Adab AL Rafidayn

Hatra is an Iraqi city located 80 km southwest of Mosul. It is believed that the city was founded in the beginning of the second century BC. It is currently considered the center of the urban district in Nineveh Governorate. Most of its inhabitants are Arabs. The ruins of the historical city of Hatra are located 2 km northwest of the present-day Hatra. A number of written texts were found engraved on large stones containing some of the legal provisions and customs that prevailed in it, especially those related to theft and the punishment issued against These writings were found during the excavations carried out by the Department of Antiquities and Heritage in different seasons in the city, which began in 1951 and lasted for many years. The period of the city's recovery extends from the borders of the first century BC to the middle of the third century AD, and there are factors and incentives behind that, most notably the religious importance that the city acquired as a center for the Arab tribes that inhabited the island, where they established their temples and placed statues in them.

The background for this partly theoretical and partly empirical approach is, by all means, non-linguistic; it is interdisciplinary in that it draws on the findings of linguistics, philosophy, pragmatics, psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology. This paradigm specifically relies the conceptualization of the real on communicative process between the text and the translator, as both reader and mediator; and the principles and methods of text deconstruction and reconstruction that the translator him-or herself discovers and finds adequate to account for in a translation task.

The youth have a large and important role in the development and building of societies, and societies that contain a large proportion of the youth group are strong societies. This is because the tremendous energy of the youth drives and raises it. Therefore, the youth are the pillars of any nation, the basis for development and development in it, and they are the builders of its glory, civilization and protectors.
According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the proportion of youth in the world is approximately 18% of its total population. As there are approximately 1.2 billion people in the world who fall into the category of youth, and it is expected to increase their number by 72 million in the coming days and up to the year 2025 AD, and the statistics indicate that the number of young people in the current generation exceeds any number in the past in history, despite From this statistic and from the large number of young people and the continuous increase in it, their percentage continues to decrease with the increase in the percentage of elderly people around the world.

In Iraq, where English is taught as a foreign language, students often have a great deal of trouble in using English articles for various reasons. One main reason is related to the fact that English has a relatively difficuit and complex system of articles (see Adams, 1962; kaluza, 1963; oller & Rredding, 1971; Joodi, 1978; Aziz, 1979; Kharma, 1981; Agnihotri et al, 1984; Ilyas, 1985, and Kharma & Hajjaj, 1989). Master (1988, p. 2) claims that "mastery of articles in English is no easy matter for most EFL students. Even those languages that have an article system differ from English in the application of the rules and this difficulty lies in the fact that the article implies a certain view of the noun to which it applies "(for the same view see also Kharma and Hajjaj, 1989: p. 151

There is no doubt that education in its broad sense is an effective tool for preparing the skills required to achieve the necessary integration between human and capital resources to reach the goals of comprehensive development planning, and that neglecting human resources or confusion in teaching them leads to a waste of their productive energies and makes them a heavy burden on the national economy. Therefore, when planning Arab education to carry out its burdens in achieving comprehensive development, priority should be given to the types of education of importance in development that do not constitute a large waste of human resources. This requires the coordination of the educational system with the needs of production, by analyzing the professional content of each productive function, and linking it to a specific level of education, experience and training necessary to perform it.

In preparing teaching materials, it is important to have a clear idea about the goals, the skills to be developed in the students and the register of agricultural English. Students have to know that the characteristics of Agricultural English is much different from from General English because it has established phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic features. It presents the students with a number of special problem. It also presents facts in an objective, direct and unambiguous statements. English, therefore, is necessary in the domain of science. The course taught to students of agriculture should be purpose oriented to understand the written discourse in particular. Students are required to read references in English in the field of their specialization because English has become the accepted international language of science. The demand has been growing for English courses tailored to specific needs.

It is one of the evident facts in our social, intellectual and civilizational present, that societal transformations in the global world today as a whole, and the emanation of other forms of living in this globalized horizon in which the idea of ​​a clash of values ​​and a clash of civilizations overlap, and are matched by calls for coexistence of cultures. And social, in order to advance and rise up; This progress and uprising, not only for the sake of monitoring and analysis, but for the sake of theorizing and enacting a new civilized horizon, restoring values ​​to their value, and the human being has his original determinants associated with his instinct.

