Adab AL Rafidayn

Gender is a secondary grammatical category' which classi- fies nouns for the purpose of pronominal reference and/or concord.lt is not a universal category; it is not found in a number of languages and language families such as Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian. It is important here to distinguish between grammatica! categories and notional categories. Grammatical gender is a purely linguistic phenomenon with sex as the corre- sponding notional category. Moreove:r, these two are not neces- sarily always in complete harmony ith in German das Weib (woman) and das Madchen (girl) are neuter; in French le professeur (teacher) is masucline even when it refers to a woman. Nevertheless, it is a well-known fact that there is a high degree of correspondence between grammatical and notional gender, at least in the classification of animate nouns. Gender inanimate nouns is arbitrary. each other.

Talking about the history of Libya, and especially about Cyrenaica in the nineteenth century, specifically in the second half of this century, means talking about the Senussi movement, with all its weight and spread in the public milieu in the regions of Libya, Sudan, Central Africa and other Arab regions. The Senussi movement began with the beginning of stability and its founder, Muhammad bin Ali al-Senussi, who roamed large areas of the Arab world until he finally settled in Libya and was able to open the first corner in the history of the Senussi movement in 1843. From this date to the beginning of the twentieth century, the Senussi movement was able to consolidate its existence. The religious and political movement in the interior regions of Cyrenaica was able to include most of the residents of Cyrenaica who became loyal soldiers of the Senussi movement in its religious side and in their drive to work to spread Islam in the regions of Central Africa, and thus they had a major role in the Islamic missionary movement in the nineteenth century .
The Senussi movement in its beginnings was a religious movement that was able to play its role to purify Islam from the heresies that entered it as a result of the sheer ignorance that prevailed over the Libyan Arab people under the Ottoman domination in this region as well as in other Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire. The Senussi movement was able to gently move the Arab people a profound qualitative leap in the field of thinking and behavior through its wide spread and its ability to build many angles that were centers of religious and cultural radiation. The school of Muhammad Ibn Ali Al-Senussi was the greatest school of human Islam in Africa.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the spoken discourse of a formal lecture to undergraduates in order to determine those features which distinguish spoken discourse when comp- pared to written discourse. The paper pays particular. attention to those featuare differences to normal written discourse which are employed in order to provide for effective communication in a speaker/ listener situation.

The University of Mosul has started its work on the archaeological site called (Tal Halawa). Which is located in Diyala Governorate, and is about 12 km to the southeast of Qarataba, in the period between February 2 and July 7 of the year 17 in its first season.
Tell Halawa is a large archaeological settlement consisting of two elevations, the height of the top of which is more than twelve meters above the level of the adjacent plain, and there are several less important archaeological mounds near it, as indicated by the searches that were conducted in them. It can be said that this hill is the main settlement in this region, which appears to have an agricultural pastoral character.
The first layer, which was excavated, was distinguished by the discoveries of a distinctive civilization of the Mesopotamian civilization, one of which was the graves subject to research for one reason, which is that most of the remnants of this layer came from graves that reached (() graves, as the waste contained different types of jars, cups, flasks and saucers Saddles, various necklaces and metal tools, including axes, axes, spear heads, knives, staples, pins and brass rings. In addition to the presence of the remnants of light Parthian settlement, its effects appeared on the first layer as it appeared during the excavation.
As for the prevailing method of burial and belief, it has taken similar and parallel aspects since prehistoric and historical eras in Iraq, the ancient Near East and the world at large. However, the ancient religions have more elements of resemblance than the elements of difference, and it is possible that this similarity to the ancient religious beliefs is that they spread from one center or from several centers that lived in similar conditions. Civilization from one region to another.

