Adab AL Rafidayn

The phenomenon of al-Badi’ in between the poetic direction and the rhetorical lesson: When Albadi' is mentioned  , the scholars’ scholars turn to the third science of the sciences of Arabic rhetoric. The rhetoric was contained in the wide range of specific arts within the lesson of rhetoric . This science is different from the other two sciences :semantics and rhetoric  . Scholars in rhetoric  say that it was mentioned in the study of stylistics without a precise scientific definition  of its terms.

The reader does not wait for this research to provide him with Yaqout through the glossary of countries, and for linguists from the privileged class because we do not claim the ability to grant such a scientific distinction from what he has broadcast in this book of linguistic and grammatical material, which gives him a place between linguists, but in his best condition a limited place with limited limits His scientific energies that exhausted the encyclopedic attempts he made in the field of fibrosis and did not leave him while appreciating the opportunity to navigate the linguistics

This research aims to mention the advantages of this English (Al-Mawred) dictionary for Munir Bousebaki, which made it one of our best Arabic-English dictionaries, if not the best of them all, and then indicates the mistakes of the compiler in terms of various aspects, particularly in Arabic and meanings.  It does not contain some important words, and the lack of clarity and distinction between British English and American English.

I studied the novel The Season of Migration to the North of the AlTaeeb Al-salih One from different angles, expressing different points of view. Now, in this research, we will limit ourselves to dealing with the worlds of Mustafa Saeed, the hero of this story, who fell into a network of circumstances and could not Getting rid of it, and lived as a scientist in every stage of his life whether in London or in Sudan, which made him a character of opinion so complex to the extent of contradiction, and we warned Mustafa Sa'ad himself to the multiplicity of elements that can be Including his personality and our shoes from looking at him with one eye. So he is always aware of the mask that he finds himself in and we see Mustafa Sa'ad on his truth .

This research presents the subject of the matter in terms of its being a science or an art, and it has been found that literary criticism is a creative work like any other kind of arts and if it participates with knowledge in some aspects, it is a stand-alone channel, and its association with other arts does not deprive it of being creative work, and most importantly From this, the literary criticism is based on the queen of taste, so feelings or literature are created to taste. As for the critic, he tastes to be created, and this innate queen (taste) cannot be achieved through acquisition through study and practice, and guiding the criteria and rules established that makes the critic .

This study deals with a reading of an ignorant poetic text on the self-lamentation of the poet Bisher bin Abi Khazem. This reading transcends the theories and critical forms applied by modern scholars to ancient Arab poetry to abandon the text of freedom of movement and the full and emanating power from within it, and for this this reading is useful in its examination of the text from all elements of the father Poetry is like language, rhythm and image, as well as the stylistic aspects that make up the artistic energy that gives text life and movement.

With the novel's attempts to get rid of the external narrative, and turn around to its internal becoming, interest appeared in a new element in literary criticism, which was called by different names and conventions, but it remained close in its connotations. These names include  the point of view,or the narrative vision or the novelist perspective. Among most critics and researchers, this concept was developed by Henry James, which provides a method for revealing the facts of the story based on the situation and the textual characters through the minds of one of the characters, or the minds of several characters in the name of a point of view, in the introductions he wrote to his novels that appeared in the years 1907-1909 . 

Poetry is a kind of visualization. This is what Al-Jahiz said in defining poetry eleven centuries ago, and when the French critic C-deLouis addressed the poetic image he defined it as "drawing the stature of words" and in the field of speaking about the modern drawing: (drawing is poetry, and it is always written in the form of A poem of rhyme morphology ... and the drawing should do with the eye what activates hair with the ear) and the color is usually evoked by mentioning the vocabulary indicating the color, so mentioning the color (a special sense of sight, which is charged with connecting the rhythmic color vibrations to the brain) through the neurological centers and through the neurological centers through Imagination, not direct formation.

