Adab AL Rafidayn

Iraq is the Cradle of one of few original civilizations in the world. This fact is indicated by the archaeological finds that resulted from the excavations since the mid of nineteenth century. These excavations came out with tens of hundreds of Cuneiform texts inscripted on clay and stone tablets. These tablets, in turn, reflects many aspects of ancient Iraqi civilization. Foreign scholars embarked on studying these antiquities. It is significant to know that many of the texts read have a great similarity with what mentioned in the Old – Testament. This fact is elucidated by tens of papers and studies in foreign Languages along with very few number in Arabic.
Up till now, most of the studies are not entitled with ‘Iraq’, but rather they are with some foreign names or with ancient names like Greek term “Mesopotamia”. This term has been translated into “the land between the two rivers” It is the most commonly used term. However, most of Iraqis do not know exactly what is meant by this term, viz, “Mesopotomia” let alone the ancient names like “Babel”, “Assur”, “Sumer” and so on.
Moreover, Akkadian and Summerian texts were and still are written in Latin and translated into foreign Languages. They introduced exsotic information about ancient history of Iraq. These text use biblical names of the rulers and kings of ancient Iraq.
Adopting such approach in dealing with history of ancient Iraq has religious and ethnic implications. A case like this isolates the present Iraq from its ancient history. Therefore, it is our responsibility to adopt pure Iraqi school that bases on solid scientific grounds in studying our ancient history and in writing its ancient Languages in Arabic Alphabet.

Tragic vision is not a new subject to William Wordsworth particularly when we know that he has an experience in composing a tragedy called The Borderers. This tells us that his experience in presenting some tragic poem called "The Ruined Cottage" is not a surprise. Thus, of all the themes expressed by Wordsworth in this poem, the tragic vision perhaps remains the most dominant. It appears throughout the story of the poem. Its subject, though has been bewildering to the readers of Wordsworth, provokes an interesting flavour to their taste. Therefore, we notice the tragic vision is clear in this particular poem although he passed a long life in a quiet place among the mountains of the Lake District.
Wordsworth's great narrative poems, like "Michael", "The Idiot Boy", and "The Ruined Cottage", are about people whose love for each other threatens to make them not see anything else. They are all ambivalent towards the value of living. Although there are differences in the structure, tone and plot, still they debate the paradox in the human being.
In "The Ruined Cottage", which is centered on a broken home, Margaret, the heroine of the poem, is confined to a place which seems to exclude the possibilities of values which still survive. Yet she shows the sense of loss to which her vision of the world is reduced and makes her vision tragic in the sense that it is gloomy, sad and finally ends in the death of some of the characters especially the heroine. It is by no means the action of the story of Margaret that relates the tragic vision, but the atmosphere of the poem confirms the sad and gloomy attitude of Margaret as well. So "the desire for death in the relatively free form of blank verse appears through the poet's control of feeling and atmospherev” (2) Generally this is an indication that feeling generates form when referring to the poem. K.R. Johnston also approves the tragic vision and suffering idea of the poem when he says that the story of Margaret, the purest of Wordsworth's art, uses inferences to the suffering stories successfully.

This paper studies the relationship between the intellectual tendency and the political trends in the Akkadian period. The study depends on the type and style of the architecture of palaces in general and the reasons of Akkadian interests in particular.
It also studies the influence of this in tellectual tendency on the designing element of palace and the reasons behind using each of them in a way that serves the Akkadian Imperial intellect. The paper employs the designs and architecture of unearthed Akkadian palaces for architecture is an important cultural aspect through those periods. It is a creative art that reflects man’s designing concepts revealing his Personality.

The research dealt with a critical analysis of two short stories, the first by Henry James "The Beast in the Woods", and the second by Stephen Crane's "The Blue Hotel". Both stories present many forms of psychological fear and terror that dominate both heroes in the two stories, and the research sheds light on the depths of the human psyche, including its secrets and mysteries.