The sound systems of both Standard Arabic (SA) and Kurdish (Bahdinani dialect) have been worked out, with varying degrees of emphasis on certain features (i.e. voicing, place of articulation and emphaticness ) whereas another feature, namely aspiration, has received, perhaps, less attention than the other features despite its important role in the sound syetems of both languages. This study, therefore, sought to examine aspiration in SA and Kurdish in an attempt to contribute to the knowledge . available on the phonology of the two languages as compared to that of English, and hence to throw some light on the diffi- culties encountered by Iraqi Arab and Kurdish students of English.

To heighten that rese mblance, I think sister, there only wants your rewarding the hero of the fable by naming the day of his happiness. (1) When the curtain falls, the theatre-goers whose senses have been assailed for three hours or so leave, carrying along with them impressions almost as idiosyncratic as the individual spectators themselves. The playwright is always anxious to know what sort of impressions his play has created on that aggregate group of human beings, since it is on the basis of such impressions that the play will stand or fall, and the longer the run, the more it will administer to his self-sentiment. After all, he is human

Researchers in the field of philosophy have dealt with the philosophy of al-Kindi as the first Arab philosopher, and through what was stated in the writings of researchers that al-Kindi is a philosopher influenced by Plato and Aristotle. Al-Kindi) or as I mentioned in the book “Arab Media” by Ahmad Fouad Al-Ahwani (The Trick to Pay for Sorrows, in which he says that it is a letter published in 18 AD on a single manuscript published by Professor Ritter, which encouraged me to read and study what this message contained.
From philosophical ideas and after the effort I exerted in examining the message, and if I found out that al-Kind in this letter appears to be a narrator, and from here the danger appears at the beginning of philosophical thinking in Islam because the Stoic philosophy was known as materialistic.
But even though Stoicism was known to be materialistic, but it seemed materialistic among its early pioneers, including Olive, because his teachings are based mainly on the blending of cynicism and Heraclitus' doctrine. However, the Stoics are moving away from materialism little by little thanks to the blending of the new Platonic doctrine to their doctrine, until it came to the end only A slight effect of materialism on their doctrine, or that it was completely executed by some of them, as we showed later, and the moral aspect, which most of them considered the most important of all, and the truth is that it has changed only a very small change, as in the later periods they increased their interest in morals, especially in those parts of theology. Which is closely related to ethics, so my neighborhood will be limited to the ethical side of the hallways and the effect of this aspect on the ethical side of his message in pushing the other two. Therefore, with stoicism, we begin.

En partant de la banale constatation les hommes commun- iquent entre eux par un langage , il n' est pas arbitraire d' affir- L'mer que ce langage se refere a des donnees concernant, par intelligence , ces memes hommes et animaux . Si l' on admet, par ailleurs, une perception universelle, c' est a dire identique a tous les hommes, on peut au moins en deduire une relation entre langage utilise et les elements percus universellement par tous les sujets parlants, qu on pourra nommer monde exter- ieur objectif, cette derniere notion demandant encore a etre precisee puisqu on peut parler d une interiorite communc tout moins aux hommes qui particpent de' ce monde exterieur o objectif . Toute la question est de fixer la nature des relations entre une production linguistique et Lemonde exterieur objectif. C, est l' objet de ce travail. Apres avoir fait le tour des points 'de vue sur la question . nous exposerons notre propre opinion.

New geography is a concept that has been talked about a lot in recent years, but has become synonymous with other concepts such as theoretical geography or quantitative revolution. These two terms, and if they were used in recent times to express new shifts in geography, they only cover half of the truth, for they are a change in the approach. In substance.
In view of the poverty of the Arab library on studies that show and explain such concepts, I think it is necessary to address them in an attempt to clarify what these new concepts and trends in geography are, whether in relation to its objectives or research methods.
Geography has gone through different stages in the history of its development, so different concepts emerged for it, as it pursues different models for the concept of its subject: environment, regional study, site analysis, regional planning, and for nearly a quarter of a century, very rapid transformations occurred in the objectives and methods of geographic research, so what some are called Geographers (the new geography) which is a quantitative method that uses statistical and mathematical methods in its analyzes to reach the results of research by adopting an accurate measurement of geographical phenomena and their components.
This new geography came after geographers became possessed of mathematical and statistical means that enable them to interact with large numbers of data and variables in order to reach a measure of the degree of spatial correlation of the phenomenon with other phenomena because the geographical phenomenon does not exist in isolation from the rest of the other geographical phenomena.

