Adab AL Rafidayn

This paper is addreseed to deal with the duality of life and death in ibn Khafája's Poem wasfal- jabal "Description of the Mount" Ibn Khafaja is believed to assume' in his poems, various attitudes toward both problems of death, or cessation of begin, and life, or existence, to the extent that he apperas distinguished amongst other Andalusian poets, The phenomenon of duality does not remain ordinary and natural, in the eyes of Ibn Khafaja, as it does in respect to other poets. Duality can be seen reflected in his poetry as pessimistic philosophy. This paper deals, as well, the stylistic technical aspect manifested by this poetry.

Abstract This critique aims to capture the poetic experience giving birth to Kas Bin Zuhair's "Burdah" which, at surface, seems Flirtation for Su'ad and a description of the camel, but in its reality and the unconscious of Kab constitutes an intensification of the difficult psychological experience lived by Ka'b wavering between his declaration of embracing Islam and his strong attachment to the pro-Islamic er

Studying literature from the inside and focusing on the text is one of the important and distinct critical approaches since the emergence of Russian formalists at the beginning of the twentieth century. What is meant is that the old curricula have become obsolete and must be reviewed in the light of modern sciences, especially general linguistics, or as we call it today, linguistics.
The essence that linguistics came to emphasize is that: Any attempt to know a person or probe the depths of human thought must pass through the study of language and deal with this organized structure of symbols through which thought expresses itself. Language issues have become in terms of a unique human characteristic. It is equally important to anthropological, sociological, psychological and philosophical studies, and the methods of literary criticism and methods of teaching languages ​​have been influenced by linguistics and derive from them their methodology and basic concepts. Literary impact literary, or in other words the search for narrative, stylistic and rhythmic structures in literary work. Literary studies have benefited from the uprising of modern linguistics based on the ties of closeness between them. Literature is a type of symbolic communication.

The relationship of the play with society throughout the various literary eras has been a positive one, as it is always an image of social life with all its values ​​and ideas, the philosophies that prevailed in it and the changes that took place in it, and the theater enjoys the ability to create, through live paintings, whether these paintings are of reality or of intended events. In which those mutual relationships develop between people, which is an important point of light on which the reservoirs of nature, history, life, and the human being can be reflected, interrogating ideas and portraying the reality of accidents, repeating what historians have deleted, coordinating what they have uncovered, concealing what they have forgotten, the interest of it, to fill the spaces with imaginations that have the color of the time that We live and live. Hence, the theater cannot be separated from the values ​​of the era in which it lives, because even if it is an individual act, it depicts the group aware of its movement and conscious of its requirements.
We do not deny here that the Iraqi theater existed before the revolution, but we say with reassurance that the revolution has created a sound atmosphere to consider the dimensions and inclusiveness of life, and this modest research is an attempt to touch the horizons in which the Iraqi theater has flown without mentioning many details, because we do not aim to present an artistic study of the Iraqi theater. Rather, we try to touch those luminous prints that were placed on an important question of creativity.
Perhaps one of the difficulties in carrying out such a task is that there are not enough signs of fun if not lack thereof, so we are monitoring those gates that have opened to creativity in different directions, including: History
Heritage - the effectiveness of the Palestinian resistance as a model for the national orientation - the human horizon.
These trends came within the first section of the research, which focused on theatrical contents and the endeavor to entrench an Arab theatrical structure. As for the second part of the research, it was devoted to a brief indication of the official measures taken under the leader to support the theater and revitalize its movement.

I know: The writer possesses within himself the movement of thought and the flow of his pen. I also know: The reader has the ability to overlook many things, including the authority to question the philosophy of the writer in crafting the title of the study. Thus, I do not deny the reader the right to confine me within the bounds of this question. Therefore, I must point out from the outset that the title of this study aligns with a cause. It does not break through an impervious, forbidden wall that we collectively admire and describe as neutrality and objectivity. The reader will find neutrality and objectivity in our work, thanks to God and His guidance. However, the reader will also notice a bias in selecting the appropriate entry point for engaging with the true poet in the context of a topic for an intellectual symposium with a specific goal and purpose.

This topic, as some may claim, does not qualify him to stand among its poets for reasons that neither illusion clouds nor misinterpretation misleads. Here too, I point out that my bias in this study is toward poetry itself, not toward the topic of the symposium. While the latter is undoubtedly valuable, significant, and important, the reader will see that I have responded to it spontaneously and almost entirely in both spirit and methodology. The tension between bias and objectivity—if it may be thought of as such—arises from the title of an early poem by the poet under study, Sadiq al-Sheikh Jaafar, found in his collection Poetic Works (1964–1975). This poem, however, has no connection to the symposium’s topic, as it predates its causes and motivations by more than twenty-five years.