This research deals with the emotional and expressive aspects arising from the stylistic use of lexical vocabulary and emotional expressions, as well as the possibility of translating such expressions, behind the same stylistic equivalents, and reproducing the same effect of the recipient in the target language, and the stylistic and linguistic tools that indicate The speaker's emotional behavior, however, needs more thorough and systematic investigation.

Personal characteristics and qualities play a pivotal role in determining leamers' success or failure in foreign languages. The present paper attempts to shed light on the relation between the date of birth and interest in English. It sets out of three hypotheses: (1) learners whose horoscopes include characteristics and qualities that indicate more inclination to education, (2) learners bom in the relaxing months and (3) learners born in the cold months, are all supposed to have more interest in English than their counterparts who do not have such characteristics and qualities or are not born in the relaxing months. To test the preceding hypotheses, records of 142 male and female students at the Department of English / College of Arts have been looked through so as to check their dates of birth
It has been found out that (1) horoscopes do not play that crucial role in determining students' interest in English, (2) students born in the relaxing months, namely April and October do not necessarily have more interest in English, and (3) a noticeable percentage of the sample, almost 46% was found to be bom in the cold months in comparison to just (38%) who were bom in the hot months, a finding that tallies with other researchers' findings stated in the section on the "Review of Related Literature" of the present paper..

Ancient Iraqi laws, among which is with out definite article and some other cuneiform texts refer accidentally to the social classes the ancient Iraqi community consisted of. Some resources see that class differentiation among ancient community individuals, except the slaves, could be traced back to the pennunsula peoples. Their judgement is based on what was mentioned in the ancient Babylonian laws, the first of which is the code of Hammorabi. Many articles of the code included various judgements, and example of these include the inequity of social classes. The law viewed the social classes as non- equal within a political organization united by force. Although Iraqi legislators confirmed on justice in their legislation’s, but they, in general, discriminated among the slaves and non-slaves. They even discriminated among non-slaves and divided them in to what is called awilim and muškánum. The individual rights and duties and kind of punishment differed according to the class he/she belonged to, as this was clearly stated in the code of Hammurabi. The term awilim was translated by some researchers as a man, a master or a free man, If so, awilim refer to someone important whether he was head of a family or leader of an economic unit. The term muškéum is an ambigious one and still under research. Some researchers say that it refers to some one poor, but this does not mean that he is economically poor, or article (8) of the code of Hammurabi states. These two terms are difficult to be included in a limited one according to the circumstances of the ancient Iraqi community.

This research summarizes the relation between nature and man’s creation according to mythology of ancient nations especially those who had civilization before others, Mesopotamia for example. This question is discussed in detail. The ancient myths indicate that man is “the son of the earth” and he is from its mud. Then the revealed religions came to confirm this fact throughout the heavenly books like the holy Quran and the Torat. In the Glorious Quran some verses mention this fact. Finally , modern science agrees with this analysis and we find kind of agreement between the ancient mythology and creed and with what science proves to be true.

This analytical study seeks to explain the real life of all societies (whether big or small). Similarly, it explains the real life of some individuals as far as the physical strength is concerned. The researcher finds that it is important to conduct the analysis with the help of sufficient literature on peyehology philosophy and anthropology.
Thoughout the analysis, the researcher depends on sociobog. Essentially, Sociology aims at identifying the relationship between the socialist thought that is to say the principle of strength on the one hand and the socialist reality (i. e. the behaviour that results from that strength) on the other.

This research deals with a number of semantic problems in the Qur’an that pose a challenge to translators. It has been shown that the limitations of translating the Qur’an lie in a number of Qur’anic expressions that lack their counterparts in the language of the translated language. These limitations are due to a number of factors, including the translator's knowledge of the cultural context and the linguistic system of the translated language.

This research studies the impact of socio-cultural Globalization on family arganization, from all sides:
structural, functional, social roles, and responsibility towards the world. It also, studies the Globalization’s effects on family’s value and other social systems in society.
Globalization will leave deep prints on the whole social structure, to mention its effects on a family’s structure in its values, knowledge, and ethical organization. Firally we will notice the changes towards happermed in recent future, regarding parent’s behavior specially their kids. A case which will change the way of social organization and its objectives.

