Adab AL Rafidayn

From what has become taken for granted in Arabic grammar, the Arabic movements have functions according to which the components of the Arabic sentence are determined, and then affect the general meaning of the sentence. It turns out that the Damma and what is on its behalf is the science of the chain of transmission, and the kasra is the science of direct and indirect addition. As for the opening, it is other than that or when it is not suitable for it to be raised or dug out. Although Qotarb's claim that the movements are not indications of meanings, rather they are a link to link speech, it occupied an unimaginable space from grammatical studies, in the past and present, but the results of careful research have shown that his claim and the statements that followed by a group of modern scholars and most Orientalists Contrary to the linguistic reality that emerged when the Arabic language was written down, and its grammar was studied from the time of Abu al-Aswad until the present day. Indeed, the study of the Arabic inscriptions dating back to pre-Islam has shown that the Damma was written in Waw, as well as what the so-called Semitic linguists have found that some of them, such as the Akkadian language, were Arabized close to the Arabic Arabic. There is no doubt that the Qur’an text that kept its drawing adds to the evidence for the validity of this result. The vocabulary expressed in letters on behalf of the vowel movements has preserved their drawing in the way that proves that the waw, for example, in the plural of the peaceful masculine, is proven when this plural is raised, and that the yaa is proven when it is accented and trashed, and this saying is true for the two nouns and the six nouns in the case of adding to the non-pronoun The speaker, the five verbs. The scholars took long pauses when they saw that some of these names occurred in their drawing that contradicts their Arab reality, such as the word (the residents in the Almighty saying: "But those who are established in knowledge among them and the believers believe in what has been revealed to you and what has been revealed from you, the residents praying and paying zakat, and believers in God and the Last Day, those will come to them. A great reward 0 that has been drawn by the yaa, even though it is written on a raised one, and the apparent meaning of the pseudonym requires that it be drawn in waw. I drew in waw, and it is written on the written letter. Likewise, the name of the sign indicating both remains in the Almighty’s saying: “These are two sorcerers, in a thousand, even though he is in the place of the monument because it is the name of.” Even Aisha, may God be pleased with her, forgot that due to the writer’s mistake. However, the movements and their proxies were not as claimed by Qatar and those who followed him reached to link words to each other.In a recent study, the orientalist (Michael Carter) proved that wherever the addition was abstained, it was necessary to announce the addition and to prove the noun, the name was. Tinin monument.

New England suffered from the fighting with the Indians during King Philip's war in 1675. King Philip gathered the Indians to initiate a war for cultural and national survival. In February 1676 the Indians attacked Lancaster, Massachusetts and took many captives, among whom was Mary Rowlandson, daughter of one of the town's founders and the wife of a clergy man. She was ransomed shortly before the war ended and her captivity contiued for eleven months. After her return to the family, about a year or two, Mary Rowlandson recorded her experiences but they were not published until 1682.' (1)

Doris Lessing started as a realistic novelist, but the publication of The Golden Notebook (1962), marks a turning point in her career. In 1957 she had praised nineteenth- century realism as the highest form of literature but five years later she changed her previous attitude and abandoned her previous opinions because that form of the novel would not suit her to 'play' with time and memory (1) . In Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971), The Summer before the Dark (1973), The Memoirs of A Survivor (1975), Shikasta (1979), The Sirian Experiment (1981), Lessing has been experimenting with techniques related to nonrealistic modes such as expressionism, fantasy, science fiction, and allegory. A Lessing novel or story often offers a world of practical reality on the one hand, while on the other her reader is projected into a world whose dimensions are more of those of The Arabian Nights or a dream as we are going to see in The Memoirs of A Survivor . Doris Lessing has given the disintegration of the self a close attention, and she sees it steadily as a kind of experience, and an end in itself. There are no over tones or promises, and she is only " writing about human beings and how they can still operate under near- zero conditions ).

