that what a person interested in the dream was the way the chaotic raw material was transformed into a coherent piece of event or events

In the United States, a group of novels like Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) and Herman Melville's Moby Dick (1851) are remarkably complete embodiments of the symbolic form, written as they were at a time of flourishing American optimism, materialistic expansion, and sentimentalism in fiction.
Presumably the central drive in The Scarlet Letter is directed towards an attempt at inquiring the tragic phase of human conjecture, involving of course the skilful portrayal and interaction of characters and done through the inner organisms of image, polysemy and symbol. These indeed constitute the complex architecture meant for clarifying and objectification of that condition. The main character of the novel is Hester Prynne, a young married woman who has borne an illegitimate child, Pearl, while living away from her husband in a village in Puritan New England. The husband, Roger Chillingworth, arrives in New England to find his wife pilloried and made to wear the letter 'A' (meaning adulteress) in scarlet on her dress as a punishment for her illegal affair and for her refusal to reveal the name of the child's father. Chillingworth becomes obsessed with finding the identity of his wife's former lover. He learns that Hester's lover is a saintly young minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth then proceeds to revenge himself by mentally tormenting the guilt-stricken young man. Hester herself is revealed to be a compassionate and splendidly self - reliant heroine who is never truly repentant for the act of adultery committed with the minister; she feels that their act was consecrated by their deep love for each other. Hester's sense of sin is incomplete; her inspirited individualism insists (as she tells her lover) that what they did had a consecration of its own. The resulting conflict in her heart and mind is never resolved, and, although it does not destroy her, she lives out her life in gray and tragic isolation. In the end Chillingworth is morally degraded by his monomaniac pursuit of revenge and Dimmesdale is broken by his own sense of guilt and publicly confesses his adultery before dying in Hester's anus. Only Hester can face the future optimistically, as she plans to ensure the fortune of her beloved little girl by taking her to Europe

Plusieurs tendances littéraires sont nées au cours du XXè siècle. Certains écrivains tâchent d'exprimer leurs experiences vécues particulièrement ceux qui ont séjourné en dehors de leurs pays. Leur séjour à l'étranger leur offre une bonne occasion de rédiger des oeuvres dans lesquelles retentit la resonance de leurs experiences. Notre recherche aborde deux écrivains célèbres au XXè siècle notamment Albert Camus et Thomas Edward Lawrence. Nous mettons la lumière sur leurs oeuvres respectives L'Etranger et Les sept piliers de la sagesse. Il est important de definir Lawrence en tant qu'écrivain et il convient de le séparer de l'histoire afin de mieux le comprendre. Ainsi, nous abordons Lawrence comme un héros ou comme un personnages imaginaire qui joue de différents rôles littériares dans son livre. Nous discutons également Les sept piliers de la sagesse comme une oeuvre d'art ayant les traits caractéristiques du genre romanesque. Certes, l'Etranger et Les sept piliers de la sagesse comportent quelques resemblances et aussi quelques thèmes similaires. Et plus précisément notre recherche est consacrée au thème de l'indifférence qui est maintenu tout au long de ces deux oeuvres précitées.

Tout d’abord, nous ne pouvons pas dire que l’utilisation de l’amour dans la littérature est considérée comme une technique nouvelle car son usage remonte à l’antiquité grecque et même beaucoup plus ancienne. Certains écrivains l’utilisent pour exprimer librement leurs souffrances et leurs maux, d’autres écrivains ont recours à cette technique littéraire parce qu’ils la trouvent comme un moyen aussi efficace que pratique pour transmettre leurs propres idées.
Nous pouvons également souligner que cette technique est utilisée aussi bien dans la poésie et le théâtre que dans le roman. Mais le problème subsiste dans le roman parce que le romancier est en mesure d’utiliser plusieurs espèces d’amour. Et par conséquent, le lecteur se trouve dans une situation embarrassante.
Si nous prenons le repère chronologique du XIXe siècle, de l’affirmation du réalisme français avec des écrivains comme Gustave Flaubert puis comme Emile Zola, Stendhal peut être considéré comme précurseur d’un mouvement qui sera plus tard théorisé et conceptualisé. Le réalisme n’est pas seulement un mouvement, mais aussi une école littéraire nouvelle à cette époque-là. Les écrivains qui appartiennent à cette école tentent de prendre leurs sujets dans la vie contemporaine, ils cherchent à donner une image fidèle de la vie et à reproduire la réalité telle qu’ils la voient.

Every single meaningful oral or written statement is made in a particular situation or context for a particular purpose in order to understand its purpose and respond to it, therefore , it is necessary to know about the situation in which the statement is made . Knowing about the situation is what is meant by contextual orientation. Contextual orientation cannot be escaped in foreign language teaching and learning. Wilkins (1972:144) says that situation could be applied to circumstances where observable features are recognizable even without reference to the language that is produced, Situation is important because it has possible applications to language teaching. Language is used in situations like buying a railway ticket, ordering a meal or making introductions. The context of situation is used as a technical term to mean the situation which serves as an appropriate environment for a given piece of language .
There are certain ways of using language which are appropriate to one situation than another. People feel embarrassed when language is used inappropriately. On the other hand, some humours are based on the deliberate borrowing of language features from one context to another which shows the relationship between language and situation. Certain situations lead us to expect a certain kind of language and when language does not meet our expectation we may be surprised, offended, amused or puzzled.