This, in truth, is a valid objection. Yet, we say that it is an aesthetic employment of the title. We have found that Sadiq's poetic cloud, full of affectionate and compassionate rain, showers the fertile Iraqi land with loyalty, devotion, and sincerity—dismissing all ideological interpretations that strip poetry of its spirit and extinguish the souls of poets. These interpretations attempt to classify, include, and exclude according to their own visions and schools of thought.

Here, once again, we must emphasize the importance of standing with the true poet, his poetry worthy of contemplation and critical analysis, and his evident national devotion reflected in his poetry in the best manner we aspire to. It suffices that all this serves as a response to the symposium’s topic, first and foremost.

What has been mentioned above serves as an introduction to illuminate the stance and approach of the researcher in undertaking this humble study. What follows aims to shed light on a part of his perspective or his principle in understanding poetry. In his view, the true poet, when writing a poem, does not concern himself—as is his nature—with the impact it will have on the audience. For the process of creativity, as he claims, does not take the audience into account.

Such an approach might diminish the artistic horizons the poem aspires to and the intellectual depths it delves into, granting the poem its poetic essence and the poet his status as a creator, so long as poetry remains an art and the poet is not merely a teacher. Without this state of poetic independence, both the poem and its poet would fail miserably to fulfill the essential function of creativity in thought and life. One of the secrets of poetry lies in its ability to uncover profound insights about the human unknown within the poet's self.

Through this inclination, the poet preserves his art from falling into the pitfalls of linguistic clichés, which trivialize emotions and ideas, explaining, interpreting, and expressing them in a way that strips poetry of its artistic essence. It turns poetry into a mundane exercise in conveying emotions, pushing the poet into the role of a teacher—far, far removed from the dream of poetry.

When this fatal misstep occurs, it is not surprising that the empty teacher within the poet fails to captivate the audience, as he lacks the ability to evoke the excitement and fascination that poetry should inspire. This failure results in an empty, cold, and lifeless discourse, devoid of poetic essence and artistry, in both content and form.

Space is a language, it is the “wide place on the earth” and the space of space and its fullness “if it widens.” It is in the Sahih: the space and what widens from the earth. As for the reform, the space of poetry expands to contain various and varied things, such as place and time, things and events that fall under the authority of our perception through the processes of language And poetry in its reality has two spaces, the first of which is material, which is the environment in which the poet is disturbed, and on one end of which the poet participates in the formation of the perceptible framework and tangible his artistic experience, and the other is poetic, which is the world whose artistic lines govern the poet and his ability to photograph and interpret and his means in that language, the depth of the poet’s awareness and Siwa His space is the one that determines the ability of his poetic art to reveal because the space’s limitations are the most dangerous tattoos that imprint poetry in its dry circulation, indicating ideology and authority “because this world has few components and common stereotypes, and it does not exceed the mental space in which the poet’s relationship with national, political and sectarian issues moves from Where they are ready-made and familiar expressions and feelings that were formulated by consensus and sealed with his rejection, so they are open to rapid digestion and assimilation. Wajia, and it breaks the narrow confessional frameworks to become a space that enlarges the tools that the poet possesses in expression.

The Arabs were interested in the science of history since the period before the emergence of Islam, and they had a historical awareness represented in recording the days of the Arabs and their genealogies and the history of the neighboring nations, whether that recording was an inscription, poetry, or a story, or it was news that was circulated orally. When Islam came, historical knowledge developed due to the emergence of a practical and intellectual need that called for interest in this science, such as the need to know the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an, its limits and rulings, the reasons for the revelation of its verses, the need to know the biography of the Messenger Muhammad - may God bless him and grant him peace -, then the need for the Arab Islamic state to record Its renaissance, monitoring its development and achievements, and clarifying its role at all levels.
As a result of the development of historical studies after the advent of Islam, the group | Of the historical schools, some of them were called: the rock schools, such as the schools of Sham and Yemen (), and the others were called: the major schools of Medina, which focused on the biography of the Prophet Muhammad - may God bless him and grant him peace, hadith, Sunnah and interpretation, and the school of Iraq that took the tribal character and took care of it. Nassab, news, days and wars, and it was in Kufa, Basra, and then in Baghdad after that.
In addition to the above-mentioned division, there were other Arab-Islamic cities that witnessed interest in history and the recording of its events, as well as the emergence of historians in these cities who had serious contributions with their historical books in support of the general historical movement, and from these cities, the city of Mosul.
Historical studies flourished in Mosul, as did other sciences, and the political, social, economic and cultural events that the city witnessed played an effective role in this prosperity, especially since the historians of Mosul used the reliable narrative - most likely -, as Al-Azdi told us in his history. .
In the research material, I found in Mosul the study of the history of the biography and the interest in genealogical dates in addition to the other dates that will be mentioned in succession.