The paper is an attempt to shed light one type of non-verbal discourse, namely visual discourse. The aim is to provide a brief arrive overview of existing approaches to this kind of text and so at a rationale for the approach that may be most useful for the particular text example. The paper attempts to illustrate the value of discourse analytic readings of texts. It argues that using discourse analysis in relation to visual texts provides the chance to open up, read and interpret texts in different ways.

The history of the Ottoman Moroccan relations raises a double problem: on the one hand, there is the lack of resources, most of which are found in the Ottoman archives, and on the other hand, in the type of approach that can be adopted in order to understand the nature of the history of these relations.
The history of Morocco's relations with the Ottoman Empire is of particular importance, given that Morocco remained the only country in the Islamic world that escaped from subjugation to the Ottoman Empire. The nature of these Moroccan-Ottoman relations can only be understood in light of the type of relations that bound the Muslims inside the "House of Islam". Morocco and the Ottoman Empire belonged to the same religious and sectarian system (Sunni Islamic), which gives the issue of Moroccan-Ottoman relations a fundamental distinction, from the quality The relations he had with European countries.

The history of the Ottoman Moroccan relations raises a double problem: on the one hand, there is the lack of resources, most of which are found in the Ottoman archives, and on the other hand, in the type of approach that can be adopted in order to understand the nature of the history of these relations.
The history of Morocco's relations with the Ottoman Empire is of particular importance, given that Morocco remained the only country in the Islamic world that escaped from subjugation to the Ottoman Empire. The nature of these Moroccan-Ottoman relations can only be understood in light of the type of relations that bound the Muslims inside the "House of Islam". Morocco and the Ottoman Empire belonged to the same religious and sectarian system (Sunni Islamic), which gives the issue of Moroccan-Ottoman relations a fundamental distinction, from the quality The relations he had with European countries.

Connectives are those items which are used to connect fragments of discourse to each other so as to construct unified and coherent discourse. The two related fragments may be uttered by two different participants or by one participant. The presence of the marker indicates the presence of some topic (or some relatively related topic) in the two discoursal fragments. The change of the marker, further, my change the relation exhibits between the two related parts affecting in turn the coherence of discourse. More than one factor has been found to be effective in the use of a specific marker rather than another. Those factors include: formality, politeness, sex, religion, social status, age, intonation, stress, and some Pragmalinguistic cues like facial expressions, gestures, and head movements. In general, the paper seeks to affirm the claim that connectives are context-dependent items.

He is Abu Abdullah, Musab bin Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awam bin Khuwaylid Al-Qurashi, Prince of Iraq, and his brother Abdullah Al-Basra in the year 67 AH. Mus'ab fought the army of al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi in a place near Kufa and defeated him, then he headed to Kufa, where the Mukhtar was fortified and fought a fierce fight with those who remained with him until the Mukhtar was killed and his head was put in the hands of Musab. And when the Mukhtar was eliminated, he directed the governors to the provinces of Iraq, and set up Kufa to control it and restore order to it after chaos and rebellion spread to it following the various movements that launched from it, such as the Tawabin movement and others. But Abdullah bin Al-Zubair isolated Mosab from Basra, and his son Hamzah took his place, but this did not take long because Hamzah did not show ability or skill in management, so he returned his brother Mas'ba to it after a year in which Mosab was following Kufa. Musab returned to the rule of Iraq and the matter became to him in Kufa and Basra together in the name of Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr.

The sedition of Andalusia, or the great strife, is a description given to the state of fighting and struggle over power that Andalusia witnessed in the period of time that extended from 399 AH to 422 AH, which ended with the collapse of the Umayyad and Amiriya states, and the emergence of what is known as the period of rule of the kings of the sects.
The death of the caliph, Al-Hakam Al-Mustansir Billah, was the announcement of the death of the last effective and powerful ruler of Andalusia from the Umayyads of Andalusia. The ruling was keen to take the pledge of allegiance to his son Hisham during his life when illnesses raided him at the end of his life, to ensure that his only son succeeded him, although at that time he was a child who could not carry out his duties, and despite the presence of a number of Umayyad princes who could carry out the duties of the caliph in That period.