The relation of the science of readings with the world of interpretation is that the first is from the sciences of machine and the second is from the sciences of purpose. The science of readings is among the sciences that scholars have stipulated for those who want to challenge the interpretation of the Holly Qur’an as an acceptable interpretation, and Sheikh Muhammad Hussein al-Dhahabi (may God have mercy on him) made it the eighth science of the fifteen sciences, the thing that the interpreter needs (since by knowing the recitation, some of the possible existences can be weighted over some) and in this, al-Dimyati al-Banna, who died in 1117 AH, says: (And scholars have still deduced from each letter, a reader recites, a meaning that is not found in the reading of the other

In this research, the parenthetic sentence in the Holly Qur’an was discussed, indicating its location in the words of God the Almighty.  The research showed its benefits and structure; this was preceded by clarifying the meaning of parenthesis, and defining the parenthetic, to be distinguished from others, using what scholars of grammar and rhetoric have mentioned in this field.

In the wake of the First World War, France sought to control parts of the Eastern Arab world in order to secure interests and extend its influence for a long period of time, so it took the initiative to establish many entities and states that posed a threat to the future of the region. We will shed light in this research on one of the French endeavours that was shown by documents as a dangerous attempt, which did not succeed, to control the North and the Northwest of Iraq at the borders with Turkey and Syria and during a critical period in the contemporary history of Iraq.

The Crusader aggression against the Arab region is one of the events of Arab and Islamic history, and the issue of prisoners, whether with Muslims or with the Crusaders, was among the important issues that emerged during that aggression because of its humanitarian or aggressive aspects related to the treatment they received from both sides. Others were ill-treated, in a way that amounted to sale in the slave market, and even to death, the thing that reflects the ethics and principles of those in charge of families. It is worth noting that the Arab Muslims in general have morals in dealings with the prisoners, based on the principles of the tolerant Islamic religio

Since the opening of the Suez Canal for international navigation in 1869, a shift began in the history of the conflict over the Red Sea, as the colonial countries tried to obtain marine stations on the maritime transport route between the East and the West. When oil was discovered, the sea became a vital waterway for oil tankers coming from the Arabian Gulf to Europe, and one of the most important strategic locations in the world for securing energy. Based on this, the sea has connections, and these connections are represented by the relationships that revolve between it and those around it, whether they are natural relationships or conflicts. There are two types of connections, the first is regional connections through which the relations of the political units around it revolve, which are ten units, and the second is international connections formed by the interests of the global political powers towards it.

The Crusader aggression against the Arab region is one of the events of Arab and Islamic history, and the issue of prisoners, whether with Muslims or with the Crusaders, was among the important issues that emerged during that aggression because of its humanitarian or aggressive aspects related to the treatment they received from both sides. Others were ill-treated, in a way that amounted to sale in the slave market, and even to death, the thing that reflects the ethics and principles of those in charge of families. It is worth noting that the Arab Muslims in general have morals in dealings with the prisoners, based on the principles of the tolerant Islamic religion.

Humanity has known forms of dealing with the estate of the deceased, one of which was the practice of primitive, mobile societies that adhered to the idea of common property appropriation of individual property, so that the tribe would remain strong with its means of production, weapons and money. When people tended to settle down by cultivating the land, taking care of livestock, and building suitable shelters , the family system depends on the father and his helpers from his sons who succeed him after his death. Examples of what these societies were familiar with appeared in the transference of the deceased’s money to his family.

The deposit is a religious contract regulated by the civil law in Articles (950-974) and it is one of the so-called important contracts in daily practical reality. The basis of the deposit is that it is a civil contract unless it is a commercial business, then it is considered a commercial contract. It may be commercial on one side and civil on the other. If the deposit is a civil contract, the rules established in the Evidence Law are the ones that apply to it, but if the deposit is a commercial contract, the Evidence Law permits it to be proven by all means of proof.