The city of Taif is located in the Hijaz region of the Arabian Peninsula, on Jabal Ghazwan from the Sarat Mountains, seventy-five miles southeast of Mecca. It is high from the sea level about six thousand feet.
Taif enjoys a moderate climate and fresh water was available to help agriculture flourish. Therefore, some sources described Taif as: a small, civilized city, its water is fresh, and its humor is moderate, and its fruits are many, and its losses are continuous ... ”).
It has been indicated that the location of the city of Taif on the trade caravan route between Yemen and the Levant has given it a commercial importance that makes it close to the city of Makkah in this regard, but the availability of agricultural assistance factors in Taif encouraged a large part of its people to engage in agriculture. Hence, the people of Taif dominated work in agriculture rather than trade.
The aforementioned geographical conditions have helped attract people to live in Taif since ancient times, and the last Arab tribes that settled in Taif before the advent of Islam were the Thaqif tribe, which is one of the Adnanian Arab tribes that are related to the lineage of the Quraysh tribe and other northern Arab tribes.
It seems from the popularity of the name Taif among the Arabs before Islam and the era of the message that this name appeared long ago. Perhaps the reason for its name by this name was that there was in this city an idol called Al-Lat, and Thaqafa and other polytheistic tribes used to venerate the House of Al-Lat and roam around it, so the name Taif was given to Medina because the people were circumambulating it around the Lat, expressing the sanctity and sanctity of the city. Therefore, the people of Taif were keen to affirm the sanctity and sanctity of their city, as the Quraysh used to do with regard to the city of Makkah.
Given the proximity of the distance between the city of Taif and the city of Makkah, and the latter’s need for Al Taif agricultural products, strong economic relations arose between the two cities, as well as social, political, cultural and religious relations. Therefore, the two cities appeared in the lifetime of the Islamic message, as if they represented one front, especially in the field of fanaticism, creed, polytheism and resistance to the Islamic call.
Thus, the people of Taif rushed to fight the Muslims after the conquest of Mecca in the year 8 AH in the Battle of Hunayn in the hope of stopping the spread of Islam in their homes. However, the outcome of the battle came to their disadvantage. Thaqif's steadfastness in the face of the siege prevented this from being achieved ... Therefore, the Messenger (PBUH) preferred to lift the military siege on the city of Taif and began exerting political and economic pressure on it in order to compel it to change its obstinate stance towards Islam.

This research deals with a very important topic, which is job satisfaction with a segment of workers who exercise their role in economic development at the Badoush Cement Production Factory in Nineveh, where the research aims to identify the effect of individual differences in job satisfaction as well as workers' satisfaction with their work conditions and the associated social consistency With it, we have relied on measuring workers' satisfaction with their work on the discretionary method by asking workers about their feelings towards the various aspects of work as it is a good method for identifying detailed data that allows identifying aspects of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction with it, and prepared a tool for that that included (36) paragraphs With several axes, a sample was applied that consisted of (2) workers from Badoush cement factory.
The research has reached the achievement of some of its hypotheses, the most important of which are: “The workers are satisfied with the conditions and social harmony prevailing in the Badoush factory.”
Money for their work.

The CD is one of the information containers from which information is retrieved by a CD player that uses laser beams to read the data. The data is also stored on the disk by means of a laser beam. This disk has taken the place of automatic search and direct search in paper publications, saving effort, time and money. Because the databases of information stored on compact disks, most of them contain software and search strategies similar to the programs of direct automatic search strategies. On this basis, this technology is considered an essential addition in the field of information, and it may also add a good qualitative leap in the field of teaching science in libraries and information and in the field of establishing specialization, as the information bases stored on compact disks provided great opportunities for implementing research strategies and uncovering the sources of that technology. It will have an active role in the future practice of library and information students after their graduation.
However, the introduction of any new educational method, especially if it is in the role of development and research, will bring with it many problems and obstacles. This modest study will shed light on those problems and obstacles that will accompany the education process in the library and information departments, accompanied by the hoarded disks, by reviewing the experience of the Central Library, University of Mosul, with students of the Libraries Department at the Technical Institute in Mosul.
The study will review the areas of using the disk hoarded in the library and information education curricula that may help in determining the possibilities of using the information databases stored on the hoarded disks in information services and the various activities of technical libraries.