Interest in the study of human language and its relationship with other human sciences is increasing daily, so our research came to study the two words: (Abu and Umm) in the classical Arabic language, as well as in the dialect of the people of Mosul, and what these two terms indicate different meanings and connotations when added to other words, and we adopted in We discussed this on what was mentioned in folk proverbs in the dialect of the people of Mosul, on texts and dictionaries in the Arabic language, and the different connotations in them for these two words, as well as the schemes and ideas of linguists, foreigners and Arabs regarding the connotations of words in different texts, and their relationship in the context of the situation, and we concluded Our research has proven that it contains most of the expressions in which the words (Abu and Umm) are mentioned in Mosuliya proverbs, and literary texts in Arabic dictionaries.

Violence is one of the living being behavior and on of its features. It is as old as the human being existence. But Its Increase has formed a social phenomenon which threatens security, safety and settlement of individuals. Many Held studies indicated the spread of violence in Iraqi society, which has many different shapes, is of a high degree. Hence, this research aims al identifying the causes of the increasing of the mentional phenomenon in society. After recognizing the nation of violence, specifying its most wide-spread types, studying numerous sociological and psychological theories, which has interpreted this phenomenon; I have came to conclusion that the violence due to synchronic internal and foreign factors. Such factors jointly and actively increased this phenomenon emerging it evidently in the Iraqi society during the last two decades.
The natural environment and its difference has created dissimilarity in the nature of the social behavior.
Moreover. the social subdual in which Iraqis have lived under the suppression of the invasion. This invasion has shaped a social structure that lives in the crisis of violence However according to the researchers point of view, the most important factor which finalized this phenomenon and participated in increasing it so clearly are the situational factors. Namely those made by the was and its consequences on the individual and on society. In addition to the terrible consequences made by unjust embargo such as the unadjustable inflation and unemployment joblessness.
This case of unemployment had a grave effects on creating changes in the social policy of the country. It has been accompanied by the decrease of the governmental spending on the services sector and the social welfare. Moreover there were many changes in the virtues and conventions which participated in making the social behavior violate the rules that organized it. Consequently, they fell into the circle the increasing violence.

The narrative repetition is a distinctive feature of Margaret's style of novelist Dora, as it contributes to strengthening the idea directed to the recipient and in showing the poeticity of the vocabulary and musicality of the archives. After we applied the narrative repetition relations of the critic Gerard Genet to the aforementioned novel, it became clear to us that Dora had taken from repeated fiction one of its basic techniques, similar to the fictional works of Beckett, Alan Robb, Geity and Claude Simon.

The present research is an attempt to investigate the three verbs 'sleep', 'to sleep', and 'wake up' from a semantic point of view. It is the verb that determines the situation and, therefore, we shall prove that a verb like 'sleep' indicates a state whereas'to sleep'indicates an action for the reason that they are usually associated with a change of state or not.
The 'structure of roles' shows the manner by which a participant takes part in a certain situation.
This notion adopted in this paper belongs to the well-known linguists Charles Fillmore (1968) and Lucien Tesniere (1959). It is argued in this research that the syntactic form in which to sleep occurs is different from 'sleep' and that semantically they belong to different types of meaning,
Finally, we intend to prove universality on the results arrived at in this work.

The research deals with the natural disasters that occurred in Syria in 6th AH such as earthquakes , floods and droughts. It also deals with consequence diseases and epidemics that influenced social and economical aspects of that have a great burden in Syria. At that time syria was a field of struggle between Islamic forces lifeand occupying crusders. As such the situation even worse and causing more human and physical destructions.

The old linguastic heritage is one of the most important cultural elements in Ancient Iraq. This research aims at emphasize the deep linguastic cooperation between the Akkadian and Arabic Languages despite the difference in time between them.

we try to find correct Arabic meanings of Akkadian vocabularies which are similar in pronounciation depending on old famous dictionaries. Similarly, we try to find the change of many Akkadian vocabularice which depended on foreign translations. to be changed into new meaning.