Some history books distorted the companions ’positions regarding the fitnah of Othman’s murder, due to the weak and fabricated narratives mentioned by many historians, and those who follow the events of sedition and other news see that they were woven in a way with hostile tendencies to the correct history, and he feels that the Companions were the ones who were stirring the plot and stirring up strife. ... And unlike the established and weak narratives, the books of the hadiths have preserved for us the authentic narrations in which the Companions of those who supported Othman, those who opposed him, and those who were innocent of his murder, and those who demanded his blood after his killing appear, thus excluding any participation by them in stirring up or provoking sedition.

Among the most important models that were popularized and that their mention and spread in the horizons in the literature of ancient Iraq is a Babylonian poem that formed the epic of the warrior god, the heroic warrior, Ira, which is known in modern investigations by the title of the epic: Aishum and Ira.
This literary production was organized in a poetic and descriptive style with eloquent meanings and occupies a special place in Assyrian-Babylonian literature for many reasons, including:
Its organization and formulation: It can be included among the three best poems written in ancient Iraq.
Its literary features: it is considered one of the rare literary works that have risen to the point of tragic greatness.

This is not the case with this study, as the poet Khaled Abu Khaled Anwanat chose twelve poems and collected them in a divan and gave him a title: (I call you a sea ... My name is My Hand Al-Raml) and this title is the title of the fifth poem from the poems and if every creator has his own way of choosing Its titles and each title has an adverb and the mechanisms of its operation in terms of its relationship to the text first and to the recipient secondly, because this study has defined its mission in reading the title of the Divan and its poems and its own reading that may open another horizon for later readings.

This research aims to monitor the features of the relationship between the pre-Islamic Arab poet and time in relation to the extent to which his heritage memory has affected and the manner in which he employed its components in realizing the requirements of his present, and exploring his future horizons in a way that does not turn what is available to us from the poetic inheritance of the pre-Islamic era into just a document of philosophy History, the starting point and purpose of research, poetry that represents a world or existence that has its own laws related to the effectiveness of thought and imagination that transcend reality without separating it from it.

Al-Faraa responded in his book The Meaning of the Qur’an to the grammarians in thirty-four issues, and his responses to his teacher al-Kasaei were in fourteen issues.
As for the remaining issues, which he responded to the grammarians in general and did not devote any of them, I collected them under the title: (Al-Fara's grammatical views on controversial issues through his book The Meaning of the Qur’an) and it is twenty issues and it is the focus of our current research that we shed light on to come out with the results of his treatment of these grammatical issues.

In fact, the researcher can easily find the roots of humanism in the Holy Qur’an, the sayings of the Prophet and the writings of Muslim thinkers and scholars in the early ages of Islam.
Pairedly, we find many generous verses that honor and praise the human being to the point of asking the angels to prostrate to him, emphasizing that he carries a breath of God’s Spirit and his succession on earth, granting him the right to self-determination, reverence for his work, equality among his members and harnessing the universe for him.
The early Muslims understood this human tendency in the Qur’an and wrote about it and its revelation until it reached its climax in the fourth century AH at the hands of the Mu'tazila and writers such as Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd and others.

The indexing service is one of the necessary services that information centers provide, and the scouts are considered as retrieval tools and means of communication, not only for the purposes of accessing information in libraries and information centers, but also for various social purposes.
As a result of the increasing accumulation of knowledge and as a result of economic factors and the factor of time in the era of competition in the various fields of scientific knowledge, the availability and organization of information has become a priority for any human activity.

The issue of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction has become one of the topics that receive the attention of behaviorists and administrators, because it examines the different aspects of the means of satisfaction and its sources for the employee and measures the degree of satisfaction of individuals towards their jobs, as well as the reasons for dissatisfaction. A set of factors that lead to satisfaction have been reached, and their presence is considered necessary and basis for achieving the desired satisfaction of the employee, and the loss of these factors leads to a state of dissatisfaction with him and thus is reflected in his performance at work and the performance of his duties as required. The concept of job satisfaction has been linked to the job performance of workers to fulfill the roles and duties required of them, and we find that the performance of individuals varies from one individual to another based on the effort exerted by him and his conviction with the organization’s goals, loyalty to it, and commitment to his required duties.