The commercial transfer is initially established while it does not bear the signature of the person who is drawing his obligation towards the beneficiary, when the beneficiary has given the drawer’s city trust and credit and disposed to him with money present in absent influence, and when the drawer orders the person in debt  to pay the value of the transfer in the transfer to the beneficiary and there is no need for trust given by this beneficiary creditor to the drawer with a certain amount of guarantees that the merchant invented little by little.

In retrieving information, we are often interested in the relationship of similarity between the beneficiary’s request and each document within a certain set of documents, and when the similarity scale is high, then we say that the document is appropriate to the request and has been retrieved. Its suitability is due to thart the documents in the higher rank are most appropriate compared to the lower rank.

Social problems accompany human existence, so wherever man exists, we find problems because they are essentially related to mankind. The existence of a human being, whether as an individual or a member of a group or in a society, means the existence of problems, and at a time when he sees the seriousness of the problems on man and society from the point of view of Muslims, they may be viewed on the contrary by others. This is exactly the case with others, and such a view is related to the nature of the problem and the conditions that produce it, and the difficulty is not hidden from any researcher in this field when he tackles such a complex and thorny overlap.

The issue of protecting young people from delinquency and crime has received the attention of criminologists and procedural sociology, because immunizing young people at an early age is the mainstay by which we limit young people from committing crimes in their later years. Studies have confirmed that juveniles who commit criminal behaviour at an early age often continue committing crimes in the future.

Social cognition is one of the complex topics that includes many other sub-topics, including “role taking, sensory perception, sharing of views of others, communication, and morality. The cognitive abilities and skills lead to the reproduction of many meanings and social considerations through his social interactions with others.

In the second half of the 19th century ,England enjoyed a period of combined peace and prosperity it had not enjoyed before . This period was based on imperial expansion ,technical and industrial progress and Laissez-faire liberalism . This paper tackles some aspects of the  social life In Victorian And Edwardian England and their reflections In the literature of this  period

Samuel Beckett seems to be possessed by the idea of   repetition to the extent that it becomes one of the principal traits which distinguish his works.  Repetition here should not be confined to the abstract dictionary meaning.  The term simply suggests that there are similar dramatic settings, situations, and phrases which may be found in more than one place in the same play and in their relation to the theme of the playwright they take on a deeper, suggestive significance, larger than the  singular situation when it is presented once.  The dramatic function of repetition is to achieve certain dramatic purposes that to provide us with a useful key in attempt pting an interpretation of the play and to make us see clearly the meaning and the relevance of the dramatist's philosophy.  This claim can be substantiated by discussing and examining the ideas of Beckett and how repetition becomes of great significance in presenting the setting, action and dialogue in a symbolic way in Waiting for Godot.

This paper is an aitempt to utilize the theoric operations of the set theory in mathematics.It is assumed to bring selection and formation of the total vacalic elements of the cardinal vowel some clearness to the system . Some abstract aspects of the set theory like, tuiality, property and functional relationship are used to help to realize some confusion and inproper formation within the two sets of the system. Each of them is attested to contain vaguely a 'set of sets' which is thought to be the cause of the inconsistency and insufficiency of their application. The revision revealed the possibility of formulating a refined basic system, which contains one intelligible set of eight different vocalic variables (elements). This basic system,unlike before, can be extended to include two or more sets, once onc changes the identicat relative phonetic property of all the vocatic clements of the set within the basic systems.

Beckett's waiting for Godot is one of most popular and distingusihed works of Modern Drama.It is popular not only among the large num- ber of audience, but among critics who consider it a great kandmark in the English theatre. It is a Iso popular because of the large amount of scholarly attentien it has been paid to it. When Waiting For Godot- was first performed in Paris at the Theatre de Babylone in 1953, it attracted increasing critical attention. The critica! attention actually comes fiom the new moveme:nt of drama which breaks the law of traditional and conventional drama. Most properiy this new trend is explained as a reaction to the atrocities and the atomic bomls of the second world war .