Andalusian publication before and after the Almoravid era was not inferior without poetry in expressing Andalusian life in its many aspects. Rather, its role was clear in this life from its early stages and it is sufficient to refer to the grilled sermon of Tariq bin Ziyad prior to the opening of Andalusia and the kinds of sermons that followed and The chant of Enlightenment of Andalusian princes in the context of their treatment of the problems of political, social, economic and other life in many texts that occupied large areas of Andalusian literature and history sources. Islam in Andalusia did not require the study of the archeological victory, which expresses this in the most accurate and accurate expression of its importance and its position in quantity and quality in addition to what the research confirms of clarity of the characteristics of Omar al-Mourabitoun and their efforts in working to collect the word of the leaders of the sects in Andalusia and stand against the hurricanes of the campaigns of the enemies lying in wait for this country and what they were making of Efforts to sow discord, weakness and rivalry from the Muslims in the peninsula and to bring down cities completely, then eliminate an ancient, positive and balanced civilization that served Humanity has had centuries, and for its next renaissance, important foundations and rules were laid in every field of scientific and literary knowledge.
To achieve these goals, the study came in an introduction, dealing with a brief definition of the age of the Almoravids and introductions to their entry into Andalusia, followed by a brief word on prose before the era of the Almoravids, i.e. from the conquest until the end of the era of the sects, then the research presented the topics of jihadist prose with reference to those topics arranged according to the spaces occupied by In Al-Andalus and Al-Mashreq Sources, a brief analysis highlights
The importance of the topics and their relevance to the jihad life and their expression of the objectives of the Almoravid princes in assuming the rule of Andalusia after their despair from reforming the kings of the sects and gathering them on a common word. The important topics were: messages of jihad, conquest, and the discourse of the rebels, and the call for unity and reunification.
The research then dealt with looking at the most prominent features of jihadist prose, drawn from contemplation of prose texts on both content and form levels, so that the image is closer to clarity and integration and places this prose art in its appropriate place from the ancient heritage of Andalusia.

The Watchman (1796) was a reaction of his failure to share Robert Sonthey on a journal to be called the Provincial Magazine The prospectus which was circulated was straight forward the press played an important role in the provision of information. Such population might make a change in the state of government for the preservation of " Freedom and her friends"

This paper examines the nature of cohesion in the writings of fourth year students reading for the B.A. degree in Translation with regard to English at the college of Arts, University of Mosul. 2. The reason why fourth year were chosen was because by this stage they have had some experience in composition writing and have overcome some of the mechanical problems in writing more than first year students. Twelve compositions were obtained. They were selected as representative samples of ability in the class by their "composition" teacher. The compositions were analysed into sentences. They were analysed in order to determine the cohesive 'ties being used to link sentnces.

Despite what has been said and it is said that Al-Suyuti is not considered a creative or an innovator in linguistics, and he does not have new or innovative linguistic views. Among the ancient scholars of Arabic, however, I see through my humble reading of his linguistic works such as the book: Al-Muzhar fi Al-Ma'm al-Linguistics and its types, and the hermeneutics, the like and the analogues, and the suggestion that Al-Suyuti is the author of an integrative approach, as he used to convey the opinions of linguists and attribute them to their owners and their sources more often. Then he discusses it and balances it with others, rejects some of it, adopts what he accepts from it, and sometimes gives his own opinion on it.
I am struck by these opinions by the following linguistic ideas, to which I will limit my research
1. Language limit.
۲. Language genesis.
3- Linguistic competence.
4. Language performance.
The last two ideas are the main focus of Chomsky's contemporary linguistic theory, which is considered a great discovery in the field of linguistics. Therefore, in this research, I will discuss these four linguistic issues, presenting Al-Suyuti's opinion about them, and weighing them with the views of contemporary linguists in this field.

Violence is one of the characteristics of drama through its various stages. It denotes the use of "physical force to interfere with the existence, or right to exist, or persons or things. " ) It is increasingly a subject of concern particularly of contemporary drama as well as of society as it is part of human nature exercised over human lives. Some critics consider it rigor, implacable intention and decision, irreversible and absolute determination. (2) Furthermore, some commentators recognize it as good and noble because it can renew and rejuvenate society.

The concept of sign in Arab and Islamic thought extends to a historical depth through the rooting of the language itself. Pointing by hand: nodding to it, and this means that the referred to has an external reality. Other than the word, five things that do not decrease or increase: the first is the pronunciation, then the sign, then the contract
Then the line and then the case that is called the sermon. Al-Jahiz did not limit the pointing to the hand, as it may be in the head, the eye, the eyebrow, the shoulder, the dress, the sword and the whip, and all of it has its significance. The sign has the partner of the word, and it may dispense with him and the line, and it helps in matters to be covered, and its importance lies in understanding a special meaning, and it is understood from this that the sign indicates a hidden meaning that is not disclosed by its appearance and the apparent meaning of the referred to.
The term sign is included in the fundamentals of jurisprudence to be one of the types of obligatory connotations, and the concept of the meaning of the sign "the indication of the meaning of the meaning or an unintended judgment for the originality and follow-up, but it is necessary for the meaning for which the speech was intended, so the connotation of the sign is not understood from the text of the text, i.e. the literal meaning that is called the meaning of the phrase Rather, it is understood from the meaning indicated by the meaning of the text, and some fundamentalists call it the meaning of the concept of the text ... and this is why they express this connotation as the meaning of the word for the meaning of its meaning .. This makes the sign of the sign needing to be deeper in the consideration and contemplation to know it, because it needs to be certain That there is a real correlation between the Sami, which the text indicates in its phrase (by word) and the meaning indicated by the text with its reference.
Hence, we find that in order to reach the deep meaning of the text, one must know the sign of the textual structure, and the textual structure includes the smallest functional unit in it, which is the word in its context, so the sentence, the syllable, and then the text as an integrated unit. There is no doubt that the perception of the indicative values ​​of the structure in any text leads to the enrichment of the communicative process between the creator and the recipient, and then the understanding and enjoyment of the literary text is achieved through receiving its data.
And the text in our hands (When the whale's back warms up) is a novel by the writer Fateh Abd al-Salam, which won the first prize in the Youth Literature Competition conducted by the House of General Cultural Affairs in Baghdad in the year 19, and it is worthy of study for its deep connection with the reality that the nation is going through, as well as it represents a color of the novel An intellectual rich in indicative values ​​indicates many ideas that the study tries to uncover.

This paper explores the relationship between the various uses of verbs "Have" and " Get" in Standard English, since the verb " Have" shares a great number of qualities with the verb “ Get", with reference 66 to the models. The basic uses of such verbs can be distinguished; namely the causative " Have" and " Get". This paper considers such uses of these verbs in some detail. The paper is also concemed with the use of "Get" in the string “ Have got (to)" which, diachroincally related, has developed its own properties. Finally , it is hoped that this paper will be - useful for both Iraqi and Arab students learning English as a second or foreign language.

The Arabic language is closely related to Islam. Arabs are considered the first subject of Islam. Therefore, you can say that wherever Islam exists, there is the Arabic language. If we read what is written about Islam and its spread in sub-Saharan Africa, we will find it a lot. As for the spread of the Arabic language, its news in ancient Arab sources was brief and rather rare, to the extent that we hardly find in all sources what is one combined paragraph. All that came are general references and scattered words indicating the subject unintentionally, because Islam was the meaning of the publication of those Arab historians and geographers.
As for the attention of modern Arabic references and periodicals, they are also focused on the study of Islam, Arab migrations, economic and religious relations between Arabs and Sudan, and there are hardly any papers on the spread of the Arabic language in addition to the fact that the presented material did not separate the talk about the reasons for the spread of the Arabic language, nor did it refer to the means and methods Its spread.
Based on the foregoing, this research will carefully present the topic to important issues related to the importance of the Arabic language and its superiority over African languages ​​in severe ways, and it will focus on detailing the ways, means and causes of the spread of the Arabic language in the region.
In fact, the study of this topic in the present age is extremely important of many types, in addition to the dearth of written about it in sources and references. And its importance has come for urgent political and cultural reasons, given that European colonialism is working hard to separate this region from the Arab world linguistically, and after that, culturally, in order to continue its colonization.

Le role des prepositions, dans les manuels traditionnels , apparait separe d'une maniere regoureuse du role des adverbes or il nous semble qu'il existe une relation fort etroite entre les prepositions d'une part et les adverbes d'autre part . Beaucoup de mots peuvent, selon le contexte, auxquels ils appartiennent jouer des-roles prepositionnels ou adverbiaux . Il est toujours possible de montrer les liens de parente qui persistent entre les deux categories. Cela peut s'expliquer par l'origine meme de ces mots, Vaugelas tenait a bien les distinguer, et il a en partie reussi . Dedans , par example , qui avait si longtemps ete preposition , alors lors que dans n'existait pas , a ete declare adverbe. De meme de ces most. "Vaugelas tenait a bien les distinguer , et il a en partie reussi. Dedans, par exemple, qui avait si longtemps ete preposition, alors que dans n'existait pas a ete declare adverbe. De (1) » meme auparvant

Having a clear view of the nature of language is always considered as a matter of great practical value in teaching and learning a foreign language ( for more details see R.C. Lugton , P. 25). This is due to the fact that language, as it is commonly defined , is a system starting from the smallest significant unit namely the phoneme up through the largest structural unit namely the sentence. As far as language is a system of communication, it is implicitly understood in passing successful classroom exercises, the communicative nature of language should be heeded to a large extent. Therefore, it is desirable to retain contact whith the vocal sounds of language in order to meet the students needs (Langacker : language and Its structure.). Since it is believed that the cognitive theory is most suitable for teaching English as a foreign language, consequently, this paper represents a try to treat the congnitive theory and its both reliability and application at the university level. Before examining the application of the cognitive theory to classroom environment, it is of practical Utility to go through its basic Prisciples in order to throw light on its linguistic aspects and to discover to what this theory could be applied. Thus, the first part of this Paper will be defined

Organizational psychology is a field known to us lately, which asseses individual behaviour in organizations. But much knowledge of human behaviour in organization derives not from pure behavioural research studies but from management analysis associated with changes in management policies and practicies that have been in progress since the 1930.S. As such techniques as delegation of authority, management by exception and cost effectiveness, began to prevade management thinking, the significance of people characteristics came into focus. To apply these approaches, it became necessary to understand human behaviour, both qualitatively and quantitively. As a first step participative management crept in to replace autocratic management but this appeared less capable of maximising employees as it was under autocratic management. This fact coacertrated the attention on motivation as the best way of maximising staif and improving performance. It means that behavioural sciences gave solution to some of the management problems and began to study individuals and groups and identified their psychological needs.

payment for servants influenced many opinions among modern historians, and these opinions were focused on the tender of the mawali in the era of the adults, as some of them believed that the Arabs were distinguished from the mawali in giving. This is in general, while the opinions were focused on the tender of the Mawali in the Umayyad era in particular, there are those who saw that they would not have taken the bid and did not have special fortune tellers, and those who decided that the authority did not find the field in the Umayyad era or did not want to include the Mawali in the Diwan al-Jund, and he went Others indicated that the Mawali did not contribute to the Islamic Arab Army.

That these opinions are characterized by some generalization, and some of them fall into partial withdrawal of the total, and some of the others do not take into account the nature of the place and the historical stage. Accuracy, we decided to refer to the historical texts. And that we start from the age of adults first, to end with the Umayyad era later, in an attempt to paint a picture that provides more comprehensive facts about the giving of the loyal in the era of the adults and the Umayyads.

One of the most important fundamental issues that Islam cared about a lot and dealt with radically and comprehensively: the human being, male or female, because reforming man means the good of society and the navigation of his path, and it is the goal of Islam so that the Islamic call can reach the farthest reaches in achieving its human goals that were drawn by the will of God Almighty. .
As long as we are talking about women, Islamic law has not hesitated to define the frameworks through which it guarantees all the rights that women should enjoy financially and morally, as it is an important pillar of Islamic society. Despite the clarity of these rights, women still face many difficulties in life, at the forefront of which is the low perception of it and the role that it can play in the life of society and the family.
The Islamic Sharia has guaranteed a decent life for women. The Holy Qur’an has emphasized, on more than one occasion, the preservation of the dignity of women and the need to preserve it, and thus it is equal to the man in human value. Many women, and fear God, with whom you are asking, and the wives, that God was a watcher for you.
Here we must mention that among the bad habits of the Arabs before Islam, they killed females after their birth. Either out of economic motive represented by poverty and want. God has forbidden this work by saying: “Do not kill your children for fear of misfortune. Or a social motive related to the nature of the social outlook of the female, God Almighty said: “If someone preaches to the female, his face remains blackened and he is disgusting with the people from the evil of what he preached. He will hold him on a place or put him in the dust of what they judge. The custom was underway to present human victims to the deity, and here God Almighty says: “Likewise, for many polytheists, the killing of their partners is good for them to turn them away and clothe them with their religion.
The suffering of women is not caused by religion. Rather, it is caused by a mistake in perception and behavior by some towards women. Here it is necessary to emphasize an important issue, which is that women have jobs that they perform according to the nature of their formation, which differs from the nature of the formation of a man. Nevertheless, she and the man are on one line and one degree in terms of dignity Humanity should not confiscate its role and weaken its functional position in life on the pretext that it is a companion creature in its biological and emotional formation, unlike a man who has high physical and emotional strength that definitely qualifies him to occupy the center stage.

The State of the Monotheists was established in Morocco, and this group called for monotheism and the return of Muslims to the Qur’an and the Sunnah and rejected everything that offends the doctrine of monotheism, hence the name of the monotheists, and it was the fruit of the call that Ibn Tumart started in the province of Al-Sous in the year (514 AH / 1120 CE), and the state of the Almoravids rose In the rule of Andalusia and Morocco, the intellectual movement flourished in their shadow, and a genuine scientific movement was based on the launch of the freedom of research and thinking, in contrast to what the Almoravid State was in terms of rigidity and restriction of the movement of thought.
Hence, the Almohad state is the first country in Morocco that was rooted in Islamic philosophy, and among its merits was the emergence of a group of great philosophers such as Ayn Tufail and Ibn Rushd.
Perhaps among those reasons is what happened to its founder, Muhammad ibn Tumart, known as the Mahdi, who went to the East in his youth seeking knowledge (510 AH / 1116 CE) and ended up in Iraq. He mentioned to him what the Emir of the Muslims did with his books that reached Morocco, where he ordered that it be torn down, and Ibn Tumart attended that council, while others questioned the validity of this meeting. He is Abd al-Mu'min bin Ali Alawi al-Kumi, who was an influential scholar and a lover of them, a scholar, eloquent, a jurist, a scholar of origins, controversy and hadith, and in his days Ibn Tufayl contacted the court of the Almohads in Morocco and became a keeper of the secrets of Abu Said bin Abd al-Mu'min, the governor of his death and Tangier.

That this research is an attempt to shed light on the proof methods adopted by judges in ancient Iraq from the point of view of a specialist in the history of ancient Iraq, its ancient languages and books. The researcher relied primarily and mainly on the scattered cuneiform texts and the indications contained in them about the methods of proof and concluded that he concluded that contemporary laws are exceptions, and that is the ordeal or choice, which confirms the maturity and development of the judicial organization in ancient Iraq and the extent of its originality and influence in the following civilizations.

The research includes an applied study of one of the archaeological remnants located in the Shamoun Al-Safa Church, which is a watering point for pigeons from the Arab Islamic eras (plan 2011).
The importance of studying this basin is evidenced by the fact that it is first approached with an academic applied study in terms of: its primary materials, its method of manufacture, its elements, its technical features, the covenant that it refers to, and its identity because the researchers' pens have not dealt with it before, with the exception of a reference to its location and general description.
A brief reference must be made to the building of the church that included the basin, due to the relationship of that to the nature of the study, for the Shamoun Al-Safa Church is located in Al-Mayassa locality in the old city of Mosul, and it is about five meters below the level of its neighboring areas, and some claim that it was established shortly after the Islamic conquest of Mosul, and perhaps that was In the first half of the ninth century AD.

The economic, social and cultural variables imposed by contemporary life necessitated the state's intervention in the affairs of society and necessitated it to provide the broadest social services to citizens. Thus, voluntary social work witnessed a qualitative leap from its previous traditional form and patterns to modern social associations and institutions that perform functions and tasks commensurate with the size of the increasing needs demanded by the conditions of development Novel community.
And in our present time and as a result of the difficult conditions our dear country is going through, represented by the war led by America and its allies from the West, and the unjust economic blockade on our people, who aim to undermine the unity, security and independence of Iraq. It is imperative for us all to unite and join hands to tear the donkey, and to fail the aggressive intrigues and plans of the enemies.
On the other hand, social development and in all societies cannot depend on the efforts exerted by the state only, but must concerted efforts at both the state and citizen levels, and for these considerations we decided to discuss the issue of voluntary social work, as we believe that these efforts have an effective role in promoting social solidarity in our time. The present We have aimed behind this research to achieve the following
1. Shedding light on the nature of voluntary social work in Iraq and the justifications for its establishment.
2. Reaching out some proposals to revitalize this work and increase its effectiveness at the present time.

The importance of the research stems from the importance of the free wall as it is a direct communication channel between the masses of students and the leadership, in addition to several channels adopted by the state to strengthen its connection with the people, listen to their problems and work to solve them. The Free Wall is an annual newspaper, but a monthly, but a weekly, but even daily, and even smaller open chronological paper, in which it presents the opinions and suggestions of students and their observations that express them as useful members of society who contribute effectively to building the new life of society.
The free wall also participates in refining the student's personality and making him more responsible towards his colleagues and towards the educational institution and society. The state has given the student sector special care in preparing and building, so that it is a pioneering force and the basic vanguard in social construction and civilization. Students are considered the most important segment of society, as they are the youth of today and tomorrow's future leaders.
From the windows through which students' energies can be unleashed and enabled for creativity and creation are democratic practices such as the elections for the National Union of Iraqi Students and Youth, as well as student-model elections, democratic dialogue seminars and last but not least the free wall ... All these are pioneering democratic practices aimed at accustoming students to practice Meaningful and constructive initial criticism.
On the date of December 10, 1987, the free wall formula was introduced into university life, which is one of the virtues, and it is an educational democratic application of the historical principles that the people and the leadership believed in, because the correct application of democracy will be the source of the strength of the individual and society. . .
From here we conclude that the free wall is a historical responsibility in front of the soul and before others, as opinions and ideas that express the interest of the group of students and embody their hopes for building a capable nation must be presented in it, so the student exercises their role through it in calling for what is positive and what is negative, leading to He surpassed it by going through the process of civilized building of society.

The Crusader expansionist policy in the Arab region is one of the most prominent indications that the Crusader movement was a colonial movement carried out by Western Europe for the purpose of achieving colonialism, and among them was the domination of international trade by controlling the main commercial outlets, especially since the Red Sea was the bridge linking trade between Far East and Europe since ancient times.
In spite of the attempt of contemporary European historians, both of them and modernists, to bury the true crusade movement by concealing behind the religious slogans that say that the purpose of the European Morocco at the time was to help their Byzantine brothers and restore the Holy Land in Palestine (the Kingdom of Christ).
The objective view of the events that accompanied the Crusades reveals to us from the outset the falsehood of those allegations promoted by the Westerners, as the nefarious actions that the Crusaders carried out during their crossing of Byzantine territories represented in the acts of murder, plunder and plunder that did not result from even the churches of Constantinople itself and the preoccupation of some leaders of the first crusade to establish Emirates of them in the heights of the Levant and their abandonment of continuing their creep towards Jerusalem is another evidence of what they were neglecting in terms of colonial expansionism, and what confirms this tendency is their continuation of this approach after achieving their declared and alleged goal of occupying Jerusalem, as their policies later expressed the real ambitions to impose hegemony The region and the exhaustion of its economic potential, at the forefront of criticism of controlling competition in international trade, which was then subject to sovereignty.
This explains to us to a large extent the reason behind the rapid response of the Italian trading cities to the call of Pope Urban II to contribute to the Crusades and the consequent commercial privileges obtained from that contribution in the areas captured by the Crusaders ").