The Ayyubid state became able, during the reign of its king, Salah al-Din, to exercise political rule in Yemen, as this state was able to subordinate Yemen to its influence since the year 569 AH / 1174 CE. Where the major role belongs to King Turanshah bin Ayyub in imposing such control, but the death of this king is bad in 576 AH / 1180 CE. He allowed his deputies from among the Ayyubid princes to move towards independence from the state of Saladin in Egypt and the Levant.
The transitional circumstances in which the Ayyubid state in Egypt and the Levant had a great impact on that move, which ended in the outbreak of the dispute between the Emirs, the speech of (Hattan) bin Mubarak bin Munqith al-Kanani, the governor of Zabid - and Prince Izz al-Din bin Othman al-Zanjili - the governor of Aden - as this reflected a general print Everyone has about the weakness of Ayyubid rule in Yemen: It also resulted in Salah al-Din Ibn Yusuf, the owner of Egypt and the Levant, realizing the seriousness of what that political situation in Yemen had with regard to Ayyubid rule, and as mentioned in the historical sources about Salah al-Din’s fear that Yemen would come out of his rule, and for this he was all sent His Mamluk Khattab (Khattag Ay) at the head of a military campaign to Yemen and as soon as he arrived until the political conditions in it stabilized, Khattab died, leaving the rule of Yemen, thus clearing the way for Prince bin Hattan al-Kinani, and Izz al-Din al-Zanjili to return to their state, and the dispute between them again intensified and the strife intensified In Yemen, and as soon as news of Yemen leaked to Salah al-Din, out of his concern for the stability of the political situation.
And the elimination of sedition initiated a military campaign that left its leadership to his brother King Saif al-Islam Tughtakin at the end of the year 7 AH / AD 1131, in order for Yemen to return to it in 578 AH / 1182 CE to the Ayyubid rule.

Languages ​​differ among themselves in terms of the extent of harmony between writing and pronunciation, and this harmony depends primarily on the extent of congruence between the symbols used in writing and the sounds used in the pronunciation and the optimal position is that which has one symbol for each sound. The more this relationship is committed, the greater the discrepancy between writing and pronunciation and the complexity of the matter, and the confusion is manifested in the following basic patterns:
1. One vote should be expressed in different symbols.
۲. Different voices are expressed in one symbol.
3. That there are neglected letters in the body of writing.
The purpose of this research is to make a comparison between the Arabic and English languages ​​to determine the extent of harmony between pronunciation and writing, and then focus on the applied effects of harmony, if available in the Arabic language. The research will also present for discussion the idea of ​​extended Arabic writing for special purposes.

The years of the first half of the seventh century AH nearly ended, until a fierce black whirlwind blew in its way from the far east that uprooted every tree planted by the hands of good, and the eyes of faithful guards looked after it through centuries
Many, it is the whirlwind of clutter that carried with it all the causes of devastation and destruction, and the flimsy dams could not stop them and their response, and the Caliph Al-Mustassim Billah is of little experience and management as described by historians - and he handed over the administration of his state to a man called Ibn Al-Alqami (d.656 AH), the minister who took over the ministry for fourteen years During which he weaved the most dangerous conspiracy orchestrated against the Arab nation, thinking that he was making abundant profit from it, and he did not know that he died in it. So what was from Hulaku (d.663 AD) except to go to the house of the caliphate, and sanctify it within a few thirty days, and kill the caliph, his children, his followers and many scholars and writers after gathering them under the pretext of his daughter’s marriage to the inattentive son of the Caliph, and he made the treasures of knowledge and literature and a fire, and a substance that supplies the waters of the Tigris with a color black.
Historical references and sources have elaborated on the details of the massacres that took place, and those who want to investigate can refer to them, because our goal in this research is to clarify the reality of literature under it.
The research was distributed on the study of systems and prose, and their historical and social value. In the study of systems, it dealt with the poetry that was said in caution and caution before the terrible catastrophe and massacre, and the poetry of grief and sorrow released by the poets after the attack of the invading Tatar armies, the destruction of cities, the killing of thousands, and the collapse of glory And the ancient glory, and finally human poetry, congratulations and the glorification of heroism after the defeat of the Tatars in the Levant. As for prose, I studied the letters and shrines that had a great impact on the hearts of Muslims, and a great role no less than that of poetry at the time.