This paper aims at investigating the various types of speakers who use proverbs, the factors that govern the use of proverbs in different milieus and the specific functions of proverbs in speech. A questionnaire was administered and distributed to one hundred Jordanian speakers at Mu'ta University. The speech of twenty Jordanian speakers was recorded to see when, where, who, with whom and under what circumstances proverbs are manipulated. The questionnaire and the collected data show that proverbs are used by both educated and illiterate speakers, but they are used more by the former speakers. It is also found that proverbs are used while interacting with both educated and illiterate speakers, but used more while interacting with illiterate  speakers.

In Iraq, learning English as a foreign language starts at the age of eleven when the learner is in the fifth year at the primary level.It goes on up to the sixth year of secondery level when he is supposed to have completed his school education, and has become, after passing the ministerial cxamination, qualified to join an institute or a university.

The paper discusses vowel harmony found in bisyllabic words in jordian Aratic. It is argucd that the correct analysis requires the Jordanian Arabic vowels to be represented underlyingly with  a separate tie  for the feature [ batk ] that is der.endent on a head tier for the feature [ high] dircctly linked to the core tier. This representation makes possible the interpretation of the vowel larmony facts is Jordanian Arabic as diirect consequences of general principles of phonological theory such as the obligatory contour Principle and the Tie Conflation Principle. It is conc- luded that the Jordanian Arabic data provide interesting support for a dependent tier ordering analysis of vowel harmony along the lines deve- loped in Mester ( 1986 ).

this paper tites to reflect some aspect of learning French at Yarmouk University . It found that it is very important to do so by conducting some programs for meeting such needs 

 Rien n'est plus difficile que d'etudier d'une facon précise les idées poétiques de Victor Hugo,car le poéte a beaucoup changé au cours de sa longue vie, quoi qu'il en dise:
“Rien, au fond de mon coeur, non rien nå varié” (1) A vrai dire, Victoe Hugo oecupe une place exceptionnelle dans 1 histoire de la littérature fransaise; il domine le xix siécle par la durée de sa vie et de sa carriére. 11 est le chef de l'ecole romantique, le poéte philosophe, le poéte lyrique le, poéte épique le poete dramatique, le poéte satirique et le romancier.Au xx siécle, sa gloire a paru un moment remise en question: On insistait sur ses défauts: philosophe sommaire, rhetorique, orgueil, sans s'aviser que ces mémes defauts etaient simploment le revers d'une prodigieuse puissance créatrice. Mais par un juste retour le génie de Victor Hugo n'est plus contesté aujourd'hui:La critique met l'accent sur la vérité de son inspiration, de la fantaisie la plus légere jusqu'aux sombres visions;elle salue dans le mage romantique l'un des initiateurs de poésiemoderne. La poséie moderne se distingue radicalement de la poesie traditionnelle par la violence et le depouillement de son langage. Elle se signale encore par son hermetisme, par ses images insolites, par sa poursuite délirante du rêvé et de la'inconscient. De plus, elle s'eloigne de la poésie ancienne par son culte de l'imprecision sémantique et son attirance vers le mot juste. Comme nous le savons des le début du 18 siecle le langage poetique devient mysterieux. Comme il s'efforce de figurer les "Fo réts des Symboles" qui nous observent avee leurs regards familiers et qui ont éré jusqu'ici ignorcés, il s'eloigne definitivement du discours ordinaire qui est logique. Il accueille les incertitudes et les ambiguités de la reveric.
Cette nouveate à deconcerté le public de ce genre litteraire et poetique. Depuis les annees 1950, les erudits de Victor Hugo ont deja commence a mettre la lumière sur quelques aspects primordiaux dans ses oeuvres litteraires. Els y résument leurs préférances et leurs engagemens en le considerant comme un conciliateur des poesies anciennes et modernes.
Tout d'abord la poesie est concue comme un rêve irréalisable. Malgré le fait que rêver, c'est oublier la materialite du corps, c'est confondre le monde interieur et extericur,supprimer ou abolir ce qui devise le reel et l'imaginaire.