This paper studies the symbols of the pre-Islamic Poetry represented by two samples, namely two poems of the great poet “zuhair Bin Abi Sulma”: his famous long poem and his great poem rhyming with the sound “ك ” (k). The researcher studies the way the poet expresses his ideas by the use of symbols realized by words,
Visions, stories, flirtation, praise, proverbs, names, animals, etc. to praise the two generous men who ended the famous war of Dahis wal Gharbra “between his tribe” Bani Thubian” and their enemies” Bani Abs” and how people enjoyed peace after war. In the poem rhyming with the sound “ك ” (k), symbols are also used represented by names, words, visions, flirtation, the camels, the horse, the story of a howk with a kata when it escape while the howk is waiting and other symbols to deliver Zuhair’s threat to his enemy if the latter did not return the slaves and camels he has stolen.

The present research accounts for the reasons behind the emergence of fiqh Lexicographies, and their importance. Two stages of writing in this field can be recognized the stage of covert writing and the stage of specialized writing the study has illuminated the status and approach of each Lexicography.

This poet was born and brought up in Mosul. He studied the different sciences by many sheikhs. He also taught and showed great credit. He travelled many times to the Roman’s Empire and the capital of the Othomans stata, met its scholars, and benefited from them. When he was back, he ruled the District of Mosul and taught at the Younisi Prophetic place.
Historians appreciated his writing and sciences and regaraded him as a nobleman of twelfth centary A.H.
In the present research, We have collected and reuised his poetry. Light has been shed on it all for the puroose of the Mosuli Library and Arabic Islamic

Humaid bin Thawr's 'Ayniyyah (the poem ending with Othe rhyme) firmly establishes the Islamic concept regarding nature as it deeply discusses the Islamic conception of the cosmos, life and
man.
The poem falls into three parts: the first describes the clouds that do not rain and are taken as a symbol of life that is full of promises, yet it gives very little. The second part talks about Layla-the woman-as a symbol of life also. The third part is a moral describing the transience of life and the perpetuality of Almighty Allah, the owner of all things.
This study reveals the beauty of the differences between the beginning of the poem and its end as well as the relations between its three parts. The poem makes use of exclamation, simile, paradoxes which involve antithesis and repetition and using Quranic lexis, thus establishing an Islamic authority deriving its beauty from the beauty of the Qur'an and its world (life, the hereafter, punishment, reward, offer and promise). In explaining the symbols and meanings we have relied on the extension of meaning by ancient critics. Doing so, we have come to see Humaid as an Islamic poet rather that a writer of love poems.

The paper aims at recognizing the nature and characteristics of the resoures of information of the theses written specifics in verterinary medicine. It also determines the ten most used periodicals. The Samples for the research are represented by analyzing bibliographic indications of (17) theses submitted to the college of verterinary medicine – at university of mosul 1997-2001. The most important results of the research are:
Periodicals are the mostly used with (79.241%), books came in the Second rank with (19.917%), and the “Avian Dis” is the most used Journal

This study stems from the importance of provision which is considered one of the most essential topics in the life of humans. who suffers from the shortage of sources. The basic effecs of provision are evident in the stability of the economic, political, social and educational conditions which stem basically from security and justice.
The current research tackles the objectives mentioned aobove due to the: Following: the historical circumstances experianced by the people and the embargo. A random sample was selected from different residential areas of Mosul a questionaire, observatory procedures and interviews were conducted in collecting. The data were analysed statistically.

This study examines Fayruuz Abaadi’s dictionary: Qamus AL-Muhiit (817 AH), Particularly the entries whereby the author criticses Al-Jawhari’s sictionary Al-Sihah (d.400 AH). The study takes the stance of an arbitrator by First analysing those areas of criticism and concomitant justifications and verifying them by appealing to claims or counterclaims available in reliable linguistic resources.