Among the seven letters included in the manuscript kept by the National Library in Paris under No. (1021) is a letter entitled (The Thirty Rules in the Science of Arabic) by Shihab al-Din al-Qurafi. When I published in 1976 the sixth letter of the total in the seventh issue of our magazine (The Literature of Al-Rafidain), and I promised at that time to publish (Al-Qawaa'id), verifying it.
And here I am, who fulfilled the promise, so I showed the noble reader one of the traces of a jurist who left compilations in Arabic and the like. An introduction to the verified text with a brief study of the author and a presentation of its rules.

Andalusian poetry flourished in the fifth century of the Hijra - and was about to acquire distinct features from it in its earlier stages, after the feeling of "Andalusia" grew and the personality of the Arab crystallized in his new environment. This environment has left its mark on Andalusian poetry in all its natural dimensions, as well as on social and cultural policy. These effects and those dimensions were the subject of Dr. Saad Ismail Shalaby's attention - in his doctoral thesis.
The research focused on an aspect of political and social life x on the era of the sects - and a picture of that life. Represented by the participation of the Andalusian poet - in evaluating the most prominent political events through their kings and ministers by directing criticism to them, diminishing political conditions, and trying to diagnose the most prominent factors that were behind the decline of society and its regression when some of its members overtook the other. In embodying those defects and highlighting that flaw in one way or another.
As the research tends towards this trend, it sheds light on the nature of political and social life through this poetic current, thus breaking Andalusian poetry from the grip of absolute loyalty to the kings of the sects, and presenting us with the experience of a number of poets in the face of the deteriorating social aspects that prevailed at the time, and in this he comes out on being An aristocratic ideology that adopted it, its direction and the nourishment of the Andalusian aristocracy, according to one scholar.

When the researcher is concerned with studying a partial topic that branches off from a total topic, his research forms a basis of the foundations of that general topic, and then he is assigned to the integrated study of it, if a researcher or other researchers follow the same method to complete the parts of that comprehensive overall topic, partial studies are important in various types of studies Especially if you took care of it, enough and scientific. Our early scientists gave clear attention to it which led to comprehensive studies an effective benefit. This approach represents the contemporary taking in their various studies. Jawyar: As much as the partial studies that have been achieved over time are numerous, the comprehensive study will have the opportunity to be precise. ”And the research on the subject that was exposed to the study, is one of these important partial topics in the interpretation of the Qur’an, since it is a solid pillar, in the general construction, methods of interpretation. And his methods, for two main reasons:
one of them :
That this method makes some verses of the Qur’an a witness to others, and the witness if it is the word of God then it is the best witness and without it all the evidence. This is not a problem with scholars and researchers, in the past and present, whether the Quranic citation is related to Islamic studies, linguistic studies, or others.
The second is:
Interpretation of the Qur’an with the Qur’an instead of self-effort Because when the interpreter refers a verse to a verse or a word to another to interpret it, he performs a clear, subjective mental process.
It requires, above all, following the texts of the Qur’an in the mind, as well as skill and understanding.
So the process of interpretation in the Qur’an is a comparison process, and the exegete practitioner plays the role of comparative, so that leads him to determine the meaning