This research deals with exposure to the experience of the Central Library of the University of Mosul in using a new technology that is one of the latest information technologies in the modern world, namely, compact optical disc (CD-ROM) technology. This technology is of great importance in providing the necessary information for researchers, including faculty and postgraduate students, and from various sources, and it provides them with a lot of time and effort necessary to obtain this information, especially since the use of modern common methods in academic libraries of the country takes a long time and may not lead to obtaining information Adequate and accurate. Also, the direct automated search that was previously used by the Central Library of the University of Mosul through the Council of Scientific Research was used on a very small scale and did not achieve significant results in addition to the high costs of its use.
This study focused on a comprehensive review of the development of this technology from the beginning of its emergence in the world until the present. It also focused on its various uses, especially in the field of libraries and information. Then the study touched on the experience of the Central Library in the field of information services and technology, leading to the use of CD-ROM technology, which began | Its use in the second half of the year 18, that is, after its actual use in the libraries of developed countries a few years, so does what the central library has achieved in the field of using this technology and its impact on the activity of the scientific research movement at the university justify the continuation of using this technology and allocating sufficient funds for its development and launching it to Further, the two researchers have relied in answering this question on the following two pillars:
1- Analysis of the system usage records by users, which provided researchers with a lot of information supported by dates and numbers
2- Survey the opinions of a sample of 250 users from various disciplines
For a month, to get acquainted with their impressions, reactions and suggestions towards this technology, as they are the end users of this technology

This study is an attempt to learn. Firstly, on the nature of psychological interaction and its most important means, and secondly to reveal the extent of the Zionist movement’s interest in this issue in order to establish the Zionist entity on the Arab land of Palestine clarifying the philosophy of Zionist propaganda, leading to clarifying the reality of the Israeli psychological deal after the Zionist entity was established as one of the main weapons used in the Arab conflict Israeli. .

 Error tolerance is an important subject which has far reaching implications for the teaching of foreign languages. If certain errors can be tolerated and others cannot, then the teacher has to have at his disposal a scale showing the gravity of the errors, which would function as a guide to the evaluation of the written as well as the spoken performance of his students. Appeal is made to the judgement of native speakers of English on the gravity of syntactic errors through a questionnaire distributed to sixty British English judges of different ages, sexes and professions. The results obtained clearly show that global errors involving multiple deviations, wrong word order, änd wrong verb forms are considered more serious and therefore less tolerable than local errors involving the negative and interrogative formation, use of articles and parts of speech. Native speakers' judgements as to error gravity and therefore error tolerance seemns to be proportionally related to intelligibility; the more, intelligible the utterance, the more tolerable the error. However, error tolerance seems to be affected by other variables including the sex, age and profession of the judge.

Qu'elle que soit la nature des jugements portes, le voyage d'un'ecrivain connu presente au lecteur un temoignage litteraire. L'ecrivain ne voyagerait exclusivement pour se couper du monde de lettres et mettre sa plune au repos;il est sûr qu'il en parle plus tard. Au đebut du XX*siecle, une deuxieme generation d'ecrivains assure la continuité des voyageurs d'Orient. La fin de l'exotisme coincide avec les nouvelles orientations de l'Occident aux pays islamiques. Les ccrits de voyage publiés apřes 1914 sont impregnes de soucis de la guerre, vit dans un univers de doute et de haine. Ernest Psichari expose dans son oeuvre ses sentiments agites en ces termes: l'auteur

The study deals with Dylan Thomas's concept of death. The essence of his rebellion against it lurks in his constant refusual to admit to it. There is neither rest nor peace in his vision of death; there is rather an alleluia of all the earth's potential energy which is presented in a pattern of mystical and surrealistic images. Therefore, his philosophy of death is a paradoxical one. It is a mixture of both mystical reflection and scientific or material facts to reach an eternal world. Dylan Thomas's philosophy of death is a paradoxical one. It is a mixture of both mystical reflection and scientific facts to reach an eternal world. Accordingly, one should not expect that poetry to Dylan Thomas simply means a garment with which one dresses one's emotion in order to create a song. To him the relationship between poetry and emotion is similar to that relationship between body and soul as one being, just as a man himself is created. His poetry becomes then a constánt endeavor to explore the scientific and the mystical eternity of the soul and its connection with the external materialistic milieu (i.e. thẻ body and nature). Hence the essence of Thomas's rebellion against death as a final station of the journey of man in life emerges as a constant debate of refusal, protesting and raging to admit to death or sometimes it is a cry of revulsion against dying.

 A general problem faced by the majority of Iraqi learners of English iş their inability to devoice fricatives in word-final position. This research, therefore, has been carried out to look into the recognition and production of the final fricatives Is/ and /z/. Thus, 100 students were given two different stimuli ; one examining their auditory perception of the two final fricatives, while the other examining their production. The results of the experiment indicate that while Arab learners do face the problem of recognizing final /s/ and /z/ in English monosyllabic words, due to negative transfer, they are not the only learners to have this difficulty of pereceiving and producing these two fricatives ; rather the problem extends to include learners who are speakers of other languages such as Kurdish. This problem, we believe, results from perceptual factors. If a person perceives the fricatives correctly, then there is a strong possibility that he will produce them correctly unless he suffers from a certain physiological abnormality. This study therefore sought to examine this interdependence between perception and production in the hope of finding an explanation for the